Global Aging Exam 2
Main ideas of culture
- Etiquette/ behavior - Human Relations - Beliefs/ Values - Time - Communication
Culture is comprised of
- ideas and values - patterns of behavior - values - beliefs - social organizations
What did the one child policy teach us?
- importance of understanding population trends over time before making drastic public policy changes -consider human rights implications -beware of unintended consequences -learn from experience of other countries
Religious as once approach to meaning making around:
- our place in the universe - purpose of life - appropriate beliefs and behaviors - how we treat each other
Financial situation Japan
- quarter of Japan's population is over the age of 65 and the working age population is shrinking at a rate of 1 per cent a year - governments estimate that the country will need2.5 skilled care workers by 2025 -robots to care for elderly care
Main ideas of failure of success
- success in postponing death -failure in postponing frailty
Aspects of culture
- symbols - sum total of all customs and practices - learned - shaped by power relations
Rawlings-Anderson reading
-UK - nursing Framework to build cultural sensitivity and work with older adults Two main frameworks 1. Roper-Logen-Tierney model of nursing 2. Giger and Davidhizer model of transcultural assessment
Rules of the one-child policy
-enforced more strictly in urban areas (rewards and punishments) fines, loss of employment (especially public sector workers) since 1984- most rural couples allowed to have 2 children over time, the enforcement of penalties diminished
Will China turn to pro-natal policies?
-high dependency ratio -labor shortages
Super-Aging in Japan conclusion
-high proportion of older adults in rural and in urban areas -overall population size decreasing
How did the epidemiological transition start?
-public health measures- improved diseases -effective vaccines -drugs- antibiotics -medical advancements
What does Japan excel in?
-research in aging -technology -robotics -public policy internation collaborations
Positive implications
-thought to have contributed to lifting 300 million people out of poverty -lessened the physical health toll on women (morbidity/mortality) -improved gender equality -families able to spend more resources on fewer children
Negative implications
-violation of reproductive choice rights -highest sex ratio at birth in world (121 males per 100 females) -declining sex ratio-although still highest in the world 114-140 -marriage squeeze- too few women -4-2-1 (one couple-one child- 4 parents)
Strengths of the aging community
-wisdom -resilience -strength of social relationships
Largest to smallest religious groups 2015
1. Christians 2. Muslims 3. Unaffiliated 4. Hindus 5. Buddhist 6. Folk 7. Other 8. Jews
What are the 6 cultural phenomena?
1. communication 2. space 3. societal organization 4. time 5. environmental control 6. biological variations
Roper-Logan-Tierney Model of Nursing
12 activities of daily living, focus is on health promotion and wellness as opposed illness, sensual elements: ongoing assessment, facilitation of independence
Once-child policy
1979 following decades of economic stagnation goal- to improve standard of living grow economically population growth to be controlled through fertility
One-child policy in china
1979- essential to his ambitious economic reform program and was designed to improve standards of living after decades of economic stagnation
When was the peak of Japan's population?
2004 about 128,000,000
Japans population
2009- 23 percent age 65+ 2030- 33 percent age 65+ 2030- 20 percent age 75+ - low fertility
High life expectancy in Japan
86 women in 2009 80 men in 2009
Survival curve
A curve that starts at 100% of the study population and shows the percentage of the population still surviving at successive times for as long as information is available. May be applied not only to survival as such, but also to the persistence of freedom from a disease, or complication or some other endpoint.
Compression of morbidity hypothesis
A hypothesis that states that more people today than in the past postpone the onset of chronic disability; therefore, the period between being seriously ill and death has been compressed -the illness burden to a society can be reduced if people become disabled closer to the time of their death -have added years of life
Geert Hofstede
An influential Dutch social psychologist who studied the interactions between national cultures and organizational cultures - power and inequality - uncertainty avoidance - masculine and feminine - long vs. short term orientation
Highest proportion living with children
Asia Africa
Results of study
Buddhists and religiously unaffiliated will have the older populations Muslims will remain the youngest religious group as well as Jews Christians will age slowly - very religious group is experiencing substantive population aging - profound aging within every religious group
Religious affiliation ask the question
Do you consider yourself a member of an organized religious group? Do you participate in practice that are part of an organized religion?
Tooth paste analogy
Improve quality of life instead of living longer - post-pone illness, no increase life- expectation but improved
Japan: Super-Aging Society
Japan has the highest proportion of older adults in the world (percentage)
Most growth from 2015-2060
Muslims
Largest percent change seen in what religious group?
Muslims- projected to be fastest growing major religious group
Spirituality
Separate concept ideas about transcendence- matters of the spirit, essence of human experience and meaning - concepts can overlap
1/4 of the worlds 65+ population lives in china T/F
True
Has the one-child policy been lifted to be replaced by a universal two-child policy? T/F
True
Negative aspects of the one-child policy
Violation of the right to reproductive choice- forced abortions and sterilizations contributed to the highest sex ratio at birth in the world- 121 male births to 100 females trend accelerated after sex selective technology policy created the 4:2:1 phenomenon- many couples solely responsible or the care of 1 child and 4 grandparents highly financially dependent on offspring
Highest proportion living alone
Western, Europe
Is Japan embracing population aging as an urban issue?
