global issues test 3

Which of the following are human rights NGOs

-Human Rights Watch -Amnesty International

Across the globe, urbanization has been caused by

-Technological developments, "pushing" people off the farm -Environmental decline, such as the overgrazing of land -Industrialization, "pulling" people into cities

How many countries voted against the UDHR in 1948?

0

How many species are at risk of extinction in the next decade?

1 million

Rank the following alternative energy sources according to how much they contribute to all alternative energy production

1. Hydroelectricity 2. Wind power 3. Biomass 4. Solar 5. Geothermal 6. Marine energies

While the MDGs included 8 goals and 21 targets, the SDGs include:

17 goals and 169 targets

When was the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted?

1948

The 2016 Paris Agreement, which focused on renewed efforts to set emissions reduction targets to be met by both developing and developed countries, was signed by __________ states.

195

At which of the following conferences was the UN's Environment Program (UNEP) created?

1972 Stockholm Conference

Which of the following environmental conferences first combined scientific issues with broader political, social, and economic issues?

1972 Stockholm Conference

When did the first World Climate Conference in Geneva take place?

1979

The U.S. President Jimmy Carter signed the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) in 1977. When did the US ratify the treaty?

1992

How much of the GLOBAL electricity supply comes from alternative energy sources?

20%

When was the Kyoto Protocol set to expire?

2012

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is typically divided into ___________ generations, or categories:

3

How much of the world's food is generally wasted

30%

Carbon dioxide represents the highest percentage of total greenhouse gases, accounting for ______________ of the total

50%

What percentage of the world's population lives in cities?

50%

In 2014, the number of people living as refugees or internally displaced people worldwide was estimated by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) at:

55 million

How many unaccompanied minors entered the U.S. during the 2014 crisis?

60,000-80,000

As noted in the introduction to this lesson, the world's population is currently at about

7.7 billion people

How many countries abstained from voting on the UDHR in 1948?

8

According to the UN Population Division's 2015 analyses, what is the medium variant projection for the world's population by 2050:

9.7 billion people by 2050

Who was responsible for crafting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

A Group of UN experts under the guidance of the UN Secretary-General

What has been the demographic impact of HIV/AIDS on those countries most highly affected by the disease?

A decline in life expectancy at birth from 62 to 52 between 1995 and 2005

Which of the following are sustainability projects covered in the report on 'The Future of Cities' (

A floating schoolhouse in Makoko, Nigeria, that allows kids to continue their schooling even during times of flooding The first smart city, Songdo, South Korea, with highly efficient infrastructure and a waste management system that carries trash and recyclables through underground tunnels to their processing facilities A fog catcher to collect water from the air in Peru

What change in thinking is linked to Agenda 21?

A growing recognition that developing countries should integrate the environment into their development policies and that developed countries should cut down on their wasteful consumption patterns A growing recognition that economic development strategies need to be in harmony with nature A growing recognition that developed countries should cut down on their wasteful consumption patterns

What are reasons why in 2000 the UN General Assembly adopted the MDGs

A growing recognition that the world was failing to reach most of the goals set out in Agenda 21 Official development assistance from industrialized countries had declined since the 1992 Rio Summit

What are the reasons for Small Island States are particularly concerned with reducing carbon dioxide emissions

A rise of one meter in sea level could flood the Small Island States Rising sea levels could destroy their economies

What is the difference between a treaty and a declaration?

A treaty is a legally binding instrument whereas a declaration is a statement of principles

According to scientists, what is the maximum concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that the Earth could sustain?

About 390 parts per million

Where do you find the majority of countries identified as the most severely impacted by HIV/AIDS?

Africa

Which region has the most cases currently before the ICC:

Africa

What is a carbon sink?

An area that absorbs carbon, such as forests, oceans, or croplands

Which of the following were the key outcomes of the Johannesburg Summit in 2002

An implementation plan detailing a comprehensive program of action with quantifiable goals and targets A pledge by the world's leaders to commit fully to the goal of sustainable development

What is replacement fertility (in births per woman)?

