Geology 105 Exam 1

How Ferrexpo's world-class pellets are made.

2 open pit mines - Blasting the mines - Hydraulic excavators then load the overburden and ore onto dump trucks (the dump trucks can haul around 220 tons of ore) - Trucks carry it to the processing facilities - The crushing facility, 2 primary crushers - Can crush ORE up to 1200mm in diameter - 2nd stages of crushing the ore is crushed using cone crushers - After screening the ore is moved to the third stage of fine crushing - Crushed ore then enters the dry magnetic separation facility where it is screened using ripple flow screens - Belt type magnetic separators separate the magnetic product to the crushed stone. - The magnetic product is sent to the fourth stage which uses barnak rotary crushers; after this point 96% of the crushed ore is less than 20mm in size, and it is conveyed to the beneficiation complex - There are four mills in the benficiated part where all is crushed using rods, balls, and silk parts as recycling bodies - Magnetic separators isolate the waste product which is discarded to the tailing storage facility while magnetic ore is pumped to flotation at the flotation upgrade area - Mills regrind the ore where it is further classified into ore. - -- The floatation process further separates the particles from the remaining material. - The final concentrate is pumped into the ... - Balling area: blended with bentonite and limestone and is formed into green pellets and dried before they go to the final stage. They are dried in a kiln and transported to the stock yard for shipment - Shipping facility can hold capacity of circa 7million tonnes

Secchi Disk

A flat, white disc lowered into the water by a rope until it is barely visible. Measures the clarity of the water.

Turbidity Meter

A measure of the amount of suspended material in the water (Physical water quality parameter)

What is a secchi disk and how does it work?

A physical water quality parameter, turbidity/water clarity. A Secchi disk is a black and white disk that is lowered by hand into the water to the depth at which it vanishes from sight. The distance to vanishing is then recorded. The clearer the water, the greater the distance. Secchi disks are simple to use and inexpensive.

Banded Iron Formations (BIFs)

A sedimentary deposit that consists of alternating thin layers of iron oxides (such as magnetite or hematite) and iron-poor minerals (such as shale or chert). Jasper Knob in Michigan. Banded iron formations, which formed over a billion years ago, are often used today as a source of low-grade iron ore.

Thermocline

A steep temperature gradient in a body of water such as a lake, marked by a layer above and below which the water is at different temperatures.

subduction zones

A tectonic process in which one tectonic plate is forced beneath another and sinks into the mantle as the plates converge.

What are some reasons why we would expect deep parts of a lake to have lower oxygen levels compared to near surface waters?

Air contains 18% oxygen this are can be physically mixed with water causing oxygen to become dissolved in water

Differentiate between a "stable" and "unstable" vertical temperature profile.

An unstable temperature profile indicates that mixing is possible due to density differences.

Photosynthesis

Aquatic Plants, algae and plankton, through the process of photosynthesis, add oxygen to the water (D.O.) Photosynthesis requires sunlight so is typically greatest in near surface waters. The rate of photosynthesis is not constant... so the addition of Dissolved Oxygen from photosynthesis varies with time.

What is the difference between cohesion and adhesion?

Cohesion - water is attracted to water Adhesion - water is attracted to other substances

What is a ponar dredge used for?

Collect sediment at the bottom of a lake or river.

How are conductivity and turbidity different? How do the meters that measure them work?

Conductivity reflects the amount of ions dissolved in the water, and is measured by how easily electricity flows through the water b/t two electrodes. lots of dissolved ions,easy for electricity to flow & a high reading. Turbidity reflects the amount of suspended particles in the water, is measured by how much incoming light is reflected & scattered off of suspended particles.

A conductivity meter works by measuring the concentration of the ions in solution in the water sample and a common unit of conductivity measurement is mg/l. True or False?

False

How can glacial till and glacial outwash be differentiated? How are they deposited?

