Global Aging Exam 2

Main ideas of culture

- Etiquette/ behavior - Human Relations - Beliefs/ Values - Time - Communication

Culture is comprised of

- ideas and values - patterns of behavior - values - beliefs - social organizations

What did the one child policy teach us?

- importance of understanding population trends over time before making drastic public policy changes -consider human rights implications -beware of unintended consequences -learn from experience of other countries

Religious as once approach to meaning making around:

- our place in the universe - purpose of life - appropriate beliefs and behaviors - how we treat each other

Financial situation Japan

- quarter of Japan's population is over the age of 65 and the working age population is shrinking at a rate of 1 per cent a year - governments estimate that the country will need2.5 skilled care workers by 2025 -robots to care for elderly care

Main ideas of failure of success

- success in postponing death -failure in postponing frailty

Aspects of culture

- symbols - sum total of all customs and practices - learned - shaped by power relations

Rawlings-Anderson reading

-UK - nursing Framework to build cultural sensitivity and work with older adults Two main frameworks 1. Roper-Logen-Tierney model of nursing 2. Giger and Davidhizer model of transcultural assessment

Rules of the one-child policy

-enforced more strictly in urban areas (rewards and punishments) fines, loss of employment (especially public sector workers) since 1984- most rural couples allowed to have 2 children over time, the enforcement of penalties diminished

Will China turn to pro-natal policies?

-high dependency ratio -labor shortages

Super-Aging in Japan conclusion

-high proportion of older adults in rural and in urban areas -overall population size decreasing

How did the epidemiological transition start?

-public health measures- improved diseases -effective vaccines -drugs- antibiotics -medical advancements

What does Japan excel in?

-research in aging -technology -robotics -public policy internation collaborations

Positive implications

-thought to have contributed to lifting 300 million people out of poverty -lessened the physical health toll on women (morbidity/mortality) -improved gender equality -families able to spend more resources on fewer children

Negative implications

-violation of reproductive choice rights -highest sex ratio at birth in world (121 males per 100 females) -declining sex ratio-although still highest in the world 114-140 -marriage squeeze- too few women -4-2-1 (one couple-one child- 4 parents)

Strengths of the aging community

-wisdom -resilience -strength of social relationships

Largest to smallest religious groups 2015

1. Christians 2. Muslims 3. Unaffiliated 4. Hindus 5. Buddhist 6. Folk 7. Other 8. Jews

What are the 6 cultural phenomena?

1. communication 2. space 3. societal organization 4. time 5. environmental control 6. biological variations

Roper-Logan-Tierney Model of Nursing

12 activities of daily living, focus is on health promotion and wellness as opposed illness, sensual elements: ongoing assessment, facilitation of independence

Once-child policy

1979 following decades of economic stagnation goal- to improve standard of living grow economically population growth to be controlled through fertility

One-child policy in china

1979- essential to his ambitious economic reform program and was designed to improve standards of living after decades of economic stagnation

When was the peak of Japan's population?

2004 about 128,000,000

Japans population

2009- 23 percent age 65+ 2030- 33 percent age 65+ 2030- 20 percent age 75+ - low fertility

High life expectancy in Japan

86 women in 2009 80 men in 2009

Survival curve

A curve that starts at 100% of the study population and shows the percentage of the population still surviving at successive times for as long as information is available. May be applied not only to survival as such, but also to the persistence of freedom from a disease, or complication or some other endpoint.

Compression of morbidity hypothesis

A hypothesis that states that more people today than in the past postpone the onset of chronic disability; therefore, the period between being seriously ill and death has been compressed -the illness burden to a society can be reduced if people become disabled closer to the time of their death -have added years of life

Geert Hofstede

An influential Dutch social psychologist who studied the interactions between national cultures and organizational cultures - power and inequality - uncertainty avoidance - masculine and feminine - long vs. short term orientation

Highest proportion living with children

Asia Africa

Results of study

Buddhists and religiously unaffiliated will have the older populations Muslims will remain the youngest religious group as well as Jews Christians will age slowly - very religious group is experiencing substantive population aging - profound aging within every religious group

Religious affiliation ask the question

Do you consider yourself a member of an organized religious group? Do you participate in practice that are part of an organized religion?

Tooth paste analogy

Improve quality of life instead of living longer - post-pone illness, no increase life- expectation but improved

Japan: Super-Aging Society

Japan has the highest proportion of older adults in the world (percentage)

Most growth from 2015-2060

Muslims

Largest percent change seen in what religious group?

Muslims- projected to be fastest growing major religious group

Spirituality

Separate concept ideas about transcendence- matters of the spirit, essence of human experience and meaning - concepts can overlap

1/4 of the worlds 65+ population lives in china T/F

True

Has the one-child policy been lifted to be replaced by a universal two-child policy? T/F

True

Negative aspects of the one-child policy

Violation of the right to reproductive choice- forced abortions and sterilizations contributed to the highest sex ratio at birth in the world- 121 male births to 100 females trend accelerated after sex selective technology policy created the 4:2:1 phenomenon- many couples solely responsible or the care of 1 child and 4 grandparents highly financially dependent on offspring

Highest proportion living alone

Western, Europe

Is Japan embracing population aging as an urban issue?

