GIT Exam 4
The GIT is controlled by: A) It's own intrinsic nervous system(auerbach's and meissner's plexuses) B) The sympathetic N.S. C) The parasympathetic N.S. D) Only B&C E) A,B, & C
E) A,B, & C
Stimulation of Gastrointestinal Secretion include: A) Chemical Stimuli B) Tactile Stimuli C) A and B D) Distension E) All are correct
E) All are correct
Mastication is important because: A) Minimize the mechanical damage to the gut mucosa B) Allows the salivary enzymes to act for a longer time C) Increase the surface area of the food particles D) Destroys the protective coating present around some foods E) All of the above
E) All of the above
A 45 year old man is found to have a condition in which the partial cells of his stomach have been destroyed by an autoimmune mechanism. This condition is often associated with which of the following?: A) Pernicious Anaemia B)Gastric Ulceration C) Steatorrhea D) Protein Deficiency
A Pernicious Anaemia
The amount of water excreted in stool is about: A) 100 mld B) 0.5 Ld C) 0.4 Ld
A) 100 mld
The major factor that stimulates the release of secretin into the blood stream is: A) An acid pH of the chyme entering the duodenum B) The parasympathetic stimuli C) Peptones in the gastric chyme that enter the duodenum D) A stomach full of digested contents
A) An acid pH of chyme entering the duodenum
Absorption of fat soluble vitamins require the following: A) Bile B) Bile and chymotrypsine C) Bile and pancreatic amylase D) None of the above
A) Bile
It's believed that in the parietal cells of the gastric mucosa (which secrete hydrochloric acid), an active transport system is responsible for the transmembrane passage of: A) Chloride B) Carbon dioxide C) Bicarbonate D) Water
A) Chloride
The passage of gastric contents to the duodenum may cause: A) Copious secretion of pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate B) Decreased gastric motility C) Contraction of gallbladder D) Contraction of sphincter of oddi E) Release of Pancreozymin
A) Copious secretion of pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate B) Decreased gastric motility C) Contraction of gallbladder E) Release of Pancreozymin
Vitamin B12 absorption: A) Depends on presence of intrinsic factor B) Depends on passive diffusion C) Occurs in the jujenum D) Occurs in the stomach E) A&C
A) Depends of presence of intrinsic factor
The gastric peristalsis: A) Depends on the basis of electric rhythm (BER) B) Originates at mid point of the greater curvature and increases in intensity as it sweeps towards the pylorus C) Is associated with a strong contraction of the antrum at the end of each wave D) Always ejects the contents of the gastric antrum into the duodenum
A) Depends on the basis of the electric rhythm (BER) B) Originates at the mid point of the greater curvature and increases in intensity as it sweeps towards the pylorus C) Is associated with a strong contraction of the antrum at the end of each wave
The intestinal brush border helps digestion by the following except: A) Facilitating movements of intestinal contenti B) Supplying digestive enzymes and special transport system C) Increasing surface area of intestinal mucosa
A) Facilitating movements of intestinal content
About some GIT hormones: A) Gastrin is released as a result of stomach distention and vagal stimulation B) Secretin stimulates the pancreatic acinar cells to secrete enzymes C) Pancreozymine is itself CCK and it has a structural relationship to gastrin D) Secretin causes excessive gastric Secretion and accelerates gastric emptying
A) Gastrin is released as a result of stomach distention and vagal stimulation B) Secretin stimulates the pancreatic acinar cells to secrete enzymes
Oxyntic or Parietal cells secrete: A) HCL B) Trypsin C) Zymogen granules D)Pepsinogen E) A&E
A) HCL
The normally innervated stomach: A) Is stimulated to secrete gastric juice when food is chewed, even if it's not swallowed B) Can't secrete HCL when H1 histamine receptors are blocked C) The denervated stomach can secrete gastric juice after a meal is ingested D) Empties more quickly than the denervated stomach E) Is stimulated to secrete gastric juice by the hormone secretion
A) Is stimulated to secrete gastric juice when food is chewed, even if its not swallowed B) Can't secrete HCL with H1 histamine receptors are blocked C) The denervated stomach can secrete gastric juice after a meal is ingested D) Empties more quickly than the denervated stomach
