Giant Biology Set
What is the equation for cellular respiration?
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + 36 atp
What is a chloroplast?
(in green plant cells) a plastid that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place.
When do we think the first life appeared on Earth?
3.5 billion years ago
How many ATP are made during aerobic cellular respiration?
36
How old is the Earth?
4.5 billion years old
In any mating between humans, what are the chances that a boy will be born?
50 percent
the probability that a single coin flip will come up heads?
50 percent
What is the difference between a theory and a hypothesis?
A theory is something that is already backed by evidence, and a hypothesis is an educated guess that is yet to be tested
What is a trophic level?
A trophic level is a category that an organism is put in to show how its energy is gained in a food chain/ ecosystem.
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2+6H2O->C6H12O6+6O2
What are the base-pairing rules? (AKA: Chargaff's Rules!)
A (adenine) goes with T (thymine) and C (cytosine) goes with G (guanine)
How is a carrier denoted in a pedigree? ...Someone with the trait?
A carrier can be marked by a symbol or color
What is a codon? Where is it found?
A codon is a sequence of three bases and is found in DNA
Distinguish between genotype and phenotype and give an example using flower color.
A genotype is the genetic traits an organism has and a phenotype is an actual trait and how it is physically expressed or how it looks. For example, if a flower has white petals its genotype would be WW and its phenotype would be white petals.
What is a grana?
A granum (plural grana) is a stack of thylakoid discs. Chloroplasts can have from 10 to 100 grana.
What is a biome?
A group of ecosystems that share similar climates and typical organisms
Distinguish between a niche and a habitat.
A habitat is the home/environment of an organism. While a niche is the role that the organism plays in the ecosystem it is in.
Why would a plant cell divide into two new cells?
A plant needs to create more cells so that it can grow and heal
What is the difference between a stimulus and a response?
A response is the action that comes after the stimulus and the stimulus is what creates the action or response.
What is a stem cell? Where does it originate?
A stem cell is an unspecialized cell and it comes from embryonic cells when the cell has yet to develop and have a function.
What form of chemical energy is useable by the cell?
ATP
What are two examples of energy carrier molecules?
ATP and NADH
What is the complementary strand of bases for a strand with the bases TACGTT?
AUGCAA
How is each type of fermentation used commercially?
Alcoholic fermentation is used in making bread and beer and lactic acid fermentation is used to make yogurt.
What is the difference between alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation?
Alcoholic fermentation occurs in yeast and bacteria and creates 2 ATP, ethyl alcohol, CO2 , and acid fermentation occurs in cytoplasm (in bacteria) and it creates 2 ATP and lactic acid
What are the five ideas that make up the Modern Cell Theory?
All living things are made up of one or more cells The cell is a structural & functional unit of life. All cells come from pre-existing cells. Cells contain information that is inherited (DNA). All energy flow (metabolism & biochemistry) of life occurs within cells.
What types of substances can water dissolve?
Almost everything dissolves in water because it is a universal solvent (not lipids
What is a polypeptide?
Also known as polymers and they are made of amino acids and peptide bonds
What is a hypothesis?
An educated guess
Who crafted his own high powered microscopes and viewed microscopic life he called "animacules"?
Antoine van Leeuwenhoek
What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?
Asexual reproduction does not need two parents, and there is no variation in traits. Sexual reproduction needs two parents and causes genetic variation.
Why is the cell membrane also called a "lipid bilayer"?
Because it is mainly composed of lipids
Why is the cell membrane, or plasma membrane, referred to as the "gatekeeper"?
Because it regulates what goes in and out of the cell
How does the polarity of water impact its properties?
Because of the positive and negative charges it is considered a universal solvent
Why does a sprinter have an oxygen debt to repay after the race is over?
Because the cells need that oxygen to get rid of the lactic acid in the cells
What is the reason that a geneticist would do a "testcross?"
Because they need to find out if the dominant trait is heterozygous or homozygous
What is biodiversity?
Biodiversity is the variation in the organisms in an ecosystem. It is important to preserve biodiversity because that is how we can keep the food web/chain in balance.
