global health perspectives (chapter 1-16)
In some traditional cultures, people might believe that disease is caused by:
A curse Mixing "hot" and "cold" foods Too much or not enough sexual activity (All of these are correct)
Sex-selective abortion refers to:
Abortion of a fetus based on the sex of a child
Unsafe abortions are:
Abortions performed by a provider with inappropriate technique and in unhygienic circumstances
The biggest risk factor for falls is:
Age
To reduce the uptake of tobacco smoking by adolescents, countries should:
Ban sales to minors Tax cigarettes, prohibit advertising of tobacco products Offer tobacco cessation programs (all of these are correct)
Which of the following is NOT a Millennium Development Goal?
Combat heart disease, diabetes, and other diseases
Scientists suggest that climate change could affect health by:
Declines in food production in some places Increases in some places in vector borne diseases The impact of increases in severe weather events (All of these are correct)
A realistic and cost-effective starting point for emergency services in low-income countries could be:
Emergency transport
An example of an emerging infectious disease would be:
HIV in the 1980s
The key principles for making ethical choices about distributing scarce resources for health include:
Health maximization, equity, extra priority to the worse off, personal responsibility
Ambient particulate matter pollution is a major risk factor for:
Heart disease Stroke COPD (All of these are correct)
What is the most important factor in the spread of TB from lower-income countries to higher -income countries?
Immigration
In low- and middle-income countries, body weight tends to:
Increase with family income
The number of natural disasters seem to be:
Increasing
A child suffering from birth asphyxia:
Is severely deficient in oxygen
Cardiovascular disease includes:
Ischemic heart disease, stroke
Which statement is the most important when taking an equity lens to health?
It is important to consider health disparities across countries and within countries
As country income rises, what would you generally expect to happen to the burden of noncommunicable diseases as a share of the total disease burden
It should go down
A primary risk factor for diabetes is:
Lack of physical activity
More than 90% of the disaster related deaths in the world occur in:
Low- and middle-income countries
Which of the following would raise the most challenging human rights issue related to HIV?
Mandatory notification Mandatory notification of the sexual partners of people who test positive for HIV
Most deaths from volcanoes result from:
Mud and ash
Adolescents and young adults globally are seeing increasing rates of:
Obesity
Cultural competence refers to:
One's ability to work effectively with people of different cultures
A cost-effective approach to addressing diarrhea in low-income settings is:
Oral rehydration therapy
To best protect the health of adolescents, it is especially important to:
Preserve the gains made in the past few decades in child health
The "ladder of sanitation," as income grows for a poor family in a low-income country is best represented by:
Pt latrine, pour flush toilet, septic tank
The major principle(s) of the Belmont Commission Report include:
Respect for persons, beneficence, and justice
The fertility rate among older adolescents is higher in what regions:
Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean
Which group generally has the most access to health reasources?
The best-off group economically
The numerator for neonatal mortality rate is:
The number of deaths of infants under 28 days of age in a given year
A consistent issue in humanitarian relief in health has been:
- Coordination of relief efforts across agencies - Ensuring that this work is done in professional - Ensuring that this work is done in evidence-based ways and is as cost-effective as possible (all of these are correct)
"The rights-based approach to health" suggests that:
- Health policies, programs, and practices should be considered in terms of their impact on human rights - The fulfillment of human rights should be central to health efforts - The health impacts of human rights violations should be considered
It is important in human subject research to allow participants to:
- Preserve their confidentiality - Withdraw from the research - Be treated respectfully
Complex humanitarian emergencies can include:
- War, famine - Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions - Floods, tsunamis (all of these are correct)
The denominator for infant mortality rate is:
1,000 live births in a given year
WHO defines an adolescent as a person:
10-19 years of age
Estimates suggest that the burden of disease attributable to environmental risk factors is approximately:
25%
Pedestrians make up approximately what percentage of total road traffic accidents?
50%
Injuries as a share of the total burden of deaths vary by region from:
6 to 15% of total deaths
Obesity is defined as:
A BMI over 30
Overweight is defined as:
A body mass index over 25
A conditional cash transfer is:
A cash payment to someone, provided they have engaged in certain agreed health behaviors
Which statement about the present status of global health is true? - West Nile virus is not yet present in the United States - About 146,000 deaths occurred from measles globally in 2013 - Large investments have been made in the last 20 years by the private sector in the development of new TB drugs - Dengue fever is a significant public health problem but is confined to Southeast Asia
About 146,000 deaths occurred from measles globally in 2013
We should also expect nutritional status of young children in low-income countries to vary with:
Access to diverse diet Family hygiene practices Access to safe water and sanitation (all of these are correct(
Addressing food insecurity issues is likely to require:
Action by a number of ministries and agencies, working in coordinated ways
Disabilities can: - Harm people's ability to work - Have a range of direct costs - Have a range of indirect costs - All of these
All of these
When taking an equity lens to health, we should consider: - Social and economic status, location, ethnicity - Religion, sex, age - The quality of care in different places - All of these are correct
All of these are correct
Waterborne infections refer to:
An infection that occurs when water with the pathogen is ingested
The risks of indoor cooking with biofuels and poor ventilation can be reduced through:
Better ventilation
Which of the following is a Millennium Development Goal
Between 1990 and 2015, halve the proportion of people who suffer from hunger
Health providers include:
Bone setters and shamans Doctors and nurses Dentists and herbalists (All of these are correct)
Which of the following are in the top ten risk factors for the deaths of children under five years of age?