Approximately 2.1 births per woman

When did the world's population reach one billion people?

At the beginning of the 19th century

Why are some gases considered greenhouse gases

Because they trap solar radiation in the atmosphere Because of their effect on the warming of the atmosphere

By how much has the Earth's average temperature risen since 1900?

By 1.6 degrees Fahrenheit

First-generation rights are influenced by the philosophical tradition of ________________, whereas second-generation rights are influenced by the philosophical tradition of ________________:

Capitalism / socialism

Geoengineering is the planned manipulation of Earth's climate to counteract the effects of global warming. Geoengineering can be divided into two main categories:

Carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management

As noted in your reading, which of the following had the highest 2014 total carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy?

China

Which of the following states have not become one of the States Parties to the Rome Statute that created the International Criminal Court, the ICC

China United States of America Russia

According to the UN's 2015 projections, the two countries with the largest populations will continue to see population growth, but where ___________ is projected to peak in size at 1.42 billion in 2030, _____________ is projected to soon overtake it, reaching an estimated 1.71 billion by the middle of the 21st century.

China / India

Which is correct about global warming and climate change

Climate change refers to the consequences of global warming on weather patterns over time Global warming refers to Earth's rising temperatures due to increased greenhouse gases

The analyst points to a 15-year, $10 billion U.S. effort in which country as a model for what's needed in Central America?

Colombia

Population projections are not predictions but rather represent a calculation of future population size based on a set of assumptions or variants, including expected fertility rate. Which of the following variants project that the world's total population will surpass 9 Billion people by 2050

Constant Fertility Variant

Which countries will continue to hold the largest share of the world's population?

Countries in Asia

Which of the following are examples of geoengineering

Creating a planetary filter to reflect sunlight Changing ocean chemistry to increase their carbon absorption Finding ways to capture and safely store carbon dioxide

The demographic transition model suggests that as societies industrialize and urbanize:

Death rates will fall, and when values shift from large to small families, fertility rates will decline

When is international Human Rights Day and why?

December 10, because that is when, in 1948, the UDHR was adopted

What do we call the "study of population change and characteristics"?

Demography

Sustainable development has been defined as

Development that improves the quality of human life while living within the carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs Sound environmental planning without sacrificing economic and social improvements

The video points to which country as having the highest homicide rates in the world?

El Salvador

The practice by countries that reduce their emissions below their allotted level to sell their "unused emissions" is called:

Emissions Trading

Which of the following are some of the ways through which celebrities can affect human rights

Engaging in philanthropic behavior by giving money to human rights causes Using their celebrity status to raise awareness Founding Human Rights Organizations Acting as UN Goodwill Ambassadors

Which of the following are listed as part of the MDGs

Ensure environmental sustainability Achieve universal primary education Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

Which of the following is true about population and population growth

European populations make up about 10% of the world's population Patterns of population growth differ significantly between more- and less-developed regions of the world Fertility rates in the least developed countries are declining but still very high

Which of the following is a first-generation right?

Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion

Which of the following is an example of second-generation rights?

Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work

Which generation of human rights includes freedom of speech and assembly?

First

For how long has scientific research on carbon dioxide been conducted

For about 150 years

While _____________ is a term that refers to the concern that increased greenhouse gases increase the Earth's temperature, ______________ is the term that includes reference to changes in extremes of temperatures and precipitation.

Global warming / climate change

Who was responsible for crafting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?

Governments working together in the Open Working Group on Sustainable Development

Certain gases in the atmosphere - water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide - can trap solar radiation and cause the atmosphere to warm. These are called:

Greenhouse gases

Who was instrumental in ensuring that the phrase "all men are created equal" was replaced with "all human beings are born free and equal"?

Hansa Mehta, India

U.S. support for international family planning programs:

Has shifted with changing administrations, with Republicans barring fertility control programs that include legal access to abortion, and Democrats supporting such programs

The Paris Agreement was successful in as much as it built on commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by, amongst others, both the United States and China. However, it has been criticized for

Having cuts that don't go deep enough Lacking mandatory cuts in emissions

The moderator interviews an economic immigrant from Mexico who builds homes. How much more can he make in the U.S. than in Mexico?