What four factors are considered in determining the growth rate of a population?
Birth rate, Death rate, immigration, carrying capacity.
What is the chemical formula for glucose?
C6 H12 O6
What are the four most common elements in organisms?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
What is tRNA?
Carries copies of the instructions for assembling amino acids from DNA to the rest of the cell
What is carrying capacity?
Carrying capacity is the amount of a population that its environment can sustain with the resources it has available. I think the human population is slowly starting to reach carrying capacity because of climate change and world hunger.
Write the names of each of the four phases of the cell cycle
Cell growth = G1 DNA replication = synthesis stage Preparation for mitosis = G2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis = M / mitosis stage
What are centrioles?
Centrioles are paired barrel-shaped organelles located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope. Centrioles play a role in organizing microtubules that serve as the cell's skeletal system. They help determine the locations of the nucleus and other organelles within the cell.
What is adaptation?
Changes in an organism to fit a location and help them survive
How are the properties of water important for life?
Cohesion - surface tension Adhesion - water droplets combining Capillary Action - water rising in a small tube
What makes DNA replication "semi-conservative?"
DNA replication is said to be semi-conservative because of this process of replication, where the resulting double helix is composed of both an old strand and a new strand
What is DNA? What does it stand for?
DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms.
Plants have the ability to make their own _________ while heterotrophs must consume theirs.
Energy or food
True or false? A dialysis tube is filled with water and sugar. It is placed in distilled water. Water will move out of the bag.
False
True or false? A paramecium's contractile vacuole pumps water out of the cell as a form of active transport.
False
True or false? A substance with a pH of 3 is a base
False
True or false? Acid rain results from chemical spills at power plants
False
True or false? An organism is considered extinct when there are less than 100 left
False
True or false? Chromosomes are not visible in most cells except during cell division.
False
True or false? Cloning involves generating an exact copy of a gene using lab techniques.
False
True or false? Denaturation allows an enzyme to be recycled.
False
True or false? In biomagnification, levels of a contaminant would be higher in the producers of a food chain
False
True or false? Increasing the intensity of light decreases the rate of photosynthesis.
False
True or false? Invasive species are a concern because they grow slowly and occupy a very narrow niche
False
True or false? NADH is a lipid.
False
True or false? Nucleic acids are the main source of energy for living things.
False
True or false? Ozone depletion is caused by the greenhouse effect
False
True or false? The Greenhouse Effect is an unnatural phenomena.
False
True or false? The Human Genome Project attempts to modify organism's DNA by inserting desired genes into bacteria.
False
True or false? The Scanning Electron Microscope uses light to focus on a specimen/object.
False
True or false? The TEM would be used to look at the internal structures within cells.
False
True or false? The active site would be found in a lipid.
False
True or false? The light-independent reactions happen during the dark only.
False
True or false? Water tends to diffuse from a region where the solute is less concentrated to a region where the solute is highly concentrated.
False
Why is it important to have a little fat in our diet?
Fat helps our body preform functions like sending messages, store energy and create cell membranes
If a Drosophila cell has a diploid number of 8, what is its haploid number?
Four
What is the result of the process of crossing-over during prophase I?
Genetic variation is the result of crossing over
What is genetics?
Genetics is the study of traits and their heredity.
Which product of Photosynthesis stores Energy?
Glucose
What are the two models that describe how quickly (or slowly) new species evolve?
Gradualism, and punctuated equilibrium.
How is development different from growth?
Growth is getting bigger but development is changing
What are the roles of the following enzymes in DNA replication?
Helicase- they unwind the parent DNA and break down hydrogen bonds Primase- adds RNA nucleotides DNA polymerase- adding nucleotides to each strand continuously and discontinuously Ligase- connect sugars to phosphates Exonuclease- replaces RNA nucleotides with DNA nucleotides
Are you gunna rock this test? are you amazing?
Helllllll yeah!! HELL YEAH!
What is the difference between heterotrophs and autotrophs?
