geology ch.3 hw

What mineral is not scratched by a fingernail, but is scratched by a copper penny? Gypsum Calcite Fluorite Dolomite Talc

Calcite

Which of the following best describes mineral habit? The shape a mineral grows into, given sufficient space. The maximum strength of a mineral. The organized atomic structure of a mineral. The ability of a mineral to transmit light. The shape of a mineral caused by growth in a small space.

The shape a mineral grows into, given sufficient space.

Minerals must be solid, have an orderly atomic structure, have a recognized chemical composition, be naturally occurring, and __________. be generally inorganic in origin found only in igneous rocks made by organisms be reproducible in a laboratory setting be a highly valued natural resource

be generally inorganic in origin

Quartz exhibits __________. four sets of cleavage at non-90° angles a cubic shape three sets of cleavage at 90° angles thin, transparent sheets that are easily separable conchoidal fracture

conchoidal fracture

Since color is not a very useful way to identify a mineral, what other optical property or properties can be used? Opacity Chemical composition Strength Internal structure and transparency luster and streak

luster and streak

Regardless of their size, most rocks are made up of __________. grains minerals synthetic minerals magma

minerals

In the field, you find an unidentified mineral that is clear, exhibits conchoidal fracture, and can scratch glass. This mineral is most likely: calcite. quartz. gypsum. muscovite. hornblende.

quartz

Hardness describes a mineral's __________. powdered form when rubbed on a streak plate strength resistance to being scratched crystalline structure quality of reflectivity

resistance to being scratched

The micas (biotite and muscovite) exhibit what type of silicate structure? Sheet Double chain Single chain 3D Independent

sheet

Crystal habit is the shape that a mineral develops by the repetition of __________. the basic unit cell of a mineral the maximum strength of a mineral precipitation of a mineral from an aqueous solution the sudden cooling of lava at the surface growth in an enclosed space

the basic unit cell of a mineral

What is luster? an indication that a mineral has double refraction the color of a mineral a mineral's ability to transmit light through itself the color of a mineral in powdered form the quality of light reflected from a mineral's surface

the quality of light reflected from a mineral's surface

What is an accurate description of the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron? -The silicon-oxygen tetrahedron is a pyramid-shaped feature that commonly bonds to negative ions to produce silicate minerals. -The silicon-oxygen tetrahedron is a four-sided figure with an oxygen atom in the middle bonded to four neighboring silicon atoms. -The silicon-oxygen tetrahedron is a structure that is a significant building block to nonsilicate minerals. -The silicon-oxygen tetrahedron is a double-chained structure of the amphibole group. -The silicon-oxygen tetrahedron is a four-sided figure with a silicon atom in the middle bonded to four neighboring oxygen atoms.

The silicon-oxygen tetrahedron is a four-sided figure with a silicon atom in the middle bonded to four neighboring oxygen atoms.

Which of the following is a mineral? Water Granite Plastic Charcoal Ice

ice

Crystallization of molten rock will produce ________ rocks. igneous metamorphic sedimentary

igneous

The external expression of a mineral's orderly internal arrangement of atoms is referred to as: its streak. its specific gravity. its hardness. its luster. its crystal form.

its crystal form.

The amount or quality of light that is reflected from a mineral surface is known as __________. crystallization color streak transparency luster

luster

The property of cleavage reflects: the hardness of the mineral. mechanical breakage along planes of weakness within the mineral. the luster of the mineral. the streak of the mineral. the density of the mineral.

mechanical breakage along planes of weakness within the mineral

In silicate minerals, the type of cleavage or fracture is influenced by: the bonding of the silicon-oxygen tetrahedra within the mineral. the color of the mineral. the amount of oxygen in the mineral. the density of the mineral. the silica content of the mineral.

the bonding of the silicon-oxygen tetrahedra within the mineral.

A mineral's streak is _________. the color of the mineral in powdered form the appearance of light reflected from the mineral's surface the mineral's resistance to breaking the common shape of an aggregate of crystals the tendency to break along weak bonds

the color of the mineral in powdered form

Which of the following best describes the term cleavage? Cleavage describes the quality and amount of light reflected from a mineral surface. Cleavage is the characteristic growth pattern or shape of a mineral. Cleavage is the colored mark that a mineral makes when scratched on a porcelain tile. Cleavage is the splitting of minerals along natural planes of weakness. Cleavage describes a mineral's resistance to abrasion.

Cleavage is the splitting of minerals along natural planes of weakness.

Which mineral property is the least useful for identifying minerals, and why? -Streak is the least useful property for identification because it does not work for minerals with metallic lusters. -Density is the least useful property for identification because different specimens of the same type of mineral can vary in size. -Color is the least useful property for identification because it is the most obvious property. -Color is the least useful property for identification, as the same mineral type can be found in several different colors due to impurities in the mineral. -Streak is the least useful property for identification, as the same mineral type can be found with several different colors of streak due to impurities in the mineral.

Color is the least useful property for identification, as the same mineral type can be found in several different colors due to impurities in the mineral.

