Geology 2
Ternary
A triangular graph in which the relative proportions of three minerals is used to classify a rock is called a __ digagram
Air
Basalt which erupts into this medium forms scoria breccia and lava flows
Steep
Because of the rapid cooling effect of water as compared to air, and increased buoyancy, submarine volcanoes are relatively
Gabbro 1
Beneath the basalt of the oceanic crust is a layer of what rock type
No, yes
Do mantle plumes usually occur at plate boundaries? Are they stationary feature?
Strombolian
Eruptions in which bursts of gas slugs rise faster than surrounding magma
The 1815 eruption of Tambora Volcano in Indonesia
In part of Europe and in North America, 1816 was known as the year without a summer because
Pegmatite
In some locations extremely course-grained __ masses with beautiful crystals occur with granite
Meteorites
Impacts by ____ during accretion of the Earth lead to extensive melting
Lava Fountains
In central-vent Hawaiian eruptions, these spurt to heights of several hundred feet
Volcanic debris and water
Lahars are mixtures of which two things
Diorite 1
Large intrusions in the Andes Mountains are likely what rock type
Stratosphere
Large, explosive volcanic eruptions inject volcanic gasses and pyroclastics into the ___ to heights of 16-32 km above that Earth's surface
Cryovolcanism
The process of erupting water, which solidifies into ice in a frigid environment such as on Europa
quartz
The last element to crystallize as a magma cools
Flood Basalts
The lava flows of the Deccan Traps in India, the Siberian Traps in Russia, and the Columbia River Plateau of Washington are what rock type
Columns
During the cooling of a think lava flow, contractional fractures form to create basalt ___
60
During the past two decades, how many airplanes have been damaged by in-flight encounters with volcanic ash
Millions
The lifespan of a volcano can vary between months to ___ of years
silicon, oxygen, aluminum, sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, and magnesium
The magma from which the minerals crystallize is rich in what 8 elements
Basalt
The most common extrusive volcanic rock
Iceland
The most dangerous sub glacial volcanoes are located where
Andesite 1
This lava is intermediate between felsic and mafic in composition and quite viscous
Pyroclastic
This term describes the texture of volcanic airfall rocks like tuffs
Porphyritic
This texture involves visible crystals within a fine grained matix
Steam
Typically , what is tah most common volcanic gas
75
Unzen is one of more than how many active volcanoes in Japan
Solid Crust
Upon contact with water that forms around the outside of a lava flow making a pillow basalt
Pyroclasts
Vocanic bombs, lapilli, and volcanic ash are called
Transform
Volcanoes generally do not form at what type of plate boundary
Subduction
Water is driven out of the oceanic lithosphere in ___ zones, and it causes melting in the overlying mantle
volcano
an opening in a planet's surface, which allows hot, moleten rock, ash, and gases to escape
Ultramafic
Igneous rock with more than 90% of dark minerals (mostly olivine) are referred to as
High
A felsic lava is very viscous and relatively (high/low) in silica
Diorite
A grey intermediate intrusive igneous rock
Gabbro
A dark course-grained intrusive igneous rock chemically equivalent to basalt
Melt
A decrease in pressure, an addition of water, and increase in temp. Any of these can ___ rock
Pumice
A volcanic rock that is a solidified glassy foam that floats
Stratovolcano/ Composite
A volcano composed of hardened lava, tephra, and cider
Greenstones
Ancient lava flows often altered to minerals like chlorite are known as
Troposphere
Another word used to describe the Earth's lower atmosphere
Fractional Crystallization
As magma cools, minerals typically crystallize from the melt at different temps. this is called
dark, black
Despite its felsic composition, obsidian is ___ in color
Vesicles
Basalt in the tops of sub-aerial lava flows and cinder cones commonly contains lots of ____
Vesicles 1
Beautifully crystallized species of zeolites, opal, quartz or calcite are frequently found in basalt ____
countertop
Because of its durability granite has become a popular kitchen ___ in modern houses
Basalt Lava
Ca- Plag, pyroxene and olivine from this type of lava
Radon
Cellars sunk into soils formed over uraniferous granites can become a trap for ___ gas
