GIS quiz 1

John Snow

"Father of Epidemiology", studied the London Cholera epidemics of 1848 & 1854, suspected it was from the water, as most cases were found close to the Broad Street pump...early use of gis data :P

First GIS year made

1962, for land use data in canada, thank u roger tomlinson rip...1968 data for decisions video...a king!

year ESRI released first open source GIS package...commercial boom gis period

1982 ARC/INFO package released

Stage of GIS Development: commercial period

1982 arc info published, TIGER data 1986 for public census data, 1980s in general

year/what TIGER data means

1986, An acronym for Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing, TIGER data created by the US Census bureau is a collection of geographic datasets such as roads, buildings, rivers, and lakes, as well as census tracts areas. Since it is public data, TIGER information is freely available.

ARCVIEW release year/importance

1991, first desktop version of GIS widely available

year ARC GIS released

1999, ArcGIS was a complete overhaul of Esri's GIS software. what we using now 0__0 refined and made software better1!!@!!

year google maps/earth launch/significance

2005, important bc expands accessibility of gis data, can be used to answer helpful everyday questions! 2007 street view emerges cool!

location and attribute

Attribute: Nonspatial information about a geographic feature in a GIS, usually stored in a table and linked to the feature by a unique identifier. For example, attributes of a river might include its name, length, and sediment load at a gauging station. Location: A position defined by a coordinate value.

Roger Tomlinson

Daddy of GIS, helped develop program to track land use in Ottawa, Canada in 1962. died in 2014 :(

relational database management system

Data are grouped into similar collections, called tables, and the relationships between tables are formed by using a common field. GIS is a decision-support tool that combines the capabilities of a relational database management system with the capabilities of a mapping system, tie together datasets by location/geography.

Data vs. Information

Data are raw facts; information is data converted into a meaningful & useful context for decision making, curated in response to a question

information

Data converted into a meaningful and useful context...used to answer questions, inform policies

Data

Facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis, gathered through observations. symbols that represent measures of phenomena. has units, precision/accuracy dimension, can answer when/where/what

Stage of GIS Development: user domination

GIS niches emerges eX; for transportation, academia, land use, etc. 1983 xerox map views is first publicly available interactive map, GIS science using tech to answer ?S

GIS definition

Geographic information system, A computer based system to aid in the collection, maintenance, storage, analysis, output, and distribution of spatial data and information. system organizes geographic information . transforms geographical data into geographic information.

Spatial Data

Information that has a geographical or locational component, which refers to features or phenomena distributed in three-dimensional space (any space, not only the Earth's surface) and, thus, having physical, measurable dimensions. Directly references a physical location ex: lau map, could be anywhere, has scale but no direction/sense of place for building

First cool gis maps 1832/1854

Picquet-1832-heat map of cholera epidemic in paris John snow-1854, map of cholera outbreak london, presented form of spatial data to track outbreak

Doing science with GIS vs. GIS as science

Science with gis: example tracking bird migration, land use change, cancer map, using gis to answer ?s GIS as science: "science behind GIS" or the "science behind the systems." It can be defined further as the scientific research that is done both on and with GIS, ranging from the fundamental issues arising from the use of GIS (such as how to improve the interface to the system, to improve its overall design and usability, or to track error through the system), to the systematic study of geographic information using scientific methods. relates to tobler's first law of geography: nearby things more similar than distant, things are more interesting when they fall out of patterns(ex map of pension people in GB, outliers in city). Lastly, spatial heterogenity: so hard to generalize one region from another...local mapping standards and interoperability is an issue.

key differences/similarities between cartography and GIS

Similar: both have a base map to which additional data can be added Different: No limit to data on a GIS map, GIS also uses analysis/statistics to present data in support of an argument

first web based interactive map year/who/what is it ?

Steve Putz developed the Xerox PARC Map Viewer, the web's first interactive map viewer. The Map Viewer used a customized CGI server module written in Perl.1993. part of user domination period.

Database

a collection of organized data that allows access, retrieval, and use of data. Consists of data, Table = row x column Row = case, observation, record• Column = variable, field, attribute• Consider geographic data, how is it different

Stage of GIS development: creation of Geographic information Science

argument that tech should be used to answer questions, geographic information science name change...increased focus on science over technology systems

Database Management System (DBMS)

creates, reads, updates, and deletes data in a database while controlling access and security. used to answer querys.

Aspatial data

data entries that are not tied to a location on the earth's surface

Stage of GIS Development: gov funded expansion/research

desktops emerge here, MOSS 1979 map as public domain open source map, MN land management map...pre 80s

ESRI

founded in 1969, produce GIS software and supplier of geographic info, Environmental Systems Research Institute

collect (gis function)

gathering, making observations

geographic vs geospatial data

geospatial means the distribution of something in a geographic sense; it refers to entities that can be located by some co-ordinate system'. Geospatial data is to develop information about features, objects, and classes on Earth's surface and/or near Earth's surface. geographic is just the location like a flat google map?

Geography ( in terms of gis)

how things are organized in space, how they come to be (ex: locations of cities)

output (gis function)

how you visualize/present data

information system

information systems are computer-based tools that help people transform data into information .organizational system designed to collect, process, store, and distribute information.....a set of hardware, software, data, people, and procedures that work together to produce information from data

geographic data

information that identifies the geographic location of features and boundaries on earth (natural and constructed) lau on google map, tells you with streets and coordinates where lau is. pertaining to geography (the study of the surface of the earth)' and 'referring to or characteristic of a certain locality, especially in reference to its location in relation to other places' Mapped on a sphere! lat and longitude highlighted!

Stage of GIS Development: pre gis

john snow map, picquet map b4 snow

Maintain (gis function)

keeping up, updating, validating

analyze (gis function)

looking at data to answer ???S and find patterns

Stage of GIS Development: pioneer period

photozincographs-maps w layers/distinctions for stuff like water, vegetation but not gis roger tomlinson-land use maps in ottowa lolz sympmap at harvard lab as well as 1970 us census map as an early adopter

store (gis function)

put data somewhere to retrieve later...(ex tables/spreadsheet)

Spatial Science

scientific study of phenomena that occur in space, try to recognize a pattern, determine why it occurs

distribute (gis function)

sharing information

Stage of GIS Development: open GIS period

us gov allows geospatial data for all! more and more and more GIS, streetmap, qGIS, google maps/earth...location based services explode!!!

System

way of organizing, has rules/boundaries, can move information between different parts