He can make in a day what he would in a week in Mexico

Which uninhabited island in the South Pacific has been described as having the highest density of plastic waste in the world?

Henderson Island

The moderator interviews an 11-year old boy who fled to the U.S. by himself because of the extreme drug-gang violence in his country. What country was this boy from?

Honduras

Universalism is represented by the idea that:

Human rights are accorded to everyone regardless of citizenship or status

Which of the following are common themes connecting all models of thought on the question of how to address population growth

Improving the status of women Increasing sustainability of food production Improvement in water quality

Which of the following are correct statements about the world's population

In 2050, India is projected to be the most populous country in the world. Over the next 30 years, the world's population is projected to increase by between 20% and 50%, or by between 1 Billion and 3.6 Billion people. Projections of the world's population in 2050 vary between 8.7 Billion and 10.8 Billion people, depending on the fertility rate.

What were some of the immediate effects of the COVID-19 shutdown on the environment

In April 2020, the world cut its daily carbon dioxide emissions by 17 percent In New York City, levels of carbon dioxide went down 5-10%

During the week from April 4-9, the U.S. cut its carbon emissions by about one-third due to the pandemic shutdown. Where in the U.S. were the biggest pollution declines?

In California and Washington with plunges of more than 40%

The International Criminal Court (ICC) is located:

In The Hague

Which of the following are examples brought up by the U.S. State Department Report on the kinds of human rights violations found in specific countries

Indiscriminate attacks on civilians and hospitals Use of torture and rape as weapons of war

Where first-generation rights are often associated with the rights of ________________ people, second and third-generation rights reflect the rights of ________________ people.

Individual / groups of

The following factors show how globalization has helped in promoting human rights

Information technology has made it easier for human rights NGOs to communicate with their stakeholders and put greater pressure on governments to comply with human rights standards Social media platforms have allowed people to organize even when governments try to limit free speech and assembly Due to advances in technology and gains in literacy and education, more people know about human rights

What are some of the examples through which globalization challenges state sovereignty

International financial institutions can grant or withhold resources International organized crime has become so powerful in some places that it controls territory and large segments of a state's population MNCs can more easily move across borders and escape regulation by governments Technology has made it possible to put pressure on a state by facilitating communication that goes around government restrictions

The International Criminal Court

Is currently investigating cases involving defendants who come mostly from African states Can try cases involving crimes against humanity, war crimes, and genocide

One of the key outcomes of Rio+20 was a focus on building a green economy. A green economy is an economy that

Is low-carbon, resource-efficient, and socially inclusive Improves human well-being and social equity while reducing environmental risks

What action did the UN take in 2015 to push for greater environmental stewardship in its development agenda?

It adopted the Sustainable Development Goals

What do we mean by the term "replacement fertility"?

It is the rate at which one generation of parents is replacing itself in the next generation

What was the biggest limitation of the Copenhagen Accord (2009) which included provisions for limiting the average rise in global temperatures to 2 degree Celsius and a commitment by the developed nations to generate $100 billion in additional resources to aid developing countries?

It was not legally binding

As discussed in the video, why is there so much violence in the Central American states?

Legacies of the 1980s the civil wars and the lack of full reconciliation The prevalence of significant amounts of guns The prevalence of power drug gangs, with many members trained in the U.S.

What regions hold what percentage of the world's population? The more developed countries (MDCs) hold _________________ of the world's population, whereas the less developed countries (LDCs) hold ______________ of the world's population.

Less than 20% / more than 80%

In what conflict in 2011 did the UN invoke the principle of R2P (Responsibility to Protect) as justification for military intervention?

Libya

Cultural relativism is based on the notion that

Local traditions trump the rights in the UDHR The final authority in determining for the rights of a citizenry lies with the people and their government

Why have emissions levels been falling during the COVID-19 shutdown

Many factories and business the world over have had to close and carbon emissions have fallen as a consequence (nearly 20% of greenhouse gas emissions come from industry) Lockdowns have resulted in less travel (which is responsible for 25% of carbon emissions)

What are megacities?

