Geology
Pacific Ocean
"in decline"
________________ of a channel What is the probability of a 100 year flood occurring next year?
1%
Angle of inclination is the angle between the earth's magnetic field and its surface. the angle is...
90
Mature Stage
Atlantic Ocean
S is the slope. It is calculated by dividing the __________ by the _____________.
Channel Linear
Will velocity of water increase or decrease during lateral migration?
Decrease
Why do the seismic waves turn up as they pass through the Earth?
Density increases causing fracking going towards the center
Embryonic Stage
E. African Rift Valley, Rio Grande
rock elasticity
Higher elasticity results in higher velocities
place on Earth where the suture stage is occuring
Himalayan
Suture Stage
Himalayan Mountains
How does sinuosity of the channel change during lateral migration?
Increase
What proved that plate tectonics were real?
Magnetic poles and continents moving
Remnant Stage
Mediterranean Ocean
A place on earth where the remnant stage is occuring
Mediterranean sea
Equation for runoff
Rainfall - Infiltration
Immature Stage
Red Sea, Gulf of Cali
In Manning's equation, n is a variable that measures the ________________ of a channel
Resistance
Continent-continent collisions
Result in: 1.Closing of an ocean basin 2.Increasing the surface area of a continent 3.Thickening the crust -- high topography 4.If crust becomes TOO thick it collapses
Manning's Equation
V = (1.5 R 2/3 S 1/2)/n V = Average Water Velocity n = Mannings Roughness Coefficient ( a measure of the resistance to flow) R = Hydraulic Radius ( a measure of the efficiency of the channel cross section) S = Slope of the Energy Gradient (approximated by the slope of the channel)
Equation for sinuousity
channel distance/linear (or valley) distance High sinuosity = low slope
Sinuosity during meander cutoff
decrease
Rainfall is gentle
favors inflitration
Soil is porous and sandy
favors inflitration
Surface has steep slope
favors runoff
ground is nearly saturated
favors runoff
surface lacks vegetation and is barren
favors runoff
The greenhouse effect is caused by
greenhouse gases such as CO2
Rock Density
higher density results in higher velocities
damage zone
highly fractured region
Velocity during meander cutoff
increase
Earth's magnetic field has reversed polarity throughout geologic time. Evidence for this phenomenon..
magnetic seafloor stripes
One way to increase the slope of a stream channel is to..?
make channel less sinuous
Core
zone of sliding
Marine Environment
•Accumulation of sediment rich in plants and animal remains (Organic matter) •Organic-rich sediment is buried •Sediment experiences elevated temperature and pressures due to burial
What Determines the Volume of Floodwaters at a Specific Location?
•Amount of Rainfall (inches or cm.) •Amount of Infiltration (inches or cm.) •Area of the Drainage Basin (mi2 or km2)
Hydrocarbon Generation of Marine Enviorment
•Continued burial of organic-rich sediment •Temperatures and pressures reach a critical point where organic matter is transformed to liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons •Petroleum forms at T = 100-120 C, Gas at T = >120 C
Isostasy
•Less dense crust floats on top of the denser and deformable rocks of the mantle •Concept of floating crust in gravitational balance •If weight is added or removed from the crust, isostatic adjustment will take place as the crust subsides or rebounds
Hydrocarbon Migration of marine enviorment
•Newly Created Petroleum and Natural Gas is mobile and flows (migrates) into adjacent permeable rock •Because oil and gas are less dense than water, they will flow to the surface - unless something stops it.
Sinuosity
The sinuosity of a stream is a measure of how much it is meandering.
Declining Stage
Pacific Ocean
Place on Earth where the remnant stage of Wilson cycle is occurring?
Persian Gulf
Discharge (Q) is measured using a simplified form of the Continuity Equation
Q = VA V = average flow velocity A = cross sectional area of water (channel)
discharge
The rate of flow = volume / unit time