Heterotrophs hunt for their food, they cannot produce it themselves. Autotrophs can ake their own food, they have chloroplasts.
Water molecules can dissociate to form what two ions?
Hydrogen and hydroxide ions
Distinguish between interspecific and intraspecific competition
Interspecific competition is competition with organisms in different species. While intraspecific competition is competition among organisms in the same species.
What is sickle cell disease?
It is an inherited blood disorder that causes the change in the primary structure of the hemoglobin, and it makes the cells look like sickles.
Where does glycolysis occur? What does it create?
It occurs in the cytoplasm, and it creates 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate molecules
Where does ETC occur? What does it create?
It occurs in the inner membrane and it creates 36 ATP
Where does the Krebs cycle occur? What does it create?
It occurs in the matrix of mitochondria and it creates
What role does ATP Synthase Play?
It phosphorylizes ADP and turns it into ATP.
Why is cellular respiration considered aerobic?
It requires oxygen
What characteristics did Linnaeus use to group organisms? How did this differ from Aristotle?
Linnaeus classified organisms based on a groping system (LDKPCOFGS). Aristotle classified organisms based on if the animal had red blood or not.
Why do living things need nitrogen (how do we use it?)
Living things need nitrogen for amino acids and proteins.
What is homeostasis?
Maintaining a stable internal environment
What is hemophilia and how is it inherited? Who is more likely to get hemophilia in families where the gene is present?
Males are more likely to get hemophillia because it is an X-linked trait. Hemophillia is inherited through families and carriers, it is an X-linked trait. Hemophillia is a disorder that causes your blood to not clot correctly.
What distinguishes marine and freshwater biomes?
Marine biomes contain more than one percent salt, while freshwater biomes contain less than one percent salt. Examples of marine biomes include oceans and coral reefs. Examples of freshwater biomes include swamps, rivers, and wetlands.
Who was the German botanist that surveyed the plant kingdom and concluded that all plants are made of cells?
Matthias Schleiden
When a characteristic is X-linked, is it more or less likely to appear more often in males?
More
What are two energy carrying molecules besides ATP?
NADH, NADPH
What is nitrogen fixation and why is it so important to the nitrogen cycle?
Nitrogen fixation is when nitrogen is made into organic compounds in the nitrogen cycle, often by plants.
Is energy recycled?
No
Is the scientific method always linear?
No, sometimes you might have to go back to steps, like trying an experiment again or slightly changing your main question
What patterns are characteristic for a pedigree of a sex-linked trait?
Often showing in one gender
It is important to only test ______ variable in a controlled experiment? (number)
One (independent)
Why does an organism need energy and a constant supply of materials?
Organisms need energy to keep body processes running and to maintain homeostasis
What is the purpose of oxygen in Cell Respiration?
Oxygen reacts with the glucose
What does the biosphere contain?
Parts of the planet in which all life exists
Distinguish between primary and secondary succession
Primary succession is when an area was previously bare, but is now populous, this area could be bare because of a glacier, a volcano eruption, earthquake, etc. Secondary succession is the re-population after an area was destroyed because of humans, deforestation, forest fire, etc.
What does purebred mean?
Purebread is a homozygous trait, a genotype for a purebred trait could be HH or hh
Distinguish between purines and pyrimidines
Purines are found in adenine and guanine, while pyrimidines are found in cytosine. Purines are bigger than pyrimidines, but they are both carbon-nitrogen rings.
What are the two types of data that is collected during an experiment? What is the definition for each?
Quantitative- an observation with a number or measurement Qualitative- an observation that uses the 5 senses
What are the characteristics of an r-selected species? a K-selected species?
R-selected species- live in unstable environments, invest little in their young, short life span K-select species- live in stable environments, invest more in fewer young, long life span.
Who used a microscope to look at cork and discovered tiny compartments, which he named cells?
Robert Hooke
Who hypothesized after examining a collection of scientific information that cells made up living things, were the basic unit of life, they came from other cells (now the Cell Theory)?
Rudolf Ludwig Carl Virchow
What is selective breeding or artificial selection?