Metropolitan areas with more than 10 million people

In 2015, the UN's ___________________ expired and were replaced by the ____________________.

Millennium Development Goals / Sustainable Development Goals

Which of the following statements is true concerning urbanization?

More Developed Countries (MDCs) are more urbanized than Less Developed Countries (LDCs)

What do we know about species extinction

Over the course of 3½ billion years of life on earth, 99% of all species have become extinct Species extinction is part of the natural process We're now losing species at the fastest rate for millions of years There have been five events leading to mass extinction in the history of the earth

Which of the following are direct drivers of species extinction

Overexploitation (e.g. overfishing) Land use change

Which of the following are greenhouse gases

Ozone Methane Water vapor Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

population change formula

P = (+) births (-) deaths (+) in-migration (-) out-migration

Which of the following were contributing factors to the outbreak of the civil war in Syria in 2011

Permanent changes to rain and wind patterns patterns brought on by global warming Increasing scarcity of water and food sources The 2006 draught that had forced large numbers of rural Syrians into already crowded cities

What are the main drivers of today's species extinction

Pollution Climate Change Habitat transformation

Which of the following are problems associated with megacities

Pollution Housing shortage Aging infrastructure (e.g. mass transit and highways)

Those pointing out that we need to focus on the structural dimensions of social change, argue that:

Population growth, in particular high fertility, is a consequence rather than a cause of slow economic development

The Brundtland Commission's 1987 report "Our Common Future" identified:

Poverty eradication as a necessary requirement for environmentally sustainable development A need for world-wide development strategies that recognized the limits of our ecosystem

What activities are key to successful intervention by UN human rights workers (think about the example of what the OHCHR staff have been doing in Serbia)

Providing legal assistance Encouraging international organizations and local NGOs to put diplomatic and moral pressure on state governments

Which of the following are likely consequences of climate change

Rapidly changing habitats and species extinction Increased number of droughts Increased flooding Growing number of climate refugees

What can be done about species extinction

Reduce deforestation in the tropics to zero Consume less meat

Which of the following are actions individuals can take to help achieve the SDGs

Reduce, reuse, recycle Whenever possible, bike, walk, or take public transportation Don't waste food (buy only what you need, freeze left-overs) Compost any food remains to reduce landfills

What are some of the reasons why the world's population drastically increased over the past 70 years

Reduced mortality rates Major public health advances Improved food production and distribution

What is the name of the idea that argues the international community has a responsibility to intervene in situations where a state fails to protect its population from genocide, crimes against humanity, or war crimes?

Responsibility to Protect

Which of the following are benefits of the African "Great Green Wall"

Reverses desertification Protects against soil erosion Tree roots hold water in soil Provides employment opportunities for local populations

Which of the following countries was one of the first to ban plastic bags country-wide?

Rwanda

After the end of the Cold War, the UN created international criminal tribunals to prosecute individuals responsible for ethnic cleansing, genocidal violence and crimes against humanity in which of the following countries

Rwanda The Former Yugoslavian countries

As noted in your reading, which of the following had the highest 2014 per capita carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy?

Saudi Arabia

Which of the following provides evidence that a warming planet is related to human behavior?

Scientists have shown a close relationship between global carbon dioxide levels and average global temperatures, while demonstrating that there has been an increase in atmospheric carbon due to the burning of fossil fuels

What was the role Eleanor Roosevelt played after her husband, President Roosevelt had died?