Glacial till: an unsorted mixture of clay, sand, gravel and boulders that is deposited from melting ice. (Poorly sorted, clay rich, angular rocks, not transported by water) - CAN BE FORMED IN END MORAINES OR GROUND MORAINES Glacial Outwash: Round pebbles and rocks, no clay or silt transported by running water (river)

What problems did Spring Lake have? What was the cause? How was the lake treated and how did the treatment work?

Had a build up of green slime from decreased oxygen levels due to high phosphorus and nutrient levels. it had gone four chemotherapy treatments with 1,000 pounds of copper sulfate and 100 gallons of liquid copper each treatment. it was not working great because it needed more treatment. Aluminium sulphate is the more expensive but better solution.

Conductivity meter

How easily electricity flows through the water between two electrodes. Lots of dissolved ions, easy for electricity to flow and a high reading.

What is the difference between ionic, and hydrogen bonding?

Ionic Bonding - atoms transfer electrons (cations and anions) Hydrogen Bonding - Nonbonded interactions b/t a positively charged hydrogen atom & an electronegative atom with lone electron pairs (mostly oxygen or nitrogen)

A crop duster accidentally sprays chemicals into all of the lakes above. In which lake would we predict it would take the shortest time period for the contaminated water to be flushed out? (Think residence time) Lake A: 2,000ft cubed (volume), 50ft cubed/day (discharge) Lake B: 100 ft cubed (volume),50ft cubed/ day (discharge) Lake C: 5,000 ft cubed (volume), 10ft cubed/day (discharge) Lake D: 10,000ft cubed (volume),500ft cubed/ day

Lake B would take the shortest time because it discharges half of the lakes volume per day.

Phytoplankton

Microscopic, free-floating, autotrophic organisms that function as producers in aquatic ecosystems

What is a Van Dorn bottle and how does it work?

Named after Dr. William Van Dorn , the bottle is a sampler that holds multiple samples from different depths or pool samples from one depth and can be used for horizontal and vertical sampling. How it works: 1.measure the water column to determine maximum sampling depth. 2. pull end cap cable assembly to handle. 3. press down on the pin release and place the end cap cable loop around the pin of the trip mechanism. 4.pull the end cap and cable from the opposite end and hook the cable loop to the opposite pin of the trip mechanism.

Does the direction of the glacier movement change during retreat?

No the direction of the glacier movement does not change, they continue to move, there is just melting of the glacier that is occurring while the glacier continues to advance.

What are Petoskey stones and how did they form?

Petoskey stones are fossilized coral and they formed during the Devonian time. The modern-day Michigan was covered as a warm shallow sea, this warm and sunny sea was an ideal habitat for coral and marine life.

How has the population around the Great Lakes changed since 1900? About how many people live around Lake Michigan? Around which Great Lake has the population since 1900 changed little?

Populations of the GL has increased from 1900. Around 12 million people live around Lake MI. Lake Superior has had the least amount of population change since the 1900's

How is lake retention time (residence time) calculated?

Retention time is calculated by dividing the LAKE VOLUME by the discharge of water out of the lake

Van Dorn Bottle

Samples: Water Operates: At any depth on a cable or line with a messenger Notes: Developed by Dr. W. Van Dorn

Why does dissolved oxygen analysis require wearing goggles?

Some of the chemicals used to analyze the water are very bad for your eyes.

What three water bodies are typically sampled during an Angus cruise?

Spring Lake, Grand River, Lake Michigan

What is the connecting waterway between Lake Superior and Lake Huron called?

St. Mary's River

What is surface tension and what forces in water are responsible?

Surface tension is where the molecules at the surface hold a stronger bond. A skin does NOT form on the water surface. *Cohesive forces between liquid molecules are responsible for surface tension. Example: a floating needle on top of water.

What is the Grand River plume and what was the cause? Would you expect to see such a plume in the winter?

The Grand River Plume is a cloudy color differentiation of lake water and river water. This is caused by the River water being more dense than the lake water is, and the mixing of the sediment that occurs when the river water joins the lake water.