Both Vitamin A deficiency and child stunting and wasting
A noncommunicable disease is one that:
Cannot be spread from person to person by an infectious agent
Good nutrition is central to:
Child growth and development Child enrollment in and performance in school Good health of the child (all of these are correct)
A number of countries have well defined indigenous systems of medicine including:
China
Some of the health issues most concerning in the early days of a refugee camp are:
Cholera, Measles
How does the burden of communicable diseases vary as country income goes up:
Communicable diseases go down
Taking an "ecological perspective" to behavior change requires you to:
Consider multiple levels of influence on behavior and the social environment
Some of the pressures leading to the development of resistant strains of bacteria include:
Counterfeit drugs, poor prescribing practices Poor patient compliance with taking prescribed drugs Overuse of antibiotics (all of these are correct)
The years of life lost due to premature death from which of the following has increased over the last decade
Diabetes
Stunting is:
Failure to reach linear growth potential
The one injury cause from which females die more than males in low- and lower middle-income countries is:
Fire
Which of the following is central to avoiding neural tube defects in a newborn?
Folic Acid
Which statement about global health is false? - Global health concerns health problems, issues, and concerns that transcend national boundaries - Global health refers to an area of study, research, and practice that aims to improve health in low-, middle-, and high-income countries - Global health focuses on individual level clinical care - Global health involves many disciplines within and beyond the health sciences
Global health focuses on individual level clinical care
As country income goes up, generally the percentage of deaths for children under the age of five represented by neonatal deaths:
Goes up
The rates of female genital mutilation (FGM) are:
Going down
The number of people in the world with diabetes is:
Going up
What is least likely to be a direct determinant of health?
Government policies
The leading direct cause of maternal mortality worldwide is:
Hemorrhage
Which is likely to produce the least cost per DALY averted?
Hygiene promotion
What would you expect to happen to the incidence and prevalence of a disease if a new drug were discovered that prevented mortality from the disease but did not cure it?
Incidence unchanged, prevalence increases
For individuals 15-19 years old and 20-24 years old, we should expect relatively similar importance in the ranking of the causes of death for:
Interpersonal violence Roading injuries TB (all of these are correct)
The leading cause of death for women of all ages worldwide is:
Ischemic Heart Disease
The leading cause of death globally for females of all age is:
Ischemic heart disease
Which two conditions are among the top three causes of death globally?
Ischemic heart disease and stroke
Which sentence conveys information that is most useful for policy making?
Ischemic heart disease was the leading cause of DALYs in high income countries, accounting for 8% of total DALYs in 2010
As country income level rises from middle-income to high-income, what do we expect will happen over time to the prevalence of tobacco smoking?
It will go down
Which of the following are among the top three conditions that cause disability?
Low back pain and migraine
99% of annual deaths for children under the age of five takes place in:
Low- and middle-income countries
A country with a gross national income per capita of $1,000 is classified by the World Bank as a(n):
Low-middle-income country
Which of the following is the only communicable disease in the top ten causes of death in high-income countries
Lower respiratory infections
Three of the five leading causes of death from communicable diseases globally are:
Lower respiratory infections, TB, HIV
The most common cause of cancer death globally is:
Lung
A parasitic or infectious cause that is a leading cause of death for children under the age of five in Sub-Saharan Africa but not very important in other regions is:
Malaria
Diseases to which resistance is a significant issue include
Malaria TB Gonorrhea (all of these are correct)
Which of the following are most likely to be the top three causes of DALYs in sub-Saharan Africa?
Malaria, HIV/AIDS, lower respiratory infections
Which of the following comments about malnutrition is false: - Malnutrition has no connection to infection - Malnutrition can reduce physical development - Malnutrition can reduce cognitive development - Malnutrition can have deleterious impacts on health
Malnutrition has no connection to infection
In general, and taking into account all age groups, who are more susceptible to TB?
Men
Generally, people who are healthier earn:
More money than those in less good health
The leading causes of death of children under one year of age globally are?
Neonatal conditions
Which country is most likely to have a "population pyramid," with a wide base and progressively tapering tip (triangle shaped)?
Niger
Improved sanitation most reduces the burden of:
Parasitic worms
When conducting subject selection in human subject research:
Participants should be chosen so the burdens and benefits of the research are shared equitably
Addressing malaria requires, among other things:
People sleeping under bed-nets, indoor residual spraying, intermittent treatment of pregnant women and infants and early confirmed diagnosis and treatment
Vaccine preventable diseases include:
Pertussis, measles, tetanus
Prisons can often be:
Places which are excellent breeding grounds for diseases such as TB
Which factor is expected to have the greatest impact in the next two decades on the burden of disease?