Yes
Religious affiliation can be
a central source of social support and social integration
Compression of Morbidity
a shortening of the time a person spends ill or infirm before dying, accomplished by postponing illness
Chronic diseases
affecting mainly older adults
Communicable diseased
affecting people of all ages (across the lifespan)
In Japan population is..and...
aging declining overall population is shrinking while aging
Positive aspects of the one-child policy
attributed with reducing the TFR from 2.9 to 1.6 with government claims prevented 400 million births while helping to lift 300 million people out of poverty women benefited from fewer births- lower life-time morbidity and mortality risk accelerated moves toward gender equality- girls no longer compete for household resources increase household resources improved health outcomes
Birth and death rates in china- 1949 to 2003
birth rate- spike decrease 1959 then rapid increase 1964 then steady decrease death rate- less variability, spike upward 1960, steadily decreasing about 6 deaths per 1,000 people
Time
calendar, work, orientation to past, present, future
What is the demographic transition?
changes in age structure, resulting from going from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates over time
What is the epidemiological transition?
changes in causes of death, from infectious and communicable to chronic, progressive
Most numerous religious group
christians
Substantial reduction in the total fertility rate (TFR)
defined as the average number of children born per women From an estimated 5.9 to 2.9 in the previous decade This has been achieved through entirely voluntary measures, and the TFR was still declining when the policy was introduced
Distribution (percentage) of persons ages 60 years or over by type of household living arrangement for the word and region
developed regions- more living with spouse and alone in comparison to living with children developing regions- more living with children then living alone or with spouse
Individualism
emphasizes independence, self containment, autonomy largely "western" values the self
Collectivism
emphasizes interdependence, relatedness, social obligations (non-western)
Introduction of drugs
enormous decrease of a 20 year period due to the introduction of drugs - resulted in death rate decreases over-time -disease became a curable condition
Biological Variations
epidemiological trends, nutrition
Societal organization
family unit type, role of elder, friendship, leisure
What was the problem?
fertility rates too high but- data shoes that even before the policy, the fertility rate was dropping dramatically 5.9 TFR to 2.9 TFR- total fertility rate "about how many children are women having on average?
Epidemiologic Transition
focuses on distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition
Population indicators for china 1950,2003,2050
from 1950 to 2050 population have doubled overall life expectancy at birth has increased total fertility rate has decreased infant mortality rate improved
Culture influences..
how people perceive: - the process of aging - people who are older adults - the experience of being an elder
Environmental Control
illness causes, expectations
Failure of success
increasing health expectancy will lead to additional years of chronic illness, economic collapse, and increase misery - increasing life expectancies would lead inevitably to additional years of chronic debilitating illness
Communication
language, silence, tone
first section
living in state of good health
second section
living in state of morbidity
first curve
morbidity
second curve
mortality
Survival curve of morbidity, disability and mortality
mortality stays the same (zone A) morbidity compressed zone C and zone B Ideal- postpone to the right minimize zone C and zone B Less area in zone C
Rural policy
most rural couples were allowed 2 children, although in some provinces only where the first was a girl
Point of the failure of success
move effort to post-pone disability
Better health measures affect disease at a later stage in age
old age- chronic disease are prevalent
Positive aspects of Japanese society
older adults wisdom and resilience for survival and coping, active social and labor participation at old ages, and strengths of social relationships
Filial Piety 4-2-1
out of pocket health care costs are high (financially dependency) 70 percent of 65+ lack adequate pensions 40 percent of elders live away from children rural areas hit hard
Population pyramids- china 2000 and 2050
overall increase in 80+ population (cone shape)
Japan has the highest
percent of older adults on earth (proportion)
Immigration issue
policies do not allow mass immigration
epidemiologic transition model
population goes from having most deaths due to communicable disease which are contagious, acute to chronic diseases
Zone B
population ill (morbidity) but not disabled
Zone C
population ill and disabled
Zone A
population living in good health
Space
proximity, physical contact, decorations
Super aging is due to?
rapid declines in mortality and fertility specifically improvements in health and longevity, life expectancy at birth is the highest in the world 86 women 80 men
Religious Affiliation Among Older Age Groups Worldwide
religious landscape of older adults around the world is changing profoundly - differential aging among religious groups can have important economic and social consequences
2011 Earthquake in Japan
rural areas- disproportionally affected most who died were older adults- most vulnerable
Recognized population aging as a critical..
societal issue
The religious identity of the study was
sociological rather than theological
Culture
the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next - a world view -learned set of ideas and behaviors that are acquired by people as members of a society
How was the policy enforced?
through a system of rewards and penalties -fines -loss of employment (especially for public sector workers
How does society use culture?
to devise ways of meeting basic human needs
Japan 2005-2030
total population decreasing 75+ years increasing 0-14 yrs decreasing
Giger and Davidhizar model
transcultural nursing 6 cultural phenomena acculturation, individuality
Why was it not enforced in rural areas?
unenforceable beau case of the importance of labor capital in family-based agrarian economy dependence on children in old age tradition of son preference
Who was effected by the one-child policy?
urban residents
Main conclusion of study on older persons households
widespread trend towards independent forms of living arrangement among older persons increasing prevalence of living alone or with a spouse only was in accordance with the general preferences of older persons in more developed regions and less developed regions as well
What gender has a higher rate of living alone?
women
Is the Religious Affiliations study the first to estimate and project age-specific distribution of religious affiliation worldwide from 178 countries?
yes
What the one child policy a social issue?
yes