What is a ponar dredge sampler and how does it work?

The Ponar Samplers, or "˜Grab Samplers', are widely used in fresh and salt water for taking sediment samples from hard bottoms such as sand, gravel, consolidated marl or clay.

What happened on Sept 8, 2021 on Muskegon Lake and why did the D.O. of the bottom water increase that day?

The Water Quality and Lake Monitoring buoy was used. There was more downward mixing of temperatures within the water and this downward mixing caused an increase in oxygen at deeper depths.

What is the history of the Zeeland channel and why is it such good agricultural land?

The Zeeland channel was a swamp at one time, once the water stopped flowing through it the accumulation of decaying vegetation that was on the bottom of the swamp made for dark and organic rich soil.

How fast do the plates typically move? Is a typical rate or velocity of plate movement (3- 18 cm/year, 3 - 18 meters/year, 3 - 18 kilometers/year, or in 3 -18 miles/hour)?

The analogy used was "As fast as your fingernail grows." Plates typically move at around 5cm/year.

Why is overturn and stagnation of lakes important?

The biannual cycle of lake turnover is essential in mitigating the negative impacts of low oxygen dead zones and providing suitable habitat for fish and aquatic organisms to thrive.

Has the last 500 thousand years been one of slowly increasing temperatures or of alternating glacial and interglacial periods? What period are we in now?

The earth has been cycling back from glacial (cold) and interglacial (warm) periods. The last 500 thousand years have not been slowly increasing. We are in the Interglacial period right now.

Description of Lake Michigan Sediment Sample

The grain size of the sediment in Lake Michigan depends on water depth where the sediment was collected. Grain size decreases as you go offshore to deeper water. Waves act to remove (winnow) fine-grained size material from nearshore and deposit them into deeper water. Wave activity produces sediment that, regardless of grain size, is typically well-sorted. Sediment might contain zebra mussels and shell material. Dead zebra mussels may produce odor.

If you counted the number of molecules in equal volumes of ice and water, in which would you count the greater number of water molecules?

The ice would have greater water molecules closer together compared to the water molecules which would be more dense and spread out compared to the ice.

Hypolimnion

The lower layer of water in a stratified lake, typically cooler than the water above and relatively stagnant.

What is the pH of "natural" water that has not been polluted?

The pH of "natural" water is about 5.3

What determines if a glacier is advancing or retreating?

The relative rate of physical movement - as glaciers advance they are depositing sediment at the same time.

Lithosphere

The solid, outer part of the Earth. The lithosphere includes the brittle upper portion of the mantle and the crust, the outermost layers of Earth's structure. It is bounded by the atmosphere above and the asthenosphere (another part of the upper mantle) below. There are two types of lithosphere: oceanic lithosphere and continental lithosphere. Oceanic lithosphere is associated with oceanic crust, and is slightly denser than continental lithosphere. the rigid outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle

Residence Time

The theoretical amount of time it takes water to move through a water body

Epilimnion

The upper layer of water in a stratified lake.

How do we explain the existance of coral in Michigan 350 million years ago?

There was coral that existed in the warm Michigan Seas during the Devonian time period around 350million years ago. In Devonian time, what is now Michigan, was near the equator where a warm and shallow sea covered the state.

What is the significance of the Great Lake drainage basin?

They contain roughly 18% of the world supply of fresh surface water, and 84% of North America's supply. They are home to millions of people, and are fundamental to the well-being of one third of the population of Canada and one tenth of the population of the United States. 10% of the US lies in the GL Basin (35 million people). GL drainage basin about 200,000 sq mi.

After it has been treated at the plant, why is chlorine added to water before it is piped out?

To prevent bacteria from forming in the piping and storage tank.

Currently, the Poe Lock is the only lock that can accommodate the large vessels that move 70% of the cargo through the Soo Locks. True or False?