Name the hardest and softest mineral on the Moh's scale. Quartz (hardest) and calcite (softest) Topaz (hardest) and calcite (softest) Corundum (hardest) and talc (softest) Diamond (hardest) and talc (softest) Diamond (hardest) and gypsum (softest)

Diamond (hardest) and talc (softest)

What discourages minerals from achieving habit? Enclosed spaces Small impurities in the crystal structure Sufficient time to form Chemical composition The presence of water

Enclosed spaces

What minerals make up half of Earth's crust? Feldspars Amphiboles, micas, and clays Quartz and amphiboles Quartz and pyroxenes Nonsilicates

Feldspars

Which of the following exhibits three sets of cleavage at 90° angles? Calcite Mica Feldspar Galena Fluorite

Galena

Why glass is not considered a mineral? Glass is solid. Glass is made by organisms. Glass has a disorderly atomic structure. Glass is not naturally occurring. Glass has an unknown chemical composition.

Glass has a disorderly atomic structure

What are the economic uses of three common nonsilicate minerals? View Available Hint(s) -Silver is used for photography, fluorite is used as a fertilizer, and anhydrite is used in plaster. -Halite is used for common salt, anhydrite is used in plaster, and graphite is used as an abrasive. -Galena is used as pencil lead, halite is used as common salt, and calcite is used in Portland cement. -Fluorite is used in steelmaking, dolomite is used in plaster, and corundum is used as an abrasive. -Halite is used for common salt, gypsum is used in plaster, and graphite is used as pencil lead.

Halite is used for common salt, gypsum is used in plaster, and graphite is used as pencil lead.

__________ SiO4 4- tetrahedra join with __________ ions to produce the mineral olivine in the rock peridotite. Independent; negative Three dimensional; Ca2+ and Na1+ Double chain; positive Independent; Mg2+ and Fe2+ Single chain; Mg2+ and Fe2+

Independent; Mg2+ and Fe2+

What causes a lack of cleavage in some minerals? Bonds of equal strength in all directions The chemical composition of the mineral The shape of the mineral Bonds of differing strength in certain directions A small impurity in the atomic structure

Bonds of equal strength in all directions

Most marine organisms produce the mineral substance ________, which will later become limestone. CaCO3 SO2 H2CO3 SiO2

CaCO3

What is the basic foundation of Moh's hardness scale? Mineral hardness is comparable to mineral strength. Mineral hardness can be measured in absolute terms. Crystal hardness is directly proportional to crystal size. If a mineral scratches an object, then the mineral is harder than the object. Hardness is related to the amount of time a mineral takes to precipitate.

If a mineral scratches an object, then the mineral is harder than the object.

A scientist creates diamonds using high-pressure laboratory experiments. These diamonds are not considered minerals because which of the following requirements has been violated? Minerals must be solid. Minerals must be inorganic in origin. Minerals must occur naturally. Minerals must have a known chemical composition. Minerals must have an orderly crystalline structure.

Minerals must occur naturally.

Which of the following pairs of elements are the most abundant in the continental crust? Aluminum and oxygen Silicon and oxygen Silicon and iron Calcium and oxygen Sodium and silicon

Silicon and oxygen

Which of the following best describes the term streak? When no light is transmitted through a mineral sample. The arrangement of atoms in an orderly, repetitive structure. When both light and an image are visible through a mineral sample. The amount or quality of light reflected from a mineral surface. The color of a powdered form of a mineral produced by rubbing it across a hard surface.

The color of a powdered form of a mineral produced by rubbing it across a hard surface.

Other than space, what two additional factors are significant for a crystal to attain habit? Presence of dissolved gases and time Time and necessary elements Age and size of crystals Solubility and strength Atoms and high temperatures

Time and necessary elements

Which of the following is a basic structural component of the most common mineral group? a water molecule a sulfate ion a silicon-oxygen tetrahedron metallic bonds a carbonate ion

a silicon-oxygen tetrahedron

All minerals have cleavage. True False

false

The ratio of silicon to oxygen atoms in silicate minerals depends on: the density of the mineral. the number of silicon and oxygen atoms in the mineral. how the atoms in silicon-oxygen tetrahedra are shared. the type of rock in which the minerals are found. the way the mineral breaks when mechanical forces act on it.

how the atoms in silicon-oxygen tetrahedra are shared.

Hornblende has _____ cleavage planes at _____ angles. three; non-90° two; non-90° four; non-90° three; 90° two; 90°

two; non-90°

What causes the same mineral to occur in varieties that are different colors? The crystalline structure often exhibits differences in shape. The ability to transmit light varies in the same mineral. Chemical bonds are rearranged in the same mineral. A small amount of impurities in the crystal structure. The amount and quality of light reflected off the surface differs in the same mineral.

A small amount of impurities in the crystal structure.

Which statement correctly describes rock-forming minerals and economic minerals? View Available Hint(s) -Silicates are important economic resources and include gypsum, which is used for plaster. Nonsilicate minerals are only important as rock-building minerals. -Only minerals that are not rock-building minerals can have economic value. -Economic minerals consist mostly of silicate minerals, whereas rock-building minerals consist mostly of nonsilicates. -Rock-forming minerals consist of a few types of minerals that are sparse in Earth's crust, whereas economic minerals are very abundant and are used extensively in the manufacture of products. -Rock-forming minerals consist of a few types of minerals that are abundant in Earth's crust, whereas economic minerals are less abundant and are used extensively in the manufacture of products.

Rock-forming minerals consist of a few types of minerals that are abundant in Earth's crust, whereas economic minerals are less abundant and are used extensively in the manufacture of products.