GER 150B1

Consider this example. Japanese refiners signed a contract to buy sugar from Australia for $160 a ton, and when world prices dropped, they refused to pay. The Australians thought that "a deal is deal." What communication style is at play here?

a definition of truth

There are at least four different kinds of gestures. This particular kind of gesture is related to managing our emotions.

adapters

______ The official 2000 Census shows that these individuals are 2.8 times more likely to marry outside their racial group - predominantly to Whites.

african american men

_________ This cocultural communication orientation involves trying to strike a balance between the concerns of cocultural and dominant group members.

assertive accommodation strategies

You can learn something about local culture by

being observant

This is used to regulate the interaction between hosts and tourists.

boundary maintenance

In many African countries, high level officials and business executives expect to be treated with the same solemnity and respect due their position. What communication style best describes this particular protocol?

business etiquette

The formal form of "you" (Usted) is always used in business contexts in Spanish-speaking Central and South America, except with personal friends. Identify this communication style.

business etiquette

___________ is changing from one language or communication style to another.

code-switching

When we say prayers in church or in a synagogue, we are strengthening our religious identity and sense of belonging to a religious community. This best describes ___________.

communication ritual

_______ In this intercultural relationship, the person may seek out people who have different personality traits and therefore provide balance, in the relationship.

complementarity

________ is unavoidable. It happens all over the world, as it always has, and at many different levels.

conflict

_________ rises from unequal or unjust relationships.

conflict

The ________ style of interaction is the most desirable when intercultural couples negotiate their cross-cultural differences.

consensus

__________ are those in which people stand closer together while talking

contact cultures

_________ This particular building block of intercultural communication is present when we communicate with each other although it is not always evident or obvious.

context

_______ are influenced by the cultures to which we belong.

cultural identity

_______ is the domination through the spread of cultural products (simplified definition).

cultural industries

________ dictate(s) how people interact with each other in public.

cultural norms

Being in a new cultural context can often make tourists experience this type of disorientation. The degree in which tourists may feel this depends on how different the host culture is from the tourists' home culture.

cultural shock

__________ involves the act of making someone believe what is not true. Recent research shows that this behavior is usually communicated verbally.

deception

_______ This approach to conflict is similar to the direct/indirect language dimension discussed in Chapter 5. In this approach, some cultural groups think that conflict is fundamentally a good thing. These groups feel that it is best to approach conflict very directly, because working through conflicts constructively results in stronger, healthier, and more satisfying relationships.

direct conflict approach

______ These are behaviors that cause some people to denied equal participation or rights based on cultural group membership.

discrimination

_______ This conflict resolution style combines direct and emotionally restrained dimensions and emphasizes a verbally direct approach for dealing with disagreements - to "say what you mean and mean what you say.

discussion style

_______ is the unequal relationship that occurs as developing nations become dependent on the West for "communication" hardware and software.

electronic colonialism

Gestures are simply arm and hand movements that communicate nonverbally. These kinds of gestures have a specific verbal translation. When people are in foreign country and do not know the language, they often resort to these kinds of gestures.

emblems

_______ This approach to conflict is captured in the Russian proverb, "After a storm, fair weather, after sorrow, joy." It emphasizes a verbally direct confrontational and emotionally expressive approach to dealing with conflict.

engagement style

There are statutes that attempt to stop discrimination by encouraging the hiring of minorities and women.

equal employment act

__________ acts as a barrier to effective intercultural communication because it is based on the belief that one's own cultural group is superior to all other cultural groups.

ethnocentrism

___________ This is often considered an element of personal space because it regulates interpersonal distance.

eye contact

According to the complementary principle of relational attraction, not only do we like people we think are similar to us, but we also may think that people we like are more similar to us than they actually are.

false

Nonassertive accommodation strategies emphasize trying to fit into and be accepted by the dominant group.

false

People in individualistic societies tend to be more concerned with maintaining group harmony and with preserving the other person's dignity during conflict.