Which of the following is the major factor that protects the duodenal mucosa from the damage by gastric acid?: A) Pancreatic bicarbonate secretions B) The endogenous mucosal barrier of the duodenum C) Duodenal bicarbonate secretion E) Bicarbonate contained in bile
A) Pancreatic bicarbonate secretions
The secretion of the intrinsic factor occurs in: A) Parietal cell of the stomach B) Chief cells of the stomach C) Upper duodenum D) Beta cells of pancreas E) Liver
A) Parietal cells of the stomach
The main function of the cardiac sphincter of the stomach is to: A) Prevent the reflux of the gastric content to the esophagus B) Facilitate storage of food on the lower part of the esophagus C) Mix the food particles entering the stomach D) Control the rate of food entry into the stomach E) none of the above
A) Prevent the reflux of the gastric content to the esophagus
The lower esophageal sphincter: A) Prevents reflux of the gastric content into the esophagus (gastroesophageal reflux) B) Relaxes in response to the peristaltic waves passing down the esophagus C) Is abnormally contracted in achalasia D) Is tonically contracted by high doses of gastrin hormone
A) Prevents reflux of the gastric content into the esophagus (gastroesophageal reflux) B) Relaxes in response to the peristaltic waves passing down the esophagus C) Is abnormally contracted in achalasia D) Is tonically contracted by high doses of gastrin hormone
Cholecystokinin: A) Release is stimulated by protein hydrolysates in the lumen of the small intestine B) Is released from gastric mucosal cells C) Release is stimulated by distension of colon D) A and C are correct
A) Release is stimulated by protein hydrolysates in the lumen of the small intestine
Mucous presents on the surface of the mucosa of the stomach, small and large intestine is: A) Resistant to enzymes secreted into the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract B) Alkaline, and thus a poor buffer for alkaline foods C) A non-amphoteric protein D) Easily removed from the surface of the stomach by the gastric secretions during the gastric phase of digestion
A) Resistant to enzymes secreted into the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract
Vagotomy prevents increased gastric secretion in response to: A) Sight and smell B) Injection of insulin C) Emotional disturbances D) Injection of gastrin
A) Sight and smell B) Injection of insulin C) Emotional disturbances
VIP causes: A) Stimulation of intestinal cells to secrete water and electrolytes B) Inhibition of gastric secretion C) Relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter D) Peripheral V.C.
A) Stimulation of intestinal cells to secrete water and electrolytes B) Inhibition of gastric secretion
The rate of gastric emptying is delayed by: A) The enterogastric B) The gastrin hormone C) GIP D) A moderate stomach distension
A) The enterogastric C) GIP
Which of the following statements is true?: A) The intrinsic factor is secreted by the parietal cells of the gastric mucosa B) The gastric juice can't digest the gastric mucosa because the cell membranes contain a peptic activators C) The stomach normally absorbs about 30% of the ingested food D) The secretion of the gastric juice is associated with increased H+ in the blood E) The gastric juice is essential for the digestion of both fat and protein
A) The intrinsic factor is secreted by the parietal cells of the gastric mucosa
The volume of pancreatic secretion per day is about: A) 0.6 L B) 1.5 L C) 3 L
B) 1.5 L
It is known that secretin: A) It is a large protein hormone synthesized by the pancreas, together with pancreozymin B) Is a small polypeptide synthesized by the intestinal mucosa C) Neutralizes directly the acid chyme that passes through the pylorus D) Has an optimal activity at a pH equal to 8.4
B) A small polypeptide synthesized by the intestinal mucosa
Pancreatic lipase is activated by: A) Gastrin B) Bile salts C) Enterokinase
B) Bile salts
Acid secretion in ulcer disease can be reduced by which of the following?: A) Blockage of secretion B) Blockage of histamine H2 receptor C) Blockage of action of pepsin D) Treatment with antibiotics
B) Blockage of histamine H2 receptor
Inhibition of the myenteric plexus leads to which of the following? A) Increased secretion of secretin from the duodenum B) Decreased gut motility C) Hyperacidity in the stomach D) Diarrhea
B) Decreased gut motility