Selective breeding is when you select a specific trait that you want to be inherited, for example, if you might adopt two dogs with traits you like and breed them to get those same traits in one dog.
Why does ice float in water?
The ice is less dense than the water
Where does the light independent reaction (Calvin cycle) take place?
Stroma
What is an example of a testcross?
T? x tt
What is Tay-Sachs disease?
Tay-Sachs disease is an autosomal recessive genetic disease that causes nervous system breakdown and death.
What questions can be answered by science?
Testable questions that you can make an experiment for and collect data
What is a cell?
The basic unit of all living things
Why are cells limited to a small size?
The cell is small for many reasons, it needs to be able to interact with their environment, and they need to be small so that materials can still pass through their semi-permeable membrane.
What is the difference between geographic and reproductive isolation?
The difference between geographic and reproductive isolation is how they are isolated, geographic is when there is something pertaining to their environment that makes them not able to mate. An example of this would be a flood killing all the cats in the valley, then they cannot reproduce.
If a number is higher on the pH scale is it an acid or a base?
The higher numbers are bases and the smaller numbers are acids, neutrals are 7's on the pH scale
Which parent determines the sex of a baby? Explain.
The male technically determines the sex of the baby because the mother can only contribute an x while the dad can contribute either an x or a y, which changes the baby's sex.
In the Hershey and Chase experiment, which part of bacteriophages infected cells?
The phosphorus in the bacteriophages.
What is a solute?
The solute is what is being dissolved (ex:sugar)
What is a solvent?
The solvent is what the solute is dissolving in (ex:water)
What is ecology?
The study of interactions between organisms and their environment
What is biology?
The study of life and living organisms
What is the source of all energy on earth?
The sun
How does energy flow through ecosystems?
The transfer of energy in an ecosystem happens by predators consuming prey/ producers creating their own food. Then when the producers are consumed the energy is passed onto the organism that has eaten them. A little food chain could look like: Sun > grass (primary producer) > bunny (primary consumer) > wolf (secondary consumer)
What trait determines whether two animals belong to the same species?
Their ability to breed with one another
Who was the German physiologist that looked at animal tissues, deciding that all are composed of cells?
Theodor Schwann
What is co-evolution?
This is when species evolve in response to each other. Two examples of this are flowers evolving while birds evolve, and vise versa.
What does the Endosymbiont Theory suggest about the origin of plant cells?
This theory suggests that the organelles in modern plant cells were once prokaryotic microbes.
Where does the light dependent reaction take place?
Thylakoid
What is mRNA?
Transfers each amino acid to the ribosome to help assemble proteins
True or False? Descent with modification implies that all organisms are related to one another.
True
True or False? Energy is recycled and matter is not.
True
True or False? Most mutations are random and minor
True
True or False? The Galápagos finches underwent adaptive radiation, a process in which a small group evolves into several different forms that live in different ways.
True
True or false? A water molecule is neutral.
True
True or false? Algal blooms are a sign of eutrophication
True
True or false? Amino acid is to protein as simple sugar is to starch.
True
True or false? Animals store glucose in the form of glycogen
True
True or false? Biodegradable wastes are naturally by bacteria or other decomposers
True
True or false? Crenation is caused by the movement of water out of a cell by osmosis
True
True or false? DNA fingerprinting may be used by forensic scientists to solve crimes
True
True or false? Endocytosis is the process of taking materials into the cell by means of in-folding of the cell membrane.
True
True or false? Enzymes are very specific to their substrates.
True
True or false? Genetically modified organisms are used to make medicines as well as enhanced agricultural crops.
True
True or false? High biodiversity is associated with high primary productivity.
True
True or false? IPM is an alternative approach to using chemical pesticides as the first approach to killing pests
True
True or false? If you sprinkle salt on a slug, it will be harmed by the loss of too much water.
True
True or false? If you want to perform surgery on a small animal, such as a lizard, a stereo microscope may be a good tool to use.
True
True or false? Isotonic solutions on either side of a membrane show no net movement
True
True or false? Phospholipids are an important component of cell membranes.