True

mid-ocean spreading ridges

Two plates that are moving away from each other and a new ocean floor is created on divergent plate boundaries.

How is the color of a water body described?

Use the fore-ule color scale. It uses a scale from 1 to 22 and ranges from blue to lighter to darker green and to orange to brown. 1 being bluest and 22 being the brownest.

What is Taconite and why does BNSF Railroad haul it?

Used to make steel. It's an ore that contains iron and when it's processed into pellets, it's great for making steel.

How can the secchi disk depth be used to calculate how deep below the water surface plants can grow?

Using water transparency: depth to which light can penetrate. The limit of visibility is twice the secchi disk depth. Photosynthetic organisms can exist at depths 3 times the limit of the visibility.

Why do things dissolve so readily (like salt) in water?

Water can become so heavily attracted to a different molecule, like salt (NaCl), that it can disrupt the attractive forces that hold the sodium and chloride in the salt molecule together and, thus, dissolve it.

Is there a big difference between a pH of 4 and a pH of 6?

Yes, a pH of 6 has 100x fewer H+ ions than a pH of 4

The best explanation for why there is less of a chance of acid mine water pollution from banded iron mines compared to sulfide mines is that... a) ore from banded iron mines does not contain sulfur (S) b) banded iron mines are more strictly regulated than sulfide mines c) it doesn't rain much in the areas where the banded iron mines are present, so there is little water to get polluted d) banded iron mines don't produce any waste rock

a) ore from banded iron mines does not contain sulfur (S)

Why do some lithospheric plates move faster than others? a) the faster plates are acted upon by both ridge push and slab pull forces b) the faster plates tend to be the larger plates c) the faster plates are underlain by faster moving convection currents d) the faster plates consist entirely of oceanic crust

a) the faster plates are acted upon by both ridge push and slab pull forces.

Why do water and oil not mix? a. because oil does not contain charged particles (it's an organic compound) b. because oil is polar c. because their densities are different d. it basically comes down to irrational fear

a. because oil does not contain charged particles (it's an organic compound)

What terms best describe the texture and composition of glacial till? a. poorly sorted, more clay b. poorly sorted, less clay c. well sorted, more clay d. well sorted, less clay

a. poorly sorted, more clay

divergent plate boundaries

areas where two tectonic plates run into each other.

Pick the best answer. Given the four vertical temperature profiles (in degrees C) for the lake below, in which case or cases could mixing of the entire lake occur (or is likely occurring)? Case W: 22, 18, 10, 8, 7 Case X: 4, 4, 4, 4, 4 Case Y: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 Case Z: 4, 6, 7, 8, 8 a) Case W and X b) Case X and Z c) Case X and Y d) Case Y and Z

b) Case X and Z

An increase in decomposition will cause an increase in the pH. a. True b. False

b) False

The best geological explanation as to why coral reefs existed in Michigan millions of years ago is that a) back then the climate was warmer than it is today b) the plate containing Michigan was located near the equator c) undersea volcanoes from the sea floor spreading center located in Michigan at the time warmed the seawater so coral reefs could exist and flourish d) that particular type of coral could live in colder water conditions

b) the plate containing Michigan was located near the equator.

The thickness of the lithospheric plates is what % of the earth's radius? a. 0.1% b. 2% c. 15% d. 35%

b. 2%

The diagram shows the vertical distribution of temperatures in a lake (in degrees F, (5O C = 41 oF). What season is shown?- Figure shows a lake with temperature: 39, 41, 46, 46, 43. a. mid-summer b. late fall c. early spring d. late winter

b. Late fall

The youngest rocks on the ocean floor are located a. near continents b. at mid-oceanic ridges c. far from mid-ocean ridges d. Near the poles (north and south)

b. at mid-oceanic ridges

Alum (aluminum sulfate) was proposed and used as a possible long-term solution to Spring Lake's algae problem. Alum works by...

binding phosphorus to the sediment and preventing it from getting into the water column.