Trypsinogen in pancreatic juice is activated by: A) Alkaline pH B) Enterokinase C) Bile salts
B) Enterokinase
Enteric lipase splits neural fat into: A) Fatty acid and glycerol B) Fatty acid glycerol and monoglycerides C) Monoglycerides
B) Fatty acid glycerol and monoglycerides
Lactase enzyme splits lactose into: A) Glucose B) Glucose and galactose C) Glucose and fructose
B) Glucose and galactose
HCL secretion includes all the following processes except: A) Active transport of H+ into gastric lumen B) H+ is exchanged for K+ from the extracellular fluid C) HCO3- diffuses into the extracellular fluid in exchange for Cl- D) It's associated with production of a postprandial alkaline tide
B) H+ is exchanged for K+ from the extracellular fluid
Concerning HCL secretion, all the following is true except: A) It's associated with increased pH of the gastric venous blood B) It's stimulated by gastrin, acetylcholine, histamine, and norepinephrine C) The energy required is derived from ATP breakdown D) It involves formation of carbonic acid E) There is an active transport of H+ from oxyntic cells into the gastric lumen and K+ in the opposite direction
B) It's stimulated by gastrin, acetylcholine, histamine, and norepinephrine
Gastric secretion is inhibited by all the following except: A)Presence of excess H+ in the pyloric antrum B) Presence of excess protein digestive products in the stomach C) Certain emotions e.g. fear and depression D) Certain GIT hormones e.g. secretin, CCK and VIP E) Presence of fat, hypertonic solutions and excess acid in the duodenum F) The enterogastric reflex
B) Presence of excess protein digestive products in the stomach
Hydrochloric acid secretion: A) Is accomplished by passive diffusion B) Requires the dissociation of water with subsequent exchange of the hydrogen ion for potassium ion C) Requires anaerobic metabolism D) Utilize protein molecules to neutralize OH- remaining in the secretory cells E) B & D
B) Requires the dissociation of water with subsequent exchange of the hydrogen ion for potassium
Which of the following substances is released from the duodenal mucosa in response to acidic gastric juice: A) Histamine B) Secretin C) Norepinephrine D) Acetylcholine
B) Secretin
Stimulation of submucosal plexus results in an increase in which of the following? A) motility of the gut B) Secretion of the gut C) Sphincter tone D) Stomach pH
B) Secretion of the gut
Emptying of gallbladder is stimulated by followings except: A) Vagal stimulation B) Sympathetic stimulation C) CCK
B) Sympathetic stimulation
Which of the following statement is wrong?: A) The gastric peristalsis includes propulsive, mixing, and grinding movement B) The cephalic phase of gastric secretion involves no release of gastrin C) Deficiency of the intrinsic factor causes pernicious anaemia D) Large doses of gastrin cause contraction of the pyloric sphincter
B) The cephalic phase of gastric secretion involves no release of gastrin
The following statement about bile salts are correct except: A) They are 2 types Iry & 2nd B) They are Na+ and K+ salts of bile acids conjugated with glucuronic acid C) They are actively reabsorbed from the terminal ilium
B) They are Na+ and K+ salts of bile acids conjugated with glucuronic acid
The secretion of gastrin by the pyloric antrum ceases: A) When the stomach is distended by a full meal B) When the gastric mucosa contents have a pH of about 2.0 C) If histamine is injected D) If the vagi are stimulated
B) When the gastric mucosa contents have a pH of about 2.0
Secretion of gastrin ceases (stop): A) When the stomach is distended by meal B) When the pH of gastric content is decreased below 2 C) If the fundic mucosa is anaesthetized D) If the vagi are stimulate E) If histamine is injected
B) When the pH of gastric content is decreased below 2
Under the normal conditions, the bulk of gastric secretion are produces: A) Before the food is ingested and while the pleasure of its ingestion is anticipated B) While the food stays in the stomach C) After the food has entered the duodenum D) During fasting periods
B) While the food stays in the stomach
pH of pancreatic secretion is about: A) 1 B) 6.5-7.5 C) 8
C) 8
The salivary secretion: A) Has a serous component B) Has a mucous component C) A and B are correct D) It is largely under hormonal control E) All correct
C) A and B are correct
