GIS Level 1 Capstone Practice Exam
Application - View, locate, query, geoprocess, and analyze spatial data utilizing GIS software. Download GIS_Capstone_Exam.ppkx to a computer with ArcGIS Pro installed. Double-click the downloaded file to open the project package in ArcGIS Pro and answer the next 15 questions. Remember to clear all selections, remove all joins and relates, and save or discard all edits after each question. 61. Open Catalog to view the project geodatabase. What type of file extension does a file geodatabase have?
.gdb A geodatabase is a collection of geographic datasets of various types held in a common file system folder, or a multiuser relational database management system - it stores spatial data, attribute data, and relationships Personal - .mdb (data stored as a single file in Microsoft Access format) File - .gbd (data stored as a folder with multiple files in an ESRI format) Enterprise - data stored in an RDBMS (Oracle, SQL Serve, DB2, etc.)
35. Which of the following ESRI shapefile extensions indexes each feature to each record?
.shx File extensions .shp, .shx, and .dbf are all required to display an ESRI shape file in ArcMap. The .sbn and .sbx files contain a spatial index of features are considered optional. .prj
68. Perform an Attribute Join between the Lighting_Poles Input Layer and the Lighting_Illumination Join Table. What is the average number of LUMENS measured for all Lighting_Poles?
0.95 In Contents - Select Lighting_Poles>Joins and Relates>Add Join Input Table: Lighting_Poles Input Join Field: TYPE Join Table: Lighting_Illumination Join Table Field: TYPE In Contents - Select Lighting_Poles>Right-click LUMENS field>Statistics>Mean = 0.95
22. The SQL statement: SELECT * FROM Parcels WHERE MarketValu > 50,000 AND Acres < 4 will select which record or records identified by GEO_ID from the table pictured below?
0002239-101-000-00 0002239-108-000-00 0002239-109-000-00
18. The ArcGIS model pictured in the image below includes how many geoprocesses?
1
13. The following USGS 7.5 minute Topographic Map has a relative map scale of:
1 inch = 2,000 feet 1:1 - this is absolute 1:24,000 - this is absolute * > 1 in = 24,000 in > 1 in = 2,000 feet 1 inch = 24,000 feet
The GIS Workflow Process
1. Define the problem or scenario - SOW - Question 2. Identify the deliverable - SOW - Question 3. Identify & collect data - DMP - Inform 4. Document your work - WBS - Inform 5. Prepare your data - Compilation - Inform 6. Create a basemap or locational map - Inform 7. Perform the geospatial analysis - Analyze 8. Draw conclusions - Decide 9. Produce deliverables - Poster, GDB, Web Map - Present 10. Present results - Present
Geospatial Data Models (Conceptual, Logical, Physical)
1. Model the user's view of the data 2. Define entities and relationships 3. Select geographic representation 4. Select tabular attributes 5. Organize structures 6. Populate your data
74. Use the Slope geoprocessing tool and set DEM as the Input raster and accept the Output measurement (Degree), Method (Planar), and Z (1) settings. What is the slope in degrees for Point_A?
1.73 Tools>Slope Input raster: DEM Output raster: Slope_DEM1 Output measurement: Degree Method: Planar Z Factor: 1 zoom in all the way clicked on map and pop up window came up 1.728310
64. Use the Measure Area Tool to measure the area of the Building 3000 polygon. What is the area in square feet?
14,844 Select Measure>Measure Area>Planar-Square Feet be sure to click end point to see Sum (sqFt) under Area
Joining Tables
1:1 M:1 relationship between two tables with a common ID
Relating Tables
1:M M:M relationship between two tables with a common ID
70. Use the Clip geoprocessing tool to clip the Soils with the Boundary layer. What percentage of campus is covered by "EdB" soils?
22.8% Tools>Clip Input Features: Soils Clip Features: Boundary Output Feature Class: Soils_Clip Shape_Area 305,214.926209/ (305,214.926209+ 1,031,186.762198) = 0.22838561852 * 100 = 22.8385618528 or 22.8385618528%
66. Use Select by Attributes to determine how many features in the Lighting_Poles feature class are TYPE "Area1"
31 In Contents - Select Lighting_Poles>Select By Attributes Input Rows: Lighting_Poles Selection type: New Selection + New expression Where TYPE is equal to Area1 In Contents - Select Lighting_Poles>Attribute Table 31/100 are highlighted CLEAR
69. Perform a Spatial Join between the Lighting_Poles and the Soils feature classes and accept the default settings (e.g. Join one to one, Intersect, etc.). How many Lighting_Poles with an "Old" BASE are located in soils with the "EdC" MUSYM type?