True
True or false? Plasmolysis is seen in animal cells when they take on too much water and burst
True
True or false? The diploid cell that enters meiosis becomes 4 haploid cells at the end of meiosis.
True
True or false? The nucleotides must be joined together in a specific order.
True
True or false? To combat disease at the genes, scientists might try gene therapy to replace mutations.
True
True or false? Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature.
True
List at least two environmental mutagens:
UV light or tobacco
How does the structure of a water molecule make it polar?
Water is polar because of the bent shape of the molecule and the uneven distribution of charges
Predator and prey have a cyclic relationship (think of the graph in the content.) How do they each control each other's populations?
When there is lots of predators, the amount of prey will go down, which causes the population of predators to decrease, which causes the population of prey to increase, and repeat. The amount of one will affect the other.
When would you see a pioneer species in succession?
You would see a pioneer species at the very start of a succession. You could see a climax community if there is no disturbance and the community is able to reach a carrying capacity and thrive in a stable way.
How does cytokinesis occur in most animal cells?
a cleavage furrow separates the cells
What is taxonomy?
a field of biology where organisms are classified
What is a fossil and where are they usually formed?
a fossil is any preserved remains of a once-living organism, they are usually formed by pressure and heat (sedimentary rock)
What is a plasma membrane?
a microscopic membrane of lipids and proteins which forms the external boundary of the cytoplasm of a cell or encloses a vacuole, and regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cytoplasm.
What is a ribosome?
a minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells. They bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins.
What is the difference(s) between a monohybrid and a dihybrid cross?
a monohybrid involves only one trait while a dihybrid involves multiple.
What is a cell wall?
a rigid layer of polysaccharides lying outside the plasma membrane of the cells of plants, fungi, and bacteria. In the algae and higher plants it consists mainly of cellulose.
What is cytoplasm?
a thick solution that fills each cell and is enclosed by the cell membrane. It is mainly composed of water, salts, and proteins.
What is a vestigial structure?
a vestigial structure is a anatomical part that is present in an organism just reduced by size. Some possible examples of this are the tailbone and the appendix.
What does it mean for a membrane to be "selectively permeable?"
it only lets some substances into the cell
What are three factors that affect the rate at which photosynthesis occurs?
a. light intensity b. CO2 levels c. temperature
Where is most of the Earth's water?
oceans
Why is meiosis described as a process of reduction division?
because the parent cells has more chromosomes than the daughter cells
What is an adaptation and what are the three types?
adaptation is the inheritance of traits tht enhance the chances of survival, the three types are physical (ex- camouflage), physiological (ex-snake venom), disruptive selection (ex-bird migration).
What is mitochondria?
an organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur. It has a double membrane, the inner layer being folded inward to form layers (cristae).
Is photosynthesis anabolic or catabolic?
anabolic
What is the difference between homologous and analogous structures?
analogous structures are examples of similar design and function. homologous structures are examples of similar basic structures but not functions.
What are mutations?
any random change in DNA
The prokaryotes that live in extreme environments are classified in which kingdom?
archaebacteria
Unicellular organisms sometimes found in hot springs are part of which domain?
archaebacteria domain archaea
When would DNA replication occur?
before the cell divides
Starting with the atom and ending with the biosphere, what are the levels of organization found in life?
atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelles, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
Why is using a common name a poor choice for communicating about an organism?
because that name could get confused with another species.
What is the naming system created by Linnaeus called?
binomial nomenclature
What two types of biological resistance are good examples of microevolution?
bugs becoming resistant to pesticides, and bacteria becoming resistant to medication are both examples of biological resistance.
What are the four macromolecules our bodies need?
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.
What is the formula for photosynthesis? in words?
carbon dioxide + water + sun energy -> glucose + oxygen
Carbohydrates are made up of three elements in a 1:2:1 ratio. What are the elements in order?