The chyme entering the small intestine causes a release of secretin which results in: A) Stimulation of pancreatic fluids which there are no enzymes B) A pancreatic fluid that aids in protection against the development of duodenal ulcers C) A pancreatic secretion whose pH is just right for action of the pancreatic enzymes that are eventually released
C) A pancreatic secretion whose pH is just right for action of the pancreatic enzymes that are eventually released
Pancreatic secretion is inhibited by all the following except: A) Somatostatin B) Glucagon C) Acid in the duodenum D) Sympathetic stimulation
C) Acid in the duodenum
Acidification of the duodenum will: A) Decrease pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate B) Increase secretion of gastric acid C) Decrease gastric emptying
C) Decrease gastric emptying
The salivary amylase: A) It also called ptyalin and it is a beta amylase B) Is the only amylase in GIT C) Digest mainly cooked starch D) Is activated by either HCL or Ca2+ E) Releases free glucose in the stomach
C) Digest mainly cooked starch
Gastric peristalsis: A) Originates in the distal half of the stomach B) Is characterized by strong contractions of the antrum at the end of the wave C) Ejects all the contents of the antrum into the duodenum D) Decreases in intensity as it sweeps toward the pylorus E) B & D
C) Ejects all the contents of the antrum into the duodenum
Emptying of GB is inhibited by the followings except: A) Somatostatin B) Sympathetic stimulation C) Estrogen D) Progesterone
C) Estrogen
All the following statements about pancreatic secretion are true except: A) The intestinal phase is the main phase of pancreatic secretion B) Gastro-pancreatic reflex stimulates pancreatic secretion C) Failure of both pancreatic and biliary secretion is needed before steatorrhea develops
C) Failure of both pancreatic and biliary secretions is needed before steatorrhea develops
A 42 year old salesman presents with the chief complaint of intermittent midepigastric pain that is relieved by antacids or eating. Gastric analysis reveals that basal and maximal acid output exceed normal values. The gastric hypersecretion can be explained by an increase in the plasma concentration of which of the following?: A) Somatostatin B) Histamine C) Gastrin D) Secretin E) Enterogastrone
C) Gastrin
Under normal condition, the gastric secretion is: A) Not affected by presence of food in the stomach B) Stimulated by norepinephrine and inhibited by bu curare C) Increased by distention of the stomach D) Maximal before food ingestion E) Absent after the food has entered into the duodenum
C) Increased by distention of the stomach
The cephalic phase of gastric secretion: A) Occurs when food reach the stomach B) Is not accompanied by release of GRP C) Is controlled by the vagi nerves D) Is not blocked by injection of atropine E) Constitutes about one half of the gastric juice secreted on eating
C) Is controlled by the vagi nerves
Gastric emptying: A) Is normally completed about 9 hour after ingestion of a usual meal B) Is slowest if the food is soft and rich in carbohydrates C) Is inhibited by excessive acidity in the duodenum D) Is accelerated by presences of fat or hypertonic solutions in the duodenum
C) Is inhibited by excessive acidity in the duodenum
The so-called chemoreceptor trigger zone: A) Is synonymous with the vomiting center B) Is located in the cerebral peduncles, ventral to the Aqueduct of Sylvius C) Is sensitive to the action of morphine D) May be destroyed experimentally; the ablation of both chemoreceptor trigger zones abolishes all forms of vomiting
C) Is sensitive to the action of morphine
Pepsin, secreted by gastric mucosa: A) Continues to act in the neutral medium of the duodenum B) Is proteolytic on the mucosal surface, in the alkaline medium provided by the mucus secreted by the surface cells of the stomach C) Is synthesized within the chief cells D) Does not increase in concentration in response to the mental stimuli found the so-called cephalic phase of gastric digestion
C) Is synthesized within the chief cells
All of the following statements concerning pancreatic secretion are true except: A) Its pH is about 8 B) Has high HCO3- content C) It's secretion is primarily under neural control D) Contains digestive enzymes
C) It's secretion is primarily under neural control