33 In Contents - Select Lighting_Poles>Joins and Relates>Spatial Join Target Features: Lighting_Poles Join Features: Soils Output Feature Class: Lighting_Poles_SpatialJoin In Contents - Select Lighting_Poles>Select By Attributes Input Rows: Lighting_Poles_SpatialJoin Selection Type: New Selection + New expression Where BASE is equal to Old AND MUSYM is equal to EdC In Contents - Select Lighting_Poles_SpatialJoin>Attribute Table 33/100 are highlighted CLEAR
65. Which building footprint as identified by the Short Name of Building attribute has the largest perimeter?
4000 In Contents- Select Buildings>Attribute Table>SHAPE_Length>sort by descending Building 4000 = ~747
67. Use Select by Location to determine how many Lighting_Poles are located within the grassy landscape areas?
49 In Contents - Select Lighting_Poles>Select By Location Input Rows: Lighting_Poles Relationship: Within Selecting Features: Landscape Search Distance - blank, feet Selection Type: New Selection In Contents - Select Lighting_Poles>Attribute Table 49/100 are highlighted CLEAR
Maintaining Topology
5 Ways: Coverage Ad-Hoc Network Map Geodatabase
72. What is the cell size for the DEM raster dataset?
5 foot In Catalog> Select DEM>Properties Raster Information: Cell Size X,Y = 5 Spatial Reference: Linear Unit = Foot
71. Split the Boundary polygonal feature with a line drawn from Point_A parallel to the front of the Building 3000 (the southeast face) and southwest all the way across campus. What is the square footage of the resulting polygon that contains Buildings 3000 and 4000?
511,515.3 Select Boundary Edit>Split Select Boundary Start at Point_A and drag through other side of boundary to split In Contents>Select Boundary>Attribute Table you will see two polygons now top half with buildings 3000 and 4000 has a SHAPE_Area of 516,970.443766 Measure>Measure Area>Planar Square Feet 505,930.14 .. close Also used Measure>Measure Feature>Planar Square Feet 516,972.51...closec
9. Which of the following is a possible horizontal resolution for this image displaying two parked vehicles? 2000%
6-inch 24-inc 1-meter 10-meter
32. Which of the following computer resources would be most appropriate for finalizing a professional cartographic presentation suitable for a publication?
Adobe Illustrator Google Maps ESRI ArcGIS MapInfo
57. An ACC GIS Level 1 Certificate qualifies you for which of the following entry-level GIS positions?
Analyst
Type Position - Areas
Area labels are placed across and along areas
2. Which of the following best describes the "I" referred to in a GIS?
Attribute data displayed in tables Geographic features displayed in maps - G Software utilized to link geographic features and associated attributes - S Hardware utilized to run the software - S A GIS is any system that captures, stores, analyzes, manages, and presents data that are linked to a location. Map Where Things Are Map How Much Map Differences
Color Schemes
Binary - two colors Qualitative - multiple color with no order or importance Sequential - lightness to represent ordered data Diverging - use color and lightness to emphasize the mid-range
54. Which image represents the best placement of the Rhein River label?
C
59. Which of the following Central Texas organizations can any GIS professional be a member of?
CenTexGIS
37. Which of the following tasks is the most logical predecessor to the task "Reproject data and import into project geodatabase"?
Collect project data Perform overlay analysis Finalize geodatabase Submit final deliverable
19. The following topological property is always preserved, even when distorted?
Connectivity Area Length Shape
48. Which of the following audience types is most appropriate for a white paper or technical presentation?
Core Professional (peer managers and professional staff - white papers, technical presentations, custom data requests, working and final maps) Non-core Professional (managers and professional staff - reports, final maps, general presentations, stand data requests) General Public (elected officials, news media, citizens - fact sheets, posters, final maps, formal presentations, news releases, web sites, formal meetings) Executive
Raster Model
DEM (Digital Elevation Model) - bare earth (Surface Elevation Model) - includes land cover
20. Which of the following choices best describes metadata?
Data about data
Data Management Terms
Dataset - a named collection of data Metadata - information about a dataset Backup - data copied for recovery if lost Archive - data preserved long-term or perm Custodian - person or org responsible for data
33. Which of the following map-making resources would best satisfy a design objective to create multiple maps from the same source data?