She was invited to be part of the U.S. delegation to the United Nations She became a member of the committee charged with drafting the UDHR

Where second-generation rights require a proactive government to act on behalf of its citizens, third-generation rights require ________________

Solidarity

"Brain Drain" is

Sometimes not entirely negative, as those who emigrate can sometimes return home with new skills or capital The loss of highly skilled persons, mostly from developing countries, as they migrate to, most often, developed countries

The concept of Responsibility to Protect (R2P), developed by the UN, shows the growing importance of human rights by

Stressing that states have the responsibility to protect their populations from e.g. genocide, crimes against humanity, or war crimes Putting forward the idea that states have the responsibility to intervene in situations where a state fails to protect its population from e.g. genocide, crimes against humanity or war crimes

The Cornucopian perspective rests on the following ideas

Technological innovation can overcome problems of population growth Use of natural resources is best managed through market forces Population growth is positive as it increases economic productivity and capacity for economic progress

Which of the following is NOT true about the role of technology in human rights

Technology can't be used for positive and negative purposes at the same time Whether people live in developed or underdeveloped countries, technology has benefitted everyone equally

Sovereignty assumes:

That countries are self-governing, have territorial integrity, and self-determination

What is the main critique that developing states (LDCs) levy against industrial states (MDCs) over global environmental issues

That the average person in an industrialized country accounts for significantly more resource consumption than someone in a poorer country That the long history of MDC industrialization processes has been the greatest contributor to global environmental problems

Key "general tendencies" of international population movements in an age of globalization include

The "feminization" of migration, as women are an increasing part of workforces The involvement of an increasing number of countries, both as sending and receiving states The increasing politicization of migration Ongoing changes in where people go and where they come from

In his 1798 publication, Thomas Malthus argued that

The "positive checks" of famine, war, and epidemics would bring populations back under control The human desire to reproduce would lead to starvation, poverty and human misery

While NGOs do not have official membership status at the UN, they do have important influence through their close cooperation with

The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)

The 1997 agreement that contains legally binding emission targets for key greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, is:

The Kyoto Protocol

As discussed in the video, many of the immigrants coming into the United States are from:

The Northern Triangle of Central America (Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador), the world's deadliest countries outside war zones

Prior the creation of the UDHR, what document first mentions human rights?

The Preamble to the UN Charter

Which UN organ can authorize military action to enforce human rights?

The Security Council

The hypothetical example used to explain why groups of individuals might overexploit shared environmental resources even when they know that it could be against their long-term interests is known as:

The Tragedy of the Commons

What are reasons why the U.S. didn't ratify the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) until long after the treaty had gone into effect

The U.S. was reluctant to expose itself to international criticism The U.S. had concerns that ratifying the treaty could erode its national sovereignty

Which are the ways in which the UN supports human rights

The UN helps formulate international human rights standards through treaties and declarations The UN helps implement human rights through economic development The UN promotes knowledge and public support through educating publics about human rights The UN helps implement human rights through enforcement activities such as peacekeeping

While negotiated independently of the 1992 Earth Summit, what legally-binding treaties are also associated with the conference in Rio de Janeiro (and sometimes referred to as the Rio Conventions)?

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Convention on Biological Diversity

Which country accepts the largest total number of immigrants worldwide?

The United States

What is the name of the key human rights document of the post-WWII era?

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Which of the following are empirically observable changes showing that our biosphere is changing

The extent and thickness of the Arctic sea has declined rapidly over the past decades The number of record-high temperature events in the U.S. has been increasing since the 1950s Global sea level rose by about (17 centimeters) 6.7 inches in the past century Glaciers are retreating almost everywhere around the world

Which of the following are correct statements about fertility rates

The fertility rate in poorer (less or least developed) countries is higher, often significantly higher, than replacement level The fertility rate in more developed regions of the world is higher than the fertility rate in less developed regions. The fertility rate is a strong indicators of overall population growth The total fertility rate measures the average number of births per woman of childbearing age The fertility rate in more developed countries is below replacement and stands at about 1.67 per woman

What distinguishes the Brundtland Commission's definition of sustainable development from the one proposed by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, the United Nations Environment Programme, and the World Wide Fund for Nature?