About the GIP, all the following are true except: A) It is secreted from the duodenal mucosa B) It has positive feedback effect of gastric secretion and motility C) Its released is stimulated by presence of excess fat D) It inhibited both gastric secretion and motility E) It stimulates insulin secretion
C) Its release is stimulated by the presence of excess fat
All the following are correct about gastrin except: A) It is stimulated by distention of antrum B) It is stimulated by insulin induced hypoglycemia C) Its secretion is increased by secretin
C) Its secretion is increased by secretin
All the following are true about liver functions except: A) Liver cells are the only important site for plasma albumin synthesis B) Liver cells can store vitamin B12 C) Liver cells inactivates certain hormones by conjugation D) Essential fatty acids are synthesized in liver
C) Liver cells inactivates certain hormones by conjugation
All of the following statements are untrue except: A) Peptic ulcer can be treated by anticholinesterase drugs B) Gastric secretion in response to hypoglycemia is due to gastrin C) Peptic ulcers tend to heal by removal of the pyloric antrum D) Vomiting occurs more by smooth muscle than by skeletal muscle activity E) Gastric emptying is not affected after bilateral vagotomy
C) Peptic ulcers tend to heal by removal of pyloric antrum
It is known that gastrin: A) It is a large protein molecule, somewhat similar in size to pepsin B) Is not secreted by empty stomach when peristaltic movements may be quite forceful C) Reaches the secretory cells of the fundus of the stomach through the blood and not through the lumen D) Promotes the secretion of pepsin, but not that of HCL
C) Reaches the secretory cells of the fundus of the stomach through the blood and not through the lumen
Secretin is released by: A) Acid in the duodenum B) Acid in the urine C) S cells in the duodenal mucosa D) Distention of the colon E) Cells in the hypothalamus
C) S cells in the duodenal mucosa
The following stimulate pancreatic secretion rich in enzymes and poor in HCO3- except: A) CCK B) Gastrin C) Secretin D) Vagal stimulation
C) Secretin
Which of the following substances is released from the duodenal mucosa in response to acidic gastric juice?: A) CCK B) Substance P C) Secretin D) GIP
C) Secretin
The following statements about pancreatic secretion are false except: A) Pancreatic acini contain trypsin B) Vagal stimulation produces HCO3- rich juice C) The hormone which stimulates enzyme rich secretion also causes contraction of gallbladder
C) The hormone which stimulates enzyme rich secretion also causes contraction of gallbladder
The GIT hormones are characterized by all the following except: A) They are secreted by APUD system and are divided into 2 families on the basis of their structural similarity B) They are secreted in response to specific physiological stimuli during digestion C) Their effects are abolished by cutting the nervous connection of GIT D) They affect areas in GIT that may be far away from the sites of their release
C) Their effects are abolished by cutting the nervous connections of GIT
Chymotrypsinogen in pancreatic juice is activated by: A) Enterokinase B) Alkaline pH C) Trypsin D) Bile salts
C) Trypsin
The following are true statements about absorption from small intestine except: A) Fructose is absorbed by facilitated diffusion B) Glucose is absorbed by Na+ dependent 2ry active transport C) Vitamin B12 is absorbed by diffusion
C) Vitamin B12 is absorbed by diffusion
A major part of the gallbladder contraction are due to: A) sympathetic contraction of the viscus B) The overfilling of the gallbladder with bile C) The rate of cholesterol synthesis and excretion by the liver D) A hormone synthesized by duodenal mucosa E) A pancreatic hormone
D) A hormone synthesized by the duodenal mucosa
Loss of pancreatic secretion produces the following except: A) Maldigestion B) Malabsorption C) Dehydration D) Alkalosis
D) Alkalosis
Esophageal peristalsis: A) Is stimulated by ACh B) Is initiated by vagal reflexes C) Can be caused by distension of the esophagus D) All are correct
D) All are correct
The enterogastric reflex can be elicited by which of the following?: A) Distension of the duodenum B) Acid chyme in the duodenum C) Hyperosmotic chyme in the duodenum D) All of the above
D) All of the above
A 55-year old man with a history of chronic alcohol consumption presents to his local physician with non specific complaints of dyspepsia. Examination and diagnostic testing reveal that he has destruction of the gastric glands. The condition would be predispose the patient to which of the following?: A) Steatorrhea B) Gastric hypomotility C) Gastric ulcer D) Anaemia