Desktop Mapping Software Hand drawn map Online Mapping system Desktop Graphic Design Software
Triangulated Model
Elevation Aspect Slope Mass Points Breaklines Triangles
Project to a Planar Coordinate System
Equal Area - preserve area Equidistant - preserve distance Conformal - preserve shape Azimuthal - preserve direction
14. Which of the following quality management terms best describes "the difference between the measured value and the true value"?
Error Accuracy - how close the measured value is to the true value Precision - how close measured values are to each other Bias - difference between average measured value and the true value
50. The following utility map would be most appropriate for which type of audience?
Expert (less explanation, more detail, expert conventions)
Map Elements
External (titles, subtitles, captions, legends, scales, explanatory notes, logos, north arrows and graticules, inset and locator maps) Internal (symbols, color, type, shape)
ETL
Extract Transform Load
8. A raster cell value of zero is the same as NoData
False
Assimilate Data - Identify, collect, and assimilate sources of secondary data, such as: clearinghouse data, digitized data, classified data, COGO, and geocoded data into a GIS. 11. The 2020 US Census was administered using both short and long form
False 1990 ,2000 short and long form 2010, 2020 short form only
Query Data - Query spatial and attribute data by location and utilizing query languages. 21. The database computer language designed for managing and querying data is called Simple Query Language (SQL).
False It is called Structured Query Language - in GIS we use SQL to sort, search, and subset attribute data
45. Quality control describes the overall system for ensuring data quality.
False - think it may be Quality Assurance Quality Control - individual checks for ensuring data quality, focused on testing and blocking the release of defective products Quality Assurance - system for ensuring data quality, focused on stabilizing and improving a process
Which decision-making body sets the geospatial metadata standards for the U.S.?
Federal Geographic Data Committee
Continuing Education & Professional Organizations - Demonstrate awareness of continuing GIS education utilizing formal instruction: academic, professional, and industry publications; software documentation; online resources; peer professionals; on-the-job experiences; and professional certifications. Demonstrate awareness of professional GIS organizations, workshops, and conferences. 56. Which of the following is NOT a GIS award offered at ACC?
GIS Professional License
58. The GIS Certificate Institute (GISCI) offers which of the following certifications to GIS professionals?
GISP
Map Types
General Purpose - reference maps (atlas, topo) Special Purpose - created for specific audience (surface geology, transit system) Thematic Maps - themed for a specific audience (crime density, election results)
Network Types
Geometric Networks - model connectivity within, and between custom features classes Transportation Networks- model connectivity within, and between, modes of transportation Topological Networks- model connectivity within, and between, simple feature classes
Analyze Data - Perform proximity, overlay, density, surface, 3D, network, image, and geostatistical analyses on spatial data. 26. Which of the following raster computational methods is applied to every cell in the raster dataset
Global Local Focal - calculates statistics for cells within a neighborhood Zonal - calculates statistics for cells within a zone
34. Which of the following GIS products utilizes Keyhole Makeup Language (KML) files as its native spatial format?
Google Earth ArcGIS Pro MapInfo QGIS
75. View the metadata for the Lighting_Poles feature class. Which technology used to collect the poles is listed in the Description?
In Catalog>Lighting_Poles>View Metadata Description Lighting data collected using smartphones and EpiCollect website.
Inset and Locator Maps
Inset Map - zoom in to provide more detail Locator Map - zoom out to provide geographic context
49. Which of the following is the best medium for presenting daily traffic maps to a large audience with a diverse set of needs?
Interactive web map (traffic changes daily) 8.5 x 11 hard copy map 24 x 36 hard copy poster Projected presentation (ex. PowerPoint)
7. Which of the following is true about the coordinates 620,633 E and 3,349,333 N UTM?
It is a projected coordinate (examples SP, UTM) It is a geographic coordinate (examples DMS, DD, DDM) It is an azimuthal coordinate It is a datum coordinate Project to a Planar Coordinate System - planar coordinate systems - Universal Trans Mercator (UTM) - State Plane - Texas Centric Projection - Albers - Texas Centric Projection - Lambert - Texas State Mapping System (Shackelford)
Install Software- Interpret user requirements to select, install, maintain, and license desktop GIS and GIS-related software 31. Which of the following is NOT a basic component of a Geographic Information System?