Mid-ocean Ridges
Decompression melting creates the ocean crust at what plate boundaries
Pressure
Decompression melting occurs because of a decrease in ___ as solid rock rises toward the surface
Rhyolite
Felsic lava:
Light, low
Felsic rocks are usually ___ colored and have ___ density
Obsidian
Felsic volcanic glass
Thin Sections
Generally the mineral constituents of fine grained extrusive igneous rocks can be viewed in
construction stone
Granite is nearly always massive, hard and tough, and therefore it has gained widespread use as a
Continental
Granitic rock is widely distributed throughout which type of crust on Earth
0
How many active volcanoes are there on the moon
30,000
How many seamounts are estimated to occur throughout the globe
Andesitic
If an erupted magma contains an intermediate amount of silica, the lava is termed
Mafic
If an erupted magma contains low silica, the lava (very fluid) is called
Granite, Deorite, Gabbro, Peridotite
List four intrusive rocks raging in order from felsic to ultramafic
Rhyolite, Andesite, Basalt
List three extrusive rocks ranging in order from felsic to mafic
Dark,high
Mafic rocks are usually __ colored and have a __ density
Once (but lasts a few years
Monogenetic cinder cones typically erupt how often
Magmas
Most __ are mixes of melt and crystals, and gas bubble
Bowl
Most cinder cones have a(n) ___ -shaped crater at the summit
Yellowstone
Most obsidian in archaeological sites in our region probably originated in
Granite
Name a common and widely occurring type of intrusive felsic igneous rock
Yellowstone Caldera/ Lake Toba in Sumatra Indonesia/ Lake Taupo in New Zealand
Name three super volcanoes
Conchoidal
Obsidian is easy to sharpen because it breaks with a ___ fracture
Amorphous (no crystal structure)
Obsidian is not a mineral because it is
Decompression Melting
Partial melting of the mantle t divergent plate boundaries is caused by
Tephra
Particles falling from the eruption clouds form layers of ash on the ground technically called
Obsidian 1
Perhaps the sharpest known natural material
Extinct
Popularly, volcanoes that have not erupted in historical times are called
Tuffs
Pyroclastic deposits which have been lithified
Volcanic
Pyroclastic rocks are clastic roks composed of ___ materials
High (1,200 C)
Shield volcanoes typically erupt magma at relatively (high, low) temperatures
Emplacement
Stoping, assimilation, and forceful injection are three mechanism that might explain the ___ of granite
Convergent Boundaries with Seduction zones
Stratovolcanoes are common along which type of plate tectonic boundary
The lava is viscous and gaseous
Stratovolcanoes typically erupt with explosive force, because
Solidus (melting point)
Temperatures can exceed the __ of a crustal rock due to compression at at plate boundary
10
Temperatures of lava erupted from volcanoes on Jupiter's moon ____ are in excess of 1,500 degrees C far hotter than volcanoes on Earth
Continents, ocenas
The Earth's crust is about 35 km thick under the ___ but is only some 7-10 km beneath the ___
AA and Pahoehoe
The ___ form of lava flow is rough; the ___ form of lava is smooth and ropey
Basalt 1
The surface of Venus is composed of what rock type
Rhyolite 1
The volcanic equivalent of platonic granite is
Pillows
These are very common in underwater basaltic flows and are diagnostic of an underwater eruption
Dormant
These volcanoes are those that are not currently active
Plinian
This eruption style can send ash 10s of miles into the air
Pumice 1
This forms the grit in Lava Soap
Caldera
This is formed by the collapse magma chamber beneath the volcano
Andesite
This lava is characteristic of seduction tectonic environments in active oceanic margins, such as the western coast of South America
Hot spot
What is another term that is used to describe a mantle plume
Kolumbo
What volcano was discovered in 1650 when it burst from the sea and erupted, killing 70 people on the nearby island of Santorini
Mid ocean Ridges
Where are most divergent plate boundaries on Earth located
Mafic 1`
Which lava composition can produce pahoehoe lava flows
Fluid
Which word best describes that lava produced by a shield volcano
High Viscosity
Why does magma, generated in subduction zone, often not reach the surface to form a volcano
Bowens
___ reaction series is important for understanding the idealized sequence of fractional crystallization of a magma