D) Anaemia
Man is unable to digest dietary: A) Glycogen B) Dextrin C) Saccharose D) Cellulose E) Glucose
D) Cellulose
Liver functions include all the followings except: A) Excretion of bile B) Glycogenolysis C) Glycogenesis D) Formation of essential amino acids
D) Formation of essential amino acids
About the GIT hormones affecting gastric function: A) CCK and Secretin increase both secretion and motility B) Gastric secretion is stimulated by the digestive products of fat C) Gastrin inhibits gastric secretion and delays gastric emptying D) GIP and VIP inhibit gastric secretion
D) GIP and VIP inhibit gastric secretion
The major site of absorption of Vitamin B12 is: A) Duodenum B) Jujenum C) Colon D) Ileum
D) Ileum
The Secretin hormone: A) Is secreted by the pancreas B) Is released by the pyloric mucosa C) Contracts the gallbladder wall D) Increases the pancreatic secretion of water and HCO3-
D) Increases the pancreatic secretion of water and HCO3-
Concerning the gastrin hormone: A) It is secreted at the pyloric antrum and reaches the fundus through the gastric lumen B) It promotes the secretion of pepsin, but not HCL C) Its secretion stimulated by secretin and GIP D) It is structurally similar to CCK
D) It is structurally similar to CCK
Intestinal proteolysis is caused by the following except: A) Trypsin B) Carboxypeptidase C) Chymotrypsin D) Pepsin
D) Pepsin
HCL secretion in the stomach: A) Is a function of peptic cells B) Require no energy C) Occurs by passive diffusion of both H+ and Cl- in the gastric human D) Require presence of carbonic anhydrase enzyme
D) Require presence of carbonic anhydrase enzyme
The stomach is a poor area for absorption primarily because: A) Most foods are swallowed before ptyalin has a chance to breakdown starch B) pH of the stomach is too high C) The junction between epithelial cells presents presents wide space for fluid/ion movement D) The stomach lacks villous membranes E) B&D
D) The stomach lacks villous membranes
About pepsin: A) There are 5 types of exopeptidase enzymes B) They are secreted by endocytosis as active enzymes C) They are incapable of autoactivation D) Their optimum pH of action is 1.6-3.2 E) They don't increase in the cephalic phase of gastric secretions
D) Their optimum pH of action is 1.6-3.2
All the following are correct statements about liver cells except: A) They convert amino acids into glucose B) They form cholesterol C) They release glucose when blood glucose tend to decrease D) They are the only site of synthesis of plasma globulins
D) They are the only site of synthesis of plasma globulins
The gastric mucosal barrier is maintained by all the following except: A) The nature of the surface membrane of the gastric mucosal cells and the tight junctions between these cells B) Certain prostaglandins and the alkaline mucous secretion of stomach C) The mucus gel-like membrane that coats the gastric mucous membrane D) Administration of H2 receptor blocking drugs (e.g. cimetidine) E) Excessive amounts of bile salts, aspirin or ethanol
E) Excessive amounts of bile salts, aspirin, or ethanol
About Cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK), all the following are true except: A) It is a GIT hormone secreted by the duodenal mucosa in response to fat or protein B) It causes contraction of the gallbladder wall being a natural cholagogue C) It produces a pancreatic secretion rich in enzymes D) It potentiates the action of secretion on the pancreas E) Inhibits both gastric and intestinal motility
E) Inhibits gastric and intestinal motility
The chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ): A) Is the name given to the vomiting center in the medulla oblongata B) Is not related to the vomiting center C) Initiates vomiting as a result of irritation of the upper part of the GIT D) Is stimulated by impulses discharged from an irritated peritoneum E) Is responsible for the vomiting produced by emetic drugs (e.g. apomorphine)
E) Is responsible for the vomiting produced by emetic drugs (e.g. apomorphine)
About the cephalic phase of gastric secretion, all of the following are true except: A) It occurs before food enters the stomach B) It's inhibited by bilateral vagotomy C) It involves some release of gastrin D) It's due to both conditioned and unconditioned reflexes E) It begins only when food is tasted and accounts for most of the gastric secretion