false

The British accept that business is something a person would actually study the way one has to study subjects such as biology or statistics.

false

The U. S. federal government passed the "Civil Solidarity Pact", which allows states to avoid recognizing gay marriages in other states.

false

The discussion conflict style emphasizes an indirect approach for dealing with conflict and a more emotionally restrained manner.

false

When misunderstandings arise, we are more likely to question our verbal communication than our nonverbal communication.

false

When people are speaking a language other than English, they are usually talking about you.

false

When traveling to another country, it is not necessary to learn the language. English is spoken everywhere.

false

In 2000, transnational advertising agencies conducted business worth $235 billion - larger than the GNP's of several countries. What term best describes this activity?

global growth

__________ are in warmer places, located closer to the equator.

high contact cultures

__________ This style emphasizes understanding messages without direct verbal communication. Often people in long-term relationships communicate in this style.

high context

_______ cultural groups feel that an organization functions best when differences in power are clearly marked.

high power distance

In countries that practice these work-related values, workers are expected to perform certain functions with clearly defined responsibilities; a clear boundary exists between their job and another person's job.

individualism

________ a key European American (and Canadian and Australian) value, place importance on the individual rather than the family or work team or other group.

individualism

_________ In this relationship orientation, the acceptance of the potential partner by family members is more important than romantic or passionate love.

individualistic

______ Cultural group members influenced by Buddhist, Taoist, Confucian, and Shinto traditions use this to act on their behalf in dealing with conflict.

intermediary

________ is often the first challenge faced by tourists.

language

__________ refers to the process of learning another language

language acquisition

_______ can sometimes lead to intercultural conflict, and it can also be the primary vehicle for solving intercultural conflict.

language issues

____________ are laws or customs that emerge to determine which language is to be spoken where and when.

language policies

________ Intercultural conflicts often result from differences in value orientations. This orientation is rooted in respect for tradition, preservation of face, and fulfilling social obligations.

long-term orientation

______ The popularity of U. S. movies such as Spider-Man and Star Wars: Episode II, and of U. S. music stars such as Jennifer Lopez and Madonna, and of U. S. television shows from I Love Lucy to Will and Grace and Friends, is an example of

media imperialism

in this orientation, time is linear, with events happening one after another.

monochronic

___________ strategies are employed by individuals who assume that some segregation is part of everyday life in the United States.

nonassertive separation

_________ This style of interaction might seem to be the only way for couples whose backgrounds are completely irreconcilable to survive.

obliteration

Anxiety commonly found in early stages of an intercultural relationship can be high if

people have negative expectations based on previous interactions

___________ are ways of looking at the world. All of the information we receive in a given day passes through this process.

perception

_________ is the study of the sound system of language - how words are pronounced, which units of sounds (phonemes) are meaningful for a specific language, and which sounds are universal.

phonology

_______ is one of the primary modes for the intercultural experience. Many think that it helps us to understand other cultures.

pop culture

_______ Not all of this emerges from the United States, but the bulk of it does. And it contributes to a power dynamic - cultural imperialism - that affects intercultural communication everywhere.

popular culture

_______ is pervasive. It is on television, billboards, the Internet, and even your clothing.

popular culture

________ Dutch social psychologist Geert Hofstede has identified several cultural values that help us understand cultural differences. This particular value refers to the extent to which less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally.

power distance

_________ is the study of how meaning is constructed in relation to receivers, how language is actually used in particular contexts in language communities

pragmatics

_______ In this cultural approach to conflict, individuals or groups try to identify the specific problem. They have a tendency to focus on the original issue and direct the discussion toward cooperative problem solving.

productive

______ Culture industries produce these in order to more directly market their products to certain groups.

reader profiles

Consider this example. In Malta, a local family discovered two German tourists peering into their home. The curious couple, which came to the village with a tour, simply opened the glass inner door and walked into the family's brightly lit front room. To cope with this and to protect their privacy, the family felt like they had to close the wooden outer door that was previously always left open. What term best describes the family's attitude?