Which Great Lake has the greatest surface area and receives the greatest volume of water in precipitation? a. Lake Erie b. Lake Huron c. Lake Superior d. Lake Michigan e. Lake Ontario

c) Lake Superior

Pick the best answer. Many substances are soluble in water because water molecules have (BLANK) that assists them in dissolving compounds and allows them to bond to each other. a. a quantum bond b. a disney affiliation c. a charge imbalance d. an ionic bond

c) a charge imbalance

The Forel-Ule scale is used to describe water a. transparency b. clarity c. color d. turbidity

c) color

Pick the best answer. Banded iron formation consists of alternating layers of a) iron oxide minerals (hematite and magnetite) and calcite b) gray magnetite and red hematite c) iron oxide minerals (hematite and magnetite) and silica oxide rich minerals like jasper/chert d) iron oxide minerals (hematite and magnetite) and pyrite

c) iron oxide minerals (hematite and magnetite) and silica oxide.

Pick the best answer. The circumference of the earth is not expanding in spite of material being added to the edge of plates because a) the outer layer of the earth is contracting as the entire earth is cooling b) erosion of mountains at convergent boundaries is occurring c) plates are being destroyed at subduction zones d) contraction of the ocean crust occurs as it moves away from the divergent boundary

c) plates are being destroyed at subduction zones.

What is the best explanation for why a Grand River plume forms out in Lake Michigan in the summer? a. the discharge and velocity of water from the Grand River is so great it reaches out into in Lake Michigan b. the high suspended sediment load in the Grand River prevents mixing between the two water bodies c. Grand River water is warmer and does not readily mix with the colder, more dense lake Michigan waters d. During the summer there are few windy days, so mixing of lake and river water seldom occurs.

c. Grand River water is warmer and does not readily mix with the colder, more dense lake Michigan waters.

Which state is NOT adjacent to Lake Erie? a. Michigan b. Ohio c. Indiana d. Pennsylvania

c. Indiana

Given the following secchi depths and lake depths, in which lake can photosynthesis occur at the bottom of the lake (and thus sustain aquatic plants)? a) Lake A - bottom at 45 feet, secchi depth at 6 feet b) Lake B - bottom at 58 feet, secchi depth at 8 feet. c) Lake C - bottom at 30 feet, secchi depth at 4 feet. d) Lake D - bottom at 10 feet, secchi depth at 2 feet.

d) Lake D - bottom at 10 feet, secchi depth at 2 feet.

What one technique below is not a useful way to help identify plate boundaries? a) plot the locations of earthquakes b) plot the locations of undersea mountains c) map the age of the ocean crust d) map the migration pattern of the swallow (European not African).

d) map the migration pattern of the swallow (European not African).

Examine the rate of glacier movement and rate of melting at the end of the four glaciers below. Which glacier would produce higher (taller) end moraines? Make sure to examine all four scenarios. A) Movement 3m/year, Melting 3m/year B) Movement 5m/year, Melting 7m/year C) Movement 8m/year, Melting 4m/year D) Movement 6m/year, Melting 6m/year a. A b. B c. C d. D

d. D: Movement 6m/year, Melting 6m/year

In the video in lecture experiment of ice melting in a freshwater tank and in a salt water tank, the ice melted faster in the tank containing (BLANK). The Property of water most responsible for the differences in melting ice we observed between the two tanks is the property of (BLANK). a. freshwater, viscosity b. saltwater, density c. saltwater, temperature d. freshwater, density e. saltwater, viscosity

d. freshwater, density

Which one of the water samples below has 10x greater (more) H+ ions than a pH of 4? a. pH= 6 b. pH= 5 c. pH= 4 d. pH= 3

d. pH= 3

Pick the best answer. Which of the following is/are considered a chemical water quality parameter? Note choices F and G. a. pH b. water color c. turbidity d. dissolved oxygen e. temperature f. a and d g. b, c, and e

f) a and d (pH and dissolved oxygen)

Description of Spring Lake Sediment Sample

fine-grained (clay) and organic-rich (maybe dark grey in color). Water in Spring Lake tends to be stagnant. There doesn't appear to be a strong current or wave activity within this lake.