E) It begins only when food is tasted and accounts for most of the gastric secretion
About the gastric motility, all the following is true except: A) It's marked in the distal half of the stomach B) It's inhibited in painful conditions C) It increases by vagal stimulation and decreases by sympathetic stimulation D) It decreases by the enterogastric reflex and by the secretin and CCK hormones E) It increases by over distension of the stomach F) It decreases in response to presence of excess fat in the duodenum
E) It increases by over distension of the stomach
Pancreatic secretion contains all the following enzymes except: A) Trypsin B) Chymotrypsin C) Lipase D) Amylase E) Nucleotidase
E) Nucleotidase
Distension of the stomach: A) Is associated with a decrease in it's peristaltic movement B) Leads to reduction of gastric juice secretion C) Decrease the tone of the lower esophageal sphincter D) Causes an acute increase in the intragastric pressure E) Results in an increase in the volume of the stomach with a little rise in the intragastric pressure
E) Results in an increase in the volume of the stomach with a little rise in the intragastric pressure
A likely reason why a to and fro motion, such as that encountered during airplane flights or in an automobile ride over a bumpy road, tends to cause nausea and vomiting, is because during such motions: A) Much air is swallowed and the stomach becomes distended B) The stomach is more likely to develop reverse peristalsis C) The cerebral cortex can no longer inhibit an intrinsic tendency of the brainstem to cause vomiting D) Vestibular reflex eventually excite a chemoreceptor trigger zone in the medulla E) The cerebellum is strongly inhibited
E) The cerebellum is strongly inhibited
Which of the following statement is wrong? A) Repeated vomiting leads to dehydration, alkalosis, and K+ depletion B) The rate of gastric emptying is affected by the fat content of food C)The enterogenic reflex is a gastro-inhibitory reflex D) The enterogenic reflex depends on vagal impulses as well as local enteric and prevertebral ganglionic reflexes E) The enterogastric reflex is of value in facilitating carbohydrates digestion
E) The enterogastric reflex is of value in facilitating carbohydrates digestion
Gastric HCL secretion: A) Occurs secondary to active transport of H+ by the parietal cells into the lumen B) Requires the presence of the carbonic anhydrase enzymes C) In response to hypoglycemia is mediated via the vagi nerves D) Is increased by administration of histamine E) Is inhibited by the secretin hormone and H2 receptor blocker (e.g. cimetidine) F) All of the above
F) All of the above
Secretin: A) Is a GIT hormone secreted from the pylorus B) Stimulates a pancreatic secretion rich in enzymes C) Acts as powerful cholagogue D) Is secreted as a result of vagus nerve stimulation E) Stimulates gastric secretion F) Is released as a result of contact of acid chyme to the duodenal mucosa
F) Is released as a result of contact of acid chyme to the duodenal mucosa
Concerning the gastrin, all the following are true except: A) It is a polypeptide hormone that is secreted in several chemical forms B) It is released from almost the whole GIT mucosa and increase the gastric motility C) It has a trophic effect on gastric mucosa and increase the gastric motility D) Its release is stimulated by gastric distension and inhibited by presence of excess acid in pyloric antrum E) It stimulates insulin secretion from pancreas F) It is released only during gastric phase of gastric secretion and increase the secretion of only the oxyntic cells
F) It is released only during gastric phase of gastric secretion and increase the secretion of only the oxyntic
The gastric juice has all the following characteristics except: A) It contains an alkaline secretion from the surface epithelium B) It's pH is always less than 3 C) It contains the intrinsic factor which vitamin B12 absorption D) It's antibacterial action is produced by its mucous content E) It's volume averages 2.5 liters/day
It's antibacterial action is produced by its mucous content
The following statement about bile salts are true except: A) They help digestion and absorption of fat B) They have choleretic action C) They are actively absorbed from duodenum
They are actively absorbed from duodenum