Large format plotter to print maps IS a basic component: Geographic features displayed in maps Attribute data displayed in tables Hardware and software utilized to display geographic features and associated attributes
Map Scale
Large scale vs. small scale: 1:1,000 = 1/1000 = 0.001 = larger scale *will have larger amounts of detail 1:100,000 = 1/100,000 = 0.00001 = smaller scale Converting Scale: 1:24,000 > 1 in = 24,000 in > 1 in = 2,000 feet 1 in = 10 mi > 1 in = 52,800 feet 1:633,600 Common conversion units 12 in = 1 ft 5,280 ft = 1 mile 100 cm = 1 m 1,000 m = 1 km
Manage Projects - Manage GIS projects utilizing a project management framework that includes documenting the project goal, scope, work breakdown structure, statement of work, defined deliverables, project summary, and project achieve. 41. Which of the following Project Management Framework key terms is best described as "defines entire project from beginning to end"?
Life Cycle Phase - logical divisions within the project life cycle marked by the completion of one or more deliverables Process - a series of actions leading to a result Deliverable - a tangible, verifiable work product Stakeholders - actively involved in project
10. LiDAR stands for which of the following?
Light Detection and Ranging
Create Products - Create data, maps, and reports with GIS-industry recognized data standards, cartographic conventions, and reported methods. 51. The rate of change in a variable over time is best visualized using a:
Line Chart Table Pie Chart Map
Type Position- Lines
Line labels are placed above and along lines Water Features - label with italics - rivers labeled with characters slanted downstream set in a block - river labels follow the curve of the river Contours - label index contours over and along the line - break line symbol for contour label Roads - text labels are placed above and along lines - text labels are placed over and along roads in images - shields are placed on top of and horizontal to the page
52. You create a map of ACC campuses in Austin and want to add a smaller supporting map that provides spatial context for a larger audience. Which of the following maps would you use to show the location of Austin within Texas?
Locator Map (shows geographic context) Inset Map Projectional Map Cartogram
4. When adding an attribute field to your table, which of the following data types would best represent - Total Number of Females?
Long Float (+/- 9,999.99 Size: 6) Double (+/- 123,456.78 Size: 9) Text (John Doe, 78704, user specified) Short Integer (+/- 32,768 Size: 5) Long Integer (+/- 2,147,483,648 Size: 10)
27. Averaging all X-coordinates and all Y-coordinates for all features in a point feature class will result in which of the following?
Mean Center Median Center Mode Center Central Feature
Analyzing GIS Data
Measurement - Count, calculate geometric properties, or geostatistically describe features or cells Classification - Display & reclass feature or cells by value or range Spatial Query - Locate features and cells based on their spatial relationship Proximity Analysis - Locate feature, cell, or layer relative to another Overlay Analysis - Overlay features or cells to create new layers Network/Path Analysis - Route and agent along network features,or locate cells along a least cost path Function Analysis - Perform customized spatial analysis
38. Which term best describes the data about the data?
Metadata
Edit Data - Edit, query, convert, rectify, georeference, project, transform, geoprocess, validate, import, export, backup, and archive data while utilizing file and data standards and assuring quality. 16. Which of the following accuracy standards specifies a statistical and testing methodology for estimating positional accuracy of geospatial data?
National Standard for Spatial Data Accuracy (NSSDA) - applies to georeferenced maps and data - 95% of the positions in the dataset will be within the reported accuracy value - the standard does not define what the reported accuracy value is - just that 95% of the data will comply - utilized root-mean-square error (RMSE) to estimate positional accuracy within an ellipse -- National Map Accuracy Standard (NMAS) - applies to the horizontal accuracy of published maps - 90% of the points measured on 1:20,000 or larger maps must be within 1/30 inch (0.033) - 90% of points measured on 1:20,000 or smaller maps must be within 1/50 inch (0.02) - (absolute scale x margin of error) / 100 = +- unit error
Ranging (Classification Methods)
Natural Breaks - classes according to clusters and gaps Equal Interval - classes of equal value ranges Defined Interval - classes using a defined value range Quantile -each class contains an equal number of features Standard Deviation - classes using SD from the mean value Manual - classes as defined by the user
17. Which of the following is NOT a principle of good data hygiene?
Never delete files IS A GOOD PRINCIPLE: Follow filed naming conventions Be specific Backup files regularly
23. Which of the following is a SQL boolean operator that allows you to combine multiple expressions?
OR other boolean: (AND, AND NOT) + Arithmetic Operation & = Relational Operation
53. Which of the following map projection parameters would be appropriate for a map of the Mississippi River Basin shown in the image below?