Which one of the water samples below has 10times fewer (less) H+ ions than a water sample with a pH of 4?

pH= 5

Ashthenosphere

the upper layer of the earth's mantle, below the lithosphere, in which there is relatively low resistance to plastic flow and convection is thought to occur.

Why was just a portion of Spring Lake treated with algaecide in 2003 and not the entire lake?

too much decaying algae at once would create oxygen depletion.

covergent plate boundaries

where two tectonic plates pull away from each other.

What does it mean to say that something is a polar molecule? Why is water a polar molecule?

- A polar molecule is a molecule in which one end of the molecule is slightly positive, while the other end is slightly negative. - Unequal sharing of electrons makes water a polar molecule. So even though the electrons from each atom are attracted by both the oxygen and the hydrogen, the electrons are a bit more attracted to the oxygen. This means that electrons spend a bit more time at the oxygen end of the molecule.

Did the ice block melt faster in fresh or salty water?

- An ice block melts faster in fresh water than it does in salt water. - The ice melted in the freshwater quicker than the ice in the saltwater tank - Warmer saltwater was more dense than the colder freshwater resulting in the ice melting in the freshwater. - The temperature of the water influenced how fast the water melted. In the freshwater tank there was room temperature water.

What is the direction of water flow in the Great Lakes?

- As a chain of lakes and rivers, they connect the east-central interior of North America to the Atlantic Ocean. From the interior to the outlet at the Saint Lawrence River, water flows from Superior to Huron and Michigan, southward to Erie, and finally northward to Lake Ontario. - High water levels ---> Lower levels

By what two mechanisms do glaciers move?

- Basal sliding - the glacier is moving from point a to point b from visibly moving over the top of the rock. - Internal plastic deformation - The glacier moves in response to gravity

What are bloodworms? What is unusual about their lifecycle?

- Bloodworms are the small larvae of the midge fly. - The larvae of some of these insects contain hemoglobin, which helps them get oxygen from water and gives them a reddish hue. - Often found in sediment from Spring Lake and the Grand River - Has the unique ability to survive in the presence of very low oxygen levels. - Egg (4days), Larva (10days to a year), Pupa (24hrs), Adult (24 to 72 hrs)

How does decomposition, photosynthesis, and calcite (limestone) affect the pH of water?

- Calcite (limestone): This limestone acts like a buffer which dissolves and uses up H+, reducing the amount of H+ ions, increasing the pH. - Dissolves, less H+, higher pH - Photosynthesis: Uses up CO2, less H+, High pH - Decomposition: Produces CO2, more H+, lower pH

How do you decide if a water quality property is chemical or physical?

- Chemical: dissolved constituents - Physical: property (depth) and suspended particles if its chemical has dissolved constituents and physical the property (depth) has suspended particles.

How are end moraine and ground moraines different?

- End Moraines: formed when a glacier is retreating or advancing - Ground Moraines: a stable configuration of the glacier, formed when there is a balance between the retreating and advancing.

What affect do glacial and interglacial periods have on global sea level?

- Glacial period: fall in sea level - Interglacial Period: rise in sea level - Sea level - glacial and interglacial cycles cause sea level to rise and fall. - Water is stored on land during an ice age (sea level falls) - Deglaciation returns water to the oceans (sea level rises) - Sea level was approx. 100 m lower during the last ice age - If all the ice sheets melted now, coastal regions would be flooded

Why is pure rain slightly acidic?

- H2O+ CO2 (g)-----> HCO3 + H+ - Since pure rain has a pH of 5.5, human caused "acid rain" has a pH less than 5.5 as shown

What is isostatic rebound and why is Lake Superior experiencing the greatest isostatic rebound of all the Great Lake regions?

