Glands of the Endocrine System

Secretes steroid hormones important for the regulation of the long-term stress reponse, blood pressue and blood volume, nutrient uptake and storage, fluid and electrolyte balance, and inflammation.

Adrenal Cortex

Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroid hormones such as cortisol.

Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH)

The major mineralocorticoid. Important in the regulation of concentration of sodium and potassium ions in urine. sweat and saliva. (Increases blood volume and pressure)

Aldosterone

Causes the kidneys to release less water, decreasing amount of urine produced. High ADH levels = less urine Low ADH levels = more urine

Antidiuretic

Produced by parafollicular cells that stud the tissue between distinct follicles. It is released in response to a rise in blood calcium levels. Functions in decreasing blood Ca-

Calcitonin

The downregulation of the immune system, which inhibits the inflammatory response. (Think of inhalers, hydrocortisone)

Cortisol

A neurotransmitter, plays a role in metabolism, attention, focus, panic and excitement.

Epinepherine

Stimulates the production and maturation of sex cells, including ova in women and sperm in men. Also promotes follicular growth

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

These proteins enhance cellular proliferation and inhibit apoptosis or programmed cell death.

Insulin-Like Growth Factors (IGF's)

The adrenal glands are attached superiorly to which organ?

Kidneys

Triggers ovulation in women, as well as production of estrogens and progesterone by the ovaries. Stimulates the production of testosterone by the male testes.

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Secretion of _______________ may influence the body's circadian rhythms, that affect sleepiness, wakefulness, appetite and body temperature.

Melatonin

A neurotransmitter in brain and spinal cord, it increases alertnesss, arousal and attention. Constricts blood vessels to maintain blood pressure in times of stress. (Sleep/wake cycle, mood and memory)

Norepinephrine

When fetal develpoment is complete, ____________ stimulates uterine contractions and dialations of the cervix.

Oxytocin

Tiny, round structures usually found embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid glands. A thick connective tissue capsule separates the glands from the throid tissue.

Parathyroid Glands

The major hormone involved in the regulation of blood calcium levels.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A tiny endocrine gland whose functions are not entirely clear.

Pineal Gland

Does not produce hormones but rather stores and secretes hormones produced by the hypothalamus.

Posterior Pituitary

These hormones play an important role in regulation of your weight, energy levels, internal temperature, skin, hair, nail growth, metabolism.

T3 and T4

Which of the following is an anterior pituitary hormone?

TSH

The hormonal role of the _________ - the male testes and female ovaries - which produce the sex cells (sperm and ova) and secrete the gonadal hormones.

The Gonads

The primary functional cells of the parathyroid glands are the cheif cells.

These epithelial cells produce and secrete the parathyroid hormone (PTH).

A butterfly-shaped organ that is located anterior to the trachea, just inferior to the larynx.

Thyroid Gland

The primary hormones produced by the ovaries are estrogens which include estradiol, estriol, and estrone. Estrogens play an important role in...

a large number of physiological processes, including the development of the female reproductive system, regulation of the mestrual cycle, the development of female secondary sec characteristics such as increased adipose tissue, and the development of breast tissue, and the maintenance of pregnancy.

The primary hormone produced by the male testes is tesosterone...

a steroid hormone important in the development of the male reproductive system, the maturation of sperm cells, and the development of male secondary sex characteristics such as deepened voice, body hair, and increased muscle mass.

Which of the following statements about the thyroid gland is true?

all of the above

Which of the following hormones contributes to the regulation of the body's fluid and electrolyte balance?

antidiuretic hormone

The hypothalamus-pituitary complex can be thought of as the "______________ __________" of the endocrine system.

command center

The production of melatonin is inhibited by ________.

exposure to bright light

The production of FSH by the anterior pituitary is reduced by which hormone?

inhibin

The hypothalamus produces the hormones...

oxytocin and ADH

The pinealocyte cells that make up the pineal gland are known to....

produce and secrete the amine hormone melatonin, which is derived from serotonin.

Produced and secreted by anteriior pituitary gland. Promotes protein synthesis and tissue building through direct and indirect mechanisms.

Growth Hormone (GH)

An abnormally elevated blood level of thyroid hormones. Often caused by a pituitary or thyroid tumour.

Hyperthroidism

Condtion with a low metabolic rate, weight gain, cold extremities, constipation, reduced libido, reduced mental activity.

Hypothroidism

Promotes lactation in women, contributes to the development of the mammary glands, after birth stimulates mammary glands to produce breast milk.

Prolactin (PRL)

Describe Synthesis and Release of Throid Hormones:

Regulation of thyroid hormone starts at the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus releases thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) into the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system to the anterior pituitary gland. TRH stimulates thyrotropin cells in the anterior pituitary to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).

This complex secretes several hormones that directly produce responses in target issues, as well as hormones that regulate the synthesis of other glands.

Hypothalamus-pituitary Complex

Chemical that carries messages between nerve cells in the brain and throughout your body. Plays a key role in mood, sleep, digestion, nausea, wound healing, bone health, and blood clotting.

Serotonin

Another significant hormone is _____________________, which ocntributes to the regulation of the menstrual cycle and is important in preparing the body for pregnancy aas well as maintaining pregnancy.

progesterone

When blood calcium levels are low, PTH stimulates ________.

the activity of osteoclasts

The Adrenal Cortex is divided into three zones:

the zona glomerulosa, the zona fasciculata, and the zona reticularis. Each region secretes its own set of hormones.

The development of a goiter indicates that ________.

there is an excessive accumulation of colloid in the thyroid follicles