Option 2: B Latitude of origin: 38 deg 19' N Standard parallel 1: 29 deg 07' N Standard parallel 2: 47 deg 32' N Central meridian: 094 deg 13' W
40. Which of the following datasets is considered a primary dataset, NOT a secondary dataset?
Orthoimagery (raster - satelllite imagery and orthoimagery) Elevation Contours - secondary Roadway Network - secondary Population Density - secondary --- Primary Raster - satellite imagery and orthoimagery Vector - GPS and Survey Attribute - automated collection and measurement Secondary Raster - scanned maps and DEMs Vector - hard copy and heads-up digitizing COGO Attribute - keyboard entry and OCR
28. Creating a site suitability index exemplifies which of the following raster analyses?
Overlay Classification - Proximity Measurement - Proximity Network -
In which phases of the Project Management Framework would you find the Analytical Process: Question, Inform, Analyze, Decide, and Present?
Planning and Executing
30. When Interpolating to Raster, your input feature class should be:
Points Lines Polygons Cells -- Interpolation = estimates unknown values that fall between known values (ex: temperature between two weather stations, elevations between two benchmarks)
Common Data Erros
Positional - errors in horizontal, vertical, or coordinate system Attribute - errors in value, missing values Lineage - errors propagated over time or resulting from incorrect use Logical Consistency - errors resulting from incorrectly modeling the spatial and/or attribute data Completeness - missing features or attribute values
ArcGIS File Types
Project .aprx Project package .ppkx Project template .aptx
73. Which coordinate system is the DEM raster dataset in?
Projected Coordinate System NAD 1983 StatePlane Texas Central FIPS 4203 Feet In Catalog> Select DEM>Properties Spatial Reference: NAD_1983_StatePlane_Texas_Central_FIPS_4203_Feet --- Local datums fit one part of the earth really well - North American Datum (NAD 27) Earth-centered datums generally fit for the whole earth rather than one particular area - North American Datum 1983 (NAD 83), World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84)
63. What coordinate system is the Map View in?
Projected Coordinate System NAD 1983 StatePlane Texas Central FIPS 4203 Feet In Contents- Map>Properties>Coordinate System
43. Which there is no set format or style for a Statement of Work (SOW), which of the following elements should be included in any SOW?
Purpose Background Constraints Roles and Responsibilities
47. When making a map, you should consider?
Purpose, Audience, Medium Purpose - Why are you making your map? Audience - Who is your map for? Medium - How will your map be viewed?
Implement Projects - Implement a GIS project by collecting, creating, assimilating, analyzing, synthesizing, and presenting data and results that satisfy the project goal. 36, List the following steps in the GIS analytical process in the correct order:
Question Inform Analyze Evaluate Present
15. Smooth, cartographic contours are best created from which type of data?
Raster
62. In Catalog, explore the project geodatabase. What type of geodatabase object is DEM?
Raster Dataset In Contents>hover over DEM to see type
Symbols
Relationship (cities are circles, restaurants are triangles) Resemblance (airplane for airport) Convention (cross for places of worship) Pictorial (picture of house for house) Associative (triangle for mountain) Abstract (circle for mountain)
39. Which of the following exemplifies data assimilation, rather than data collection?
Reprojecting US Census Tracts into a location coordinate system Data collection: Capturing locations and inputting attributes using a mobile data app Using a drone and camera payload to take images Surveying a property boundary
Interpret Requirements - Interpret user needs to generate GIS products with a defined purpose, target audience, and appropriate medium 46. A request to print a copy of an existing map is best documents with which of the following?
Request Form or Email Verbally Statement of Work (SOW) Contract
Generate Data - Select, evaluate, and document primary and secondary data according to original scale, coordinate system, precision, accuracy, completeness, currency, source, and fitness for use. 6. Which of the following is considered a raster data type?