- Isostatic Rebound: The weight of the glacier causes the lithosphere to subside, the subsidence falls into the earth mantle (loading). When the weight of the glacier will then uplift the lithosphere out of the earth's mantle (deloading). - Lake Superior experiences the greatest isostatic rebound because the glaciers retreat from an area from the south to the north, this leaves L.S. with the less time to recover, causing more isostatic rebound.

How do kettle ponds form?

- Kettle ponds are formed from glaciers, where there is a glacier retreat there are times when pieces of the glacier are left behind forming the eskers and kettle ponds. Sediment starts to build up and form around the ice blocks, the melting of the ice forms the depression in the ground. If the water table is high enough, the depression will fill up with water and form a lake

Which of the Great Lakes would we expect to be most susceptible to contamination and why?

- Lake Erie would most likely be the most susceptible to contamination because the watershed is more agricultural than the other Great Lakes' watersheds. - The Lake Erie watershed is more urban and industrial than the other Great Lakes. - Lake Erie is the most shallow out of all of the great lakes.

How can a glacier both scratch and polish at the same time?

- On the bottom of the glacier there are big boulder and rocks that the ice is pressing down on, the glacier pulls and drags the rock along as the glacier moves, this is how it scratches. - The ice contains a lot of finer grain clay and silk, this helps polish and smooth the rock while the glacier is moving.

How does GPS work?

- Our phones are GPS. - To identify your location, the receiver needs the location of at least three satellites and the distance between you and those satellites. - The GPS receiver receives high frequency, low power radio signals from the satellites; the radio signals travel at the speed of light. -The receiver figures the distance from where you are standing and the satellite by timing how long it took for the signal to be received. (x=v*t)

What is the shallowest Lake, the biggest Lake, the deepest Lake etc.

- Shallowest Lake: Lake Erie - 210 ft - Biggest Lake: Lake Superior -1,333ft - Deepest Lake: Lake Superior

Why is Michigan and most Great Lake states not sensitive to acid rain?

- Soil in most of GLs has ground up limestone (CaCO3). This limestone (acting as a buffer) dissolves and uses up H+, reducing the amount of H+ ions, ^ pH. - CaCO3 (calcite)+ H+ = Ca2+ +HCO_3

What are reasons why the early history of the Great Lakes is complex, with many different lake names and water levels?

- The continental glaciers were always changing and moving, creating different lakes and water levels as they change. - Every time there is a different lake configuration, they give the lake a different name

What were the glacier's role in the formation of the Great Lakes?

- The glaciers did not "create" the G.L (we would still probably have lakes where the G.L. are today, they just would not be as wide and deep as they are now) - The Glaciers depended and widened pre-existing river valleys

During what seasons does mixing of lakes occur and why? In what seasons are lakes in the Great Lakes region stratified?

- The most extreme thermal stratification occurs within lakes during the warm summer months. During fall turnover, the epilimnion cools, sinks and falls below the thermocline, resulting in mixing. - Lakes are stratified in summer and winter, and mix once in spring and once in fall. - Warm monomictic: water cools to near 4°C in winter, when turnover may occur.

How do eskers form?

- They represent a stream that was inside a glacier - Water is making its way from the inside the glacier to the exit of the glacier and forms ice tunnels, this creates the esker - The sediment is going to look like glacial outwash, the area inside the glacier is an area where more sediment is accumulated.

How are till, outwash and lake sediment different in terms of grain size, sorting and infiltration rates? Which of these sediments underlies the Grand Valley campus? Which has poor infiltration and why?

- Till: poorly sorted, typically a mixture of clay, sand, and gravel but can be variable, angular pebbles, poor drainage (located under GV). - Outwash Sediment: Moderately sorted mixture of sand and gravel with rounded pebbles, no clay, excellent drainage. - Lake sediment: variable grain size depending on water depth, usually well sorted, the lake sediment in this area at the surface is well sorted sand with little to no clay, representing beach deposits or winnowing of shallow nearshore waters, good drainage.