The former focuses on the well-being of humans while the latter extends the definition to the biosphere

What was the immediate context for why the UDHR was drafted

The horror of over 50 million dead in WWII The terrible atrocities committed during WWII, such as the Holocaust

Why is plastic pollution such a big environmental problem

The material lasts much longer than a human lifetime and therefore its impact, too, lasts a lifetime If current trends continue, our oceans could contain more plastic than fish by 2050 Forty percent of all plastics are used only once before being discarded

Critics of the demographic transition model argue that:

The model applies the record of population change and development in Europe and North America as the universal standard

The President of the Republic of Ghana and the Prime Minister of Norway point out

The pandemic has shown beyond doubt how the prevalence of poverty, weak health systems, lack of education, and above all sub-optimal global cooperation, is exacerbating the crisis

What makes tidal energy projects so attractive to the renewable energy sector?

The predictability of tidal waves allow for precise understanding of how much energy can be generated at any time

What does the High Commissioner for Human Rights say started the civil war in Syria?

The severe human rights violations (torture of children) by the Syrian government

What apparent tension is part of the concept of sustainable development?

The tension between economic health, social health, and ecological health

What was the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on climate change activism

The upward trend of impacting public opinion through school strikes in support of climate action was disrupted In cooperation with several organizations, climate activists created online toolkits for organizing around climate change Climate activists managed to unite in different ways by shifting their organizing to online activism Stay-at-home orders meant that protest marches had to be called off

What were the concerns raised with the Kyoto Protocol

The vagueness on how emissions trading could achieve reductions The degree to which carbon sinks should count toward a country's effort to reduce global warming The U.S. never ratified it

Which of the following is NOT an explanation of what the UN Secretary-General means when he says: "the [corona]virus doesn't discriminate but its impacts do"?

The virus affects only older people living in residential care facilities

Which of the following is true about population and population growth

The world's population continues to grow but the rate of population growth is decreasing Nearly one-fifth of the world's population lives in China Patterns of population growth differ significantly between more- and less-developed regions of the world More than 80% of the world's population is located in the less-developed world

Which of the following are points of criticism made against the SDGs

There are too many goals and targets for them to be effective

Which of the following is NOT one of the explanations given by the UN Secretary-General for why people with disabilities are among the hardest hit by COVID-19?

They have well-resourced support networks

First-generation rights are also known as negative rights because:

They prohibit certain government action and are therefore based on the absence of government interference To ensure justice and compensation for survivors of human rights abuses

What benefits can be gained from having green roofs

They save millions of gallons of storm water runoff because the water is absorbed by the soil and the plants They reduce the building's energy consumption

What are some of the ways in which MNCs can promote human rights

Through public private partnerships they can help develop the technology needed for the UN or NGOs to get more data on human rights issues They can use their access to markets around the world as a way of building networks based on real-time data exchanges, allowing the UN faster response time during emergencies

As discussed in the context of Uruguay, what is the role of a human rights rapporteur

To assess progress in discovering the truth about past atrocities committed in a country

What is one of the criticisms levied against the U.S.' involvement in the Syrian civil war?

U.S. led airstrikes have caused large-scale destruction and deaths of civilians but the U.S. does not take responsibility

What does "UN MDGs" stand for?

United Nations Millennium Development Goals

Which of the following are examples through which technological innovations have been successfully used to promote human rights

When a solar-powered internet network allowed villages in Uganda to get access to crop information and thus to improve their yields and incomes When Egyptian protesters in 2011 used Twitter to publicize videos of police violence

The difference between a negative and a positive obligation imposed on states by human rights rests on ______________________:

Whether a government needs to act to ensure that rights are protected

The tension over sustainable development can be stated as:

Whether the focus should be on environmental conservation of living and nonliving resources or on enhancing economic growth and development

Which of the following are questions that remain unanswered even though the SDGs have been adopted

Will MDCs carry a greater share of the financial obligations than LDCs? Who will decide how much of the financial costs will be taken on by public and how much by private sources?

Which of the following are alternative energy sources

Wind power Solar Hydroelectricity

The majority of the world's refugees and internally displaced people are:

Women and children

Only ten rivers in the world carry more than 90% of the world's plastic waste. Which of the following are among them

Yangtze Nile Mekong