Population aging
Some of the most important changes that occur in 10-14 year old's include:
Puberty, menstruation Muscle acquisition Voice deepening (all of these are correct)
Keeping adolescent females in school longer can:
Reduce the risks of early pregnancy Reduce the risks of early marriage Reduce the risks of HIV (all of these are correct)
In traditional societies, who often needs to be "brought on board" if behavior change for better health is to occur?
Religious leaders of the community People with important local positions, such as teachers Traditional leaders of the community (All of these are correct)
Which of the following is closely linked with environmental risk factors?
Respiratory infections Diarrheal disease Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (All of these are correct)
In most country income groups, what is the leading cause of injury death?
Road Traffic Injuries
In low-income countries, the ten most important causes of death for adolescents and young adults include:
Road injuries, malaria, TB, and HIV
More than 500 million children of school age are infected with:
Soil transmitted helminths
HPV is associated with:
Some mouth and throat cancers and also cervical cancer
An internally displaced person is:
Someone who leaves their home because of forced displacement of perceived political, economic or other threat but who has not crossed an international border
The region in which fire deaths are most common for females is:
South Asia
The regions with the lowest nutritional status of children are:
South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa
Alcohol is an important risk factor for adolescents, except in which regions:
South Asia and The Middle East and North Africa
Your goal as a minister of finance should be to:
Spend little on health and get a lot in return
In which region would you expect to find the highest maternal morality ratio?
Sub-Saharan Africa
The region with the highest rate of deaths of children under the age of five is:
Sub-Saharan Africa
Which region has a burden of disease that is predominantly communicable, neonatal, nutritional, and maternal?
Sub-Saharan Africa
The most cost-effective approach to reducing injury and deaths from motorcycles is to:
Take a community-based approach to requiring and enforcing the use of helmets when riding a motorcycle
The cornerstone of human rights is the:
The International Bill of Human RIghts
The region in which injuries are the highest share of total deaths is:
The Middle East and North Africa
Life expectancy at birth is ...
The average number of years a newborn could be expected live, if current mortality trends were to continue for the rest of the newborns's life
In general, clinical trails of a drug on human subjects require that the "control group" for the trial receive at least:
The best proven drug for the condition for which the trial is being conducted
A trigger for the health effects of a CHE is when:
The crude death rate is twice the normal rate
The "three delays" include:
The delay in transporting a pregnant woman to emergency obstetric care The delay of identifying a complication of pregnancy The delay in providing appropriate emergency obstetric care (all of these are correct)
Which of the following was NOT a feature of smallpox?
The diagnosis was made by laboratory testing since the rash was not distinct
The elimination of diseases refers to:
The disease no longer being present in a specific place
Culture refers to:
The entire set of beliefs, art, law, music, and customs shared by members of a society
Herd immunity refers to:
The extent to which vaccines can protect even unvaccinated people
Neonatal refers to:
The first 28 days of life
The International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights says that people are entitled to:
The highest attainable standard of physical and mental well-being
The maternal mortality ratio is:
The number of women who die as a result of pregnancy and childbirth complications per 100,000 live births in a given year
Which of the following is true? - Cancer follows no particular pattern globally - Cancer takes the same form among men and women - The rates of different forms of cancer are the same in different regions - The rates of different forms of cancer differ by region
The rates of different forms of cancer differ by region
Human capital refers to:
The skills and knowledge people have that allows them to be productive
Zoonoses refer to:
The spread of infection from animals to people
A DALY measures:
The sum years lost due to premature death and years lived with disability, calculated on a weighted basis
An example of "Western" biomedicine is:
The use of antibiotics for treating a health condition
Some of the typical characteristics of CHEs are:
Their effects can be of long duration, many people are disrupted
What are the relative costs of treating a drug susceptible form of disease, compared to treating a resistant strain of the same disease?
They are lower
Which is the least true about tsunamis?
They usually lead to many people with long term physical disabilities
To reduce deaths from road traffic injuries, a government should promote:
Traffic calming efforts such as roundabouts and speed bumps Better engineering, better enforcement, safer cars Graduated licensing, stricter enforcement of drunk driving laws (all of these are correct)
Which of the following represents an upper-middle-income country according to the World Bank classification?
Turkey
Intake of red and processed meat is associated with:
Type 2 diabetes, some cancers, and cardiovascular disease
You would expect the rate of coverage of measles vaccine to be the highest among which population: - Highland dwellers - Ethnic minorities - Urban - Rural
Urban
In most low- and middle-income countries, you would expect rate of infant mortality to:
Vary by income group and region
Ethnocentrism refers to:
Viewing a society through own's own beliefs
The Declaration of Helisinki says that anyone participating in human subject research must provide the following:
Voluntary, informed consent
WASH refers to:
Water, sanitation, and hygiene
Body mass index is:
Weight of a person in kilograms, divided by the square of the person's height in meters
Who is more susceptible biologically to the transmission of HIV through vaginal sex?
Women
Which of the following is true, on average globally?
Women live longer than men