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
What is rRNA?
carries out protein synthesis in ribosomes
Is cellular respiration catabolic or anabolic?
catabolic
What four structures do all cells have in common?
cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes
What are 5 unifying principles of modern biology that unite all of the branches of biology?
cell theory, hereditary, homeostasis, energy, evolution
What structure creates spindle fibers in an animal cell?
centrioles
How does a tetrad form in prophase I of meiosis?
chromosomes align with each other and 2 chromosomes are 4 chromatids, which is a tetrad.
What does it mean when two sets of chromosomes are homologous?
chromosomes are homologous when they are the same.
What is the difference between alleles that are codominant and those that are incompletely dominant?
codominance is when both traits are partly expressed, incomplete dominance is when the traits mask each other (ex- colors blending)
What is the difference between incomplete and complete dominance?
complete dominance is when the dominant trait is fully expressed while an incomplete trait is when neither the dominant nor recessive trait is fully expressed, it's part of each.
What was the original purpose of the Voyage of the Beagle?
create navogational charts
What is cytokinesis?
cytokinesis is when the cell actually splits into two new daughter cells
What is Huntington's disease?
deterioration of neuromuscular control begins in mid-adult life
What is the difference between osmosis and diffusion?
diffusion is the movement from a high concentration of a substance to a low concentration of a substance. osmosis is the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane, it is a special type of diffusion.
How did Watson and Crick describe the structure of DNA?
double spiral called a double helix
How can only four bases in RNA carry instructions for 20 different amino acids?
each amino acid has several codons
What is a thylakoid?
each of a number of flattened sacs inside a chloroplast, bounded by pigmented membranes on which the light reactions of photosynthesis take place, and arranged in stacks or grana.
What is the difference between Endocytosis and Exocytosis?
endocytosis is when a substance enters the cell by making the cell membrane bulge and creating a vesicle for the substance. exocytosis is when the vesicle is fused with the cell membrane as the substance heads out of the cell.
A prokaryote whose cell walls contain peptidoglycan belongs to which domain?
eubacteria. domain bacteria
What is evolution?
evolution is the change over time
True or false? A single cell cannot survive on its own.
false
True or false? All living things must reproduce to be considered alive.
false
What is Turner Syndrome?
females. missing or deformed x chromosome. right hemisphere dysfunction, hearing loss, ear infection, language and articulation disorders, visual spatial and attentional problems
List five things that provide evidence for evolution:
fossils, comparative anatomy, cellular evidence, biogeography, direct observation.
The domain Eukarya includes which kingdom(s)?
fungi, plantae, animalia, prostita
What is the relationship between water and fat?
grease is a lipid, so it does not dissolve in water
What color light does chlorophyll reflect?
green
What are some cellular tasks that require energy?
growth and repair, active transport, and reproduction
How does the Fluid Mosaic Model describe the behavior of the plasma membrane?
it is not a solid object, it is fluid like the name suggests. Yet it keeps its shape
What does it mean when we say that "the two strands of DNA are complementary?"
it means the DNA strands complete each other, A to T and C to G
What does it mean to "fix" carbon in the Calvin Cycle?
it turns carbon from a gas into an edible form.
What is the proper way to write a scientific name?
italics or underlined, the first word is capitalized but the second word is not, the genus is a noun and the species is an adjective. ex- Puma concolor
The Calvin Cycle uses ATP and NADPH energy to build the sugar glucose. Where did it get the ATP and NADPH?
light dependant reaction
What are the two stages of photosynthesis?
light dependent and light independent (calvin cycle)
What two biomolecules make up most of the cell's membrane?
lipids and proteins
What is a mass extinction?
mass extinction is when huge numbers of species have disappeared, scientists think this has happened 5 times.
What are the two distinct stages of meiosis?
meiosis I and meiosis II
How are spindle fibers made in a plant cell?
microtubule-organizing center
Distinguish between nonsense, missense and silent mutations:
missense- base pair change results in different amino acids nonsense- base pair change that results in a premature stop codon silent- base pair change that results in the same amino acid
What type of organisms have specialized cells?
multicellular organisms
What are the three types of symbiosis?
mutualism, commensalism, parasitism
List the four mechanisms of evolution. Which one was Darwin's idea?
natural selection, mutation, migration, genetic drift, darwin's idea was natural selection
What patterns are characteristic for a pedigree of an autosomal dominant trait?
no bias towards gender, and more carriers than people who actually express the trait.