Satellite imagery Census tables - Tabular Road centerlines - Vector Park locations - Vector
29. Which type of network analysis might I perform to identify all potential customers that live within 1-mile of a new dry cleaner store?
Service Area OD Cost Matrix Trace Downstream Find Connected
12. Which of the following is a common vector data format?
Shapefile Portable Network Graphic - raster Geodatabase Terrain - triangulated Digital Elevation Model - raster
24. Which of the following query types is unique to GIS?
Spatial Query NOT unique: Attribute query SQL query Update query
42. In the GANTT chart pictured below, WBS 3.0 Phase III - Model Building is considered a...?
Summary Task - a group of related tasks Task - a well defined component of project work Milestone - task with zero duration and resources Deliverable - Activity - element of work that is required by the project, uses resources, and takes time to complete Resource - work (human) or material Baseline - original plan Floating Task - task that can be performed earlier or later w/o affecting the critical path Critical Path - task sequence to earliest completion Duration - time in calendar units between task start and finish Rate - costs referenced to a base unit or % Direct Costs - costs identified with the prj Indirect Costs - cost not directly identified with the prj Fixed Costs - cost that do not vary with the volume of output Variable Costs - unit of cost that varies with quantity Rough Order of Magnitude - ballpark estimate
5. Which of the following phenomena would be best modeled as a continuous data type?
Temperature Elevation - continuous Crime incidents - discrete Cities - discrete Mountain Peaks - discrete Land Parcels - discrete land use - continuous land classification - continuous rainfall - continuous soils - spatially discrete thematic raster dataset
55. Which projected coordinate system is appropriate for displaying average temperatures across the entire state of Texas?
Texas State Mapping System (Lambert Conformal Conic) Central Texas State Plane (Lambert Conformal Conic) Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 14N NAD 83 -- Local datums fit one part of the earth really well - North American Datum (NAD 27) Earth-centered datums generally fit for the whole earth rather than one particular area - North American Datum 1983 (NAD 83), World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84) -- planar coordinate system Conic (e.g. Albers Equal-Area, Lambert Conformal) good for East-West land areas, esp along the mid-latitudes planar coordinate system Cylindrical (e.g. Mercator Conformal) good for North-South land areas esp around the equator planar coordinate system Azimuthal (e.g. Two-point Equidistant) good for global and polar views
44. Which of the following tasks is written using the active voice?
The Project Analyst will perform the analysis by January 1st. The analysis will be performed by the Project Analyst by January 1st. The analysis will be completed on January 1st by the Project Analyst. January 1st is when the analysis will be completed by the Project Analyst.
60. GIS education is an on-going process that does not end when completing your formal education?
True
Manage Data - Develop conceptual, logical, and physical geospatial data models in response to user requirements and within the life cycle of a GIS project or work-flow of a GIS program. 1. Which of the following data types represents the landscape as depicted in image A below?
Vector data B - Raster C- TIN
Physical GIS Data Models
Vector: ESRI Geodb (.mdb, .gdb, RDBMS) ESRI Shapefile (.shp, .dbf, .shx) ESRI Coverage (.pat, .att, etc.) MapInfo (.mif) AutoCAD (.dwg) Microstation (.dgn) Google (.kml) LiDAR (.las) Triangulated: Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) ESRI Geodatabase Terrain Raster: ESRI GRID Geodatabase Raster Dataset Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Tagged Image File Format (TIFF) Joint Photographics Expert Group (JPEG) Portable Network Graphics (PNG) Lizard Tech MrSID (.sid) ER Mapper (.ecw)
25. If you wanted to select all water wells that are located near septic tanks, you would select which of the following Spatial Relationships?
Within a distance Intersect Contains Have their center in
3. The points in triangulated data store which of the following values?
X, Y, and Z X,Y X,Y, and slope X, Y, Z, M
3D Scene - Illumination
azimuth - default - 315 degrees altitude - default - 30 degrees
Geographic Coordinate System
composed of: a datum, an angular unit of measure (degree), and a prime meridian (origin of latitude) Decimal Degrees (DD) -77.508333 Degrees Decimal Minutes (DDM) 77 deg 30.5' S Degrees Minutes Seconds (DMS) 77 deg 30' 29.9988"S