Yes

Religious affiliation can be

a central source of social support and social integration

Compression of Morbidity

a shortening of the time a person spends ill or infirm before dying, accomplished by postponing illness

Chronic diseases

affecting mainly older adults

Communicable diseased

affecting people of all ages (across the lifespan)

In Japan population is..and...

aging declining overall population is shrinking while aging

Positive aspects of the one-child policy

attributed with reducing the TFR from 2.9 to 1.6 with government claims prevented 400 million births while helping to lift 300 million people out of poverty women benefited from fewer births- lower life-time morbidity and mortality risk accelerated moves toward gender equality- girls no longer compete for household resources increase household resources improved health outcomes

Birth and death rates in china- 1949 to 2003

birth rate- spike decrease 1959 then rapid increase 1964 then steady decrease death rate- less variability, spike upward 1960, steadily decreasing about 6 deaths per 1,000 people

Time

calendar, work, orientation to past, present, future

What is the demographic transition?

changes in age structure, resulting from going from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates over time

What is the epidemiological transition?

changes in causes of death, from infectious and communicable to chronic, progressive

Most numerous religious group

christians

Substantial reduction in the total fertility rate (TFR)

defined as the average number of children born per women From an estimated 5.9 to 2.9 in the previous decade This has been achieved through entirely voluntary measures, and the TFR was still declining when the policy was introduced

Distribution (percentage) of persons ages 60 years or over by type of household living arrangement for the word and region

developed regions- more living with spouse and alone in comparison to living with children developing regions- more living with children then living alone or with spouse

Individualism

emphasizes independence, self containment, autonomy largely "western" values the self

Collectivism

emphasizes interdependence, relatedness, social obligations (non-western)

Introduction of drugs

enormous decrease of a 20 year period due to the introduction of drugs - resulted in death rate decreases over-time -disease became a curable condition

Biological Variations

epidemiological trends, nutrition

Societal organization

family unit type, role of elder, friendship, leisure

What was the problem?

fertility rates too high but- data shoes that even before the policy, the fertility rate was dropping dramatically 5.9 TFR to 2.9 TFR- total fertility rate "about how many children are women having on average?

Epidemiologic Transition

focuses on distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

Population indicators for china 1950,2003,2050

from 1950 to 2050 population have doubled overall life expectancy at birth has increased total fertility rate has decreased infant mortality rate improved

Culture influences..

how people perceive: - the process of aging - people who are older adults - the experience of being an elder

Environmental Control

illness causes, expectations

Failure of success

increasing health expectancy will lead to additional years of chronic illness, economic collapse, and increase misery - increasing life expectancies would lead inevitably to additional years of chronic debilitating illness

Communication

language, silence, tone

first section

living in state of good health

second section

living in state of morbidity

first curve

morbidity

second curve

mortality

Survival curve of morbidity, disability and mortality

mortality stays the same (zone A) morbidity compressed zone C and zone B Ideal- postpone to the right minimize zone C and zone B Less area in zone C

Rural policy

most rural couples were allowed 2 children, although in some provinces only where the first was a girl

Point of the failure of success

move effort to post-pone disability

Better health measures affect disease at a later stage in age

old age- chronic disease are prevalent

Positive aspects of Japanese society

older adults wisdom and resilience for survival and coping, active social and labor participation at old ages, and strengths of social relationships

Filial Piety 4-2-1

out of pocket health care costs are high (financially dependency) 70 percent of 65+ lack adequate pensions 40 percent of elders live away from children rural areas hit hard

Population pyramids- china 2000 and 2050

overall increase in 80+ population (cone shape)

Japan has the highest

percent of older adults on earth (proportion)

Immigration issue

policies do not allow mass immigration

epidemiologic transition model

population goes from having most deaths due to communicable disease which are contagious, acute to chronic diseases

Zone B

population ill (morbidity) but not disabled

Zone C

population ill and disabled

Zone A

population living in good health

Space

proximity, physical contact, decorations

Super aging is due to?

rapid declines in mortality and fertility specifically improvements in health and longevity, life expectancy at birth is the highest in the world 86 women 80 men

Religious Affiliation Among Older Age Groups Worldwide

religious landscape of older adults around the world is changing profoundly - differential aging among religious groups can have important economic and social consequences

2011 Earthquake in Japan

rural areas- disproportionally affected most who died were older adults- most vulnerable

Recognized population aging as a critical..

societal issue

The religious identity of the study was

sociological rather than theological

Culture

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next - a world view -learned set of ideas and behaviors that are acquired by people as members of a society

How was the policy enforced?

through a system of rewards and penalties -fines -loss of employment (especially for public sector workers

How does society use culture?

to devise ways of meeting basic human needs

Japan 2005-2030

total population decreasing 75+ years increasing 0-14 yrs decreasing

Giger and Davidhizar model

transcultural nursing 6 cultural phenomena acculturation, individuality

Why was it not enforced in rural areas?

unenforceable beau case of the importance of labor capital in family-based agrarian economy dependence on children in old age tradition of son preference

Who was effected by the one-child policy?

urban residents

Main conclusion of study on older persons households

widespread trend towards independent forms of living arrangement among older persons increasing prevalence of living alone or with a spouse only was in accordance with the general preferences of older persons in more developed regions and less developed regions as well

What gender has a higher rate of living alone?

women

Is the Religious Affiliations study the first to estimate and project age-specific distribution of religious affiliation worldwide from 178 countries?

yes

What the one child policy a social issue?

yes