resistance

Some communities that are not enthusiastic about tourism may use this strategy to avoid contact with tourists.

resistance

Locals in Sardinia were advised to use the terms Sagra rather than Fiesta in advertising their village festivals since fewer non-Italians would recognize the term Sagra. What were the locals practicing?

retreatism

________ A study indicated that people from an individualistic orientation might experience less love, care, trust, and physical attraction with their partners.

romantic relationships

____________ is the study of meaning - that is, how words communicate the meaning we intend to get across in our communication.

semantics

The ________ principle of relational attraction suggests that we tend to be attracted to people whom we perceive to hold attitudes close to ours in terms of politics, religion, personality, and so on.

similarity

__________ Context is neither static nor objective, and can be multi-layered. Consider for a moment, the Calvin Klein underwear ads commercialized in the early 1990's. Uproar ensued because critics thought they were inappropriate. In what particular context were the critics viewing these ads?

social

_______ results from unequal or unjust social relationships between groups.

social conflict

__________ These are places from which we speak that are socially constructed and thus embedded with assumptions about gender, race, class, age, social roles, sexuality, and so on.

social positions

_________ is the relative position a person occupies in an organizational or social setting

status

There are social and political impacts on tourism. This event did not just affect the United States; there was also a global downturn in international travel.

the event of 9/11

_______ A recent study on media consumption found that members of the Church of Latter Day Saints (Mormons) did not favor Hollywood or television texts. By resisting these examples of popular culture, what were the Mormons trying to reaffirm?

their religious identity

There are many cultural norms that have implications for intercultural communication between tourists and host. When a tourist shops in a store and tries on clothing, a host may become irate. What cultural norm is the tourist violating?

touching merchandise.

___________ is frequently viewed as simply a leisure activity.

traveling

Cultural groups that believe in high power distance feel than an organization functions best when differences in power are clearly marked.

true

Each intercultural encounter occurs in a social and political context that goes beyond the few individuals involved.

true

For most Americans, efficiency and getting the job done for the lowest cost are the ultimate goals within a business context.

true

In the United States context, people employ active uncertainty reduction strategies during silence.

true

Low culture has been reconceptualized as popular culture.

true

Many international business negotiations, technical assistance projects, and team projects thrive because of differences in time orientations.

true

People respond to conflict according to their cultural background.

true

Some cultural groups prefer a more indirect style, with an emphasis on high-context communication when stating intentions.

true

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is the idea that the particular language we speak determines our perception of reality.

true

The kind and quality of information we all have about other cultures is influenced, in part, by popular culture.

true

The social functions that folk culture serves are quite different from those served by popular culture.

true

There are some nonverbal behaviors that are innate, that we don't have to learn.

true

Tourists who experience culture shock often take a prejudicial and patronizing attitude toward the local culture.

true

Unconscious competence is the level at which communication goes smoothly but it is not a conscious process.

true

Usually the biggest obstacles to boundary-crossing friendship come not from minority communicates but from majority communities.

true

Whatever the attitude of the host community toward the tourists, most intercultural contact between hosts and tourists is very limited.

true

some cultural groups prefer a more indirect style, with an emphasis on high-context communication when stating intentions.

true

________ Consider the following example. Suppose Ruben and Laura have been married for several months and are starting to argue frequently about their views on when to start their family and how to raise their children. Laura believes strongly that one parent should stay at home with the children when they are small, so she would like to wait until they have saved enough money and she can stop working for a few years. Ruben wants to have children immediately but does not want Laura to stop working; he thinks their children will do fine in day care. This situation illustrates which type of conflict?

value conflict

_________ Ron's family belonged to an Evangelical Protestant Church. When he was growing up, his parents made disparaging remarks about the Catholic religion. In his family, part of being a good church member meant being prejudiced against Catholics. What function is prejudice fulfilling in this example?

value expressive