What's the difference between a valley glacier and a continental glacier? What kind affected Michigan 10,000 plus years ago?

- Valley glacier are restricted to mountains and are smaller in scale. They are located near the mountains. - Continental glaciers are the one that affect Michigan and they are thick masses of ice that covered the great lakes states that deposited sentiment.

At what temperature is water at its greatest density? Why is water in the solid state less dense than the liquid state? Given equal volumes of water, which has more water molecules, a sample at 6 degrees C or a sample at 25 degrees C?

- Water attains its greatest density at four degrees Celsius because the water molecules are packed closest together at this temperature. - As water cools, water molecules space out because of hydrogen bonding. A crystalline structure is formed with large air space between water molecules. This air and distance of molecules cause ice to be less dense and float. - Even if they are equal volumes of water, the sample at six degrees celsius contains more water molecules because it is colder than the 25 degree celsius water so the molecules in the 6 degree sample will be more dense. - Density varies with temperature.

What are the five special properties of water that I decided to highlight?

- Water molecules are attracted to each other (cohesion) - Water exists in the solid, liquid, and gas state under normal earth conditions - Solid water (Ice) is less dense than liquid water - Water is able to dissolve many things into it (universal solvent) - It takes a lot of energy to heat up water (high specific heat)

How does decomposition, photosynthesis, wind activity, and temperature affect the dissolved oxygen concentration in water?

- increase in photosynthesis = increase in DO. - increase in wind activity = increase in DO. - increase in decomposition = decrease DO. - increase in water temp = decrease capacity of DO water can hold.

Are mountain ranges, earthquakes and volcanoes randomly distributed around the earth? How does the age of the ocean crust vary underneath the ocean? Why doesn't Michigan currently get much in the way of earthquakes or volcanoes compared to say, California?

...

Do we know for sure what controlled the alternating precipitation of jasper and hematite layers?

...

How is BIF processed into taconite pellets? Why is the BIF processed into taconite pellets? What are two advantages of processing BIF into taconite pellets? For example, what are the advantages of the pellet shape and size?

...

In the above questions, I emphasized the importance of BIF economically as a source of iron ore. What is the importance of banded iron formation scientifically? How did BIF form? What does it tell us about early earth history? Why isn't banded iron formed today?

...

What depositional environment do we believe the BIF formed in to explain the thin laterally continuous layers you observed in the BIF?

...

What is banded iron formation? What minerals do the gray and red layers consist of? What are their chemical formulas?

...

What is happening at convergent subduction zones and divergent plate boundaries?

...

What is plate tectonics? How does it help explain the physiography of the Earth and features like earthquakes and volcanoes? How thick are these lithospheric plates compared to the radius of the earth?

...

What is the difference between blast furnaces and electric arc furnaces in how they work? Which cannot use taconite pellets as their iron source?

...

What is the source of the oxygen that caused the dissolved iron in the ocean to precipitate?

...

What two states provide almost all the iron ore mined in the United States?

...

Why does the Pacific plate move faster than the Atlantic plate?

...

Why is there little chance of acid mine water pollution from banded iron mines compared to sulfide mines?

...

Why is water stratification in water storage tanks a problem?

...

Why was the glacial Zeeland Channel and Grand Haven channel so much wider than the width of the Grand River today?

...

direct shipping ore

...

How much water is in the Great Lakes? If you took all the water in the Great Lakes and spread it evenly over the lower 48 states, how deep would the water be?

1. The Great Lakes hold over 5,400 cubic miles of water -- therefore accounting for more than 20% of the world's surface freshwater. 2. If we took all the water in the Great Lakes and spread it evenly over the lower 48 states, the water level would be about 9.5ft

How many times more H+ ions does a water with a pH of 5 have compared to a water with a pH of 6?

10 times more H+ ions in water with a pH of 5 compared to water with a pH of 6.