Is natural selection random?
no, natural selection is when organisms that are not as well fit for their environment die before the ones who are fit, henceforth creating a population that is more fit because the less fit ones die off.
What are the steps of the scientific method in order?
observation, hypothesis, experiment, data collection/ analysis, communication
What is the difference between active and passive transport?
passive transport does not use up energy and moves high to low, active transport uses energy and moves low to high.
What process in the water cycle involves plants?
plant uptake and transpiration
Monomers bond together to form what?
polymers
What are post- and pre-zygotic barriers to reproduction?
prezygotic barriers are barriers that keep cells from uniting to form a zygote. An example of this might be birth control. Post-zygotic barriers are things that occur after the egg is fertalized. this can be things like a miscarriage or abortion.
What is the purpose of cellular respiration?
produce ATP
Name and describe the 4 phases of mitosis.
prophase- chromosomes condense, spindle fibers appear, centrosomes move towards opposite poles. metaphase- chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell anaphase- the chromosomes are pulled apart to each side of the cell telophase- a new nucleus forms around the chromosomes and spindle fibers keep the almost new cells apart.
What is the purpose of cell membrane proteins?
proteins help regulate the functions of the cell membrane.
What color light does chlorophyll absorb?
red and blue
What is a stroma?
refers to the colorless fluid surrounding the grana within the chloroplast.
What are the differences between relative and radioactive dating of fossils?
relative dating is when scientists use the law of superposition and index fossils. Radioactive dating is when scientists find the age of the rock the fossil was in to find the age of the fossil.
What will likely happen if we use a pesticide on a population of mosquitos and it only kills about 80% of them?
remaining mosquitoes will survive and pass on the resistance genes
What are the 7 characteristics all living things have in common?
responsiveness, growth, reproduction, metabolism, homeostasis, being made of cells, passing traits onto offspring.
How many turns of the Calvin Cycle make a single molecule of glucose?
six
What are the seven taxa? (from smallest to largest)
species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom. These are the seven classifications for organisms.
What are the four major polysaccharides we see in nature?
starch, cellulose, inulin, glycogen
What are stomata, and how do they help a plant with photosynthesis?
stomata are small openings that allow oxygen and co2 to come into the plant, but they can also let out water
What does the word glycolysis mean?
sugar splitting
What does it mean when a hypothesis is supported or refuted?
supported- means that the hypothesis was correct refuted- means that the hypothesis was incorrect
What is the cell cycle?
the cell cycle is the phases that cells go through to grow and then divide.
To which kingdom do mushrooms and yeast belong?
the fungi kingdom
How did Lamarck explain how things evolved?
the inheritance of acquired characteristics
What is metamorphosis?
the process of transformation from an immature form to an adult form in two or more distinct stages.
What is the main job of an enzyme?
they speed up the rate in which reactions occur
What is a lethal allele?
this is when a genetic defect causes 100% mortality rate. an example of this is dwarfism.
What is purpose of Punnett Squares?
to help predict what traits a child will show.
Distinguish between a translocation and inversion chromosomal mutation:
translations are natural and are needed to create more DNA or RNA a chromosomal mutation is not meant to happen.
True or False? Metamorphosis is a type of homeostasis.
true
True or false? All living things are made up off cells.
true
True or false? Anything that causes a reaction is considered a stimulus.
true
What are the risks to humans as a result of antibiotic resistance?
we may not have treatment for some bacterial diseases, bacteria pass on resistance genes to other bacteria
What is a buffer?
weak acids and bases
What does anaerobic mean?
without oxygen
Is genetic drift random?
yes, genetic drift is random, and two examples are the bottleneck and founder effect.
During rapid exercise, how do your muscle cells produce ATP?
your muscles use oxygen to make ATP which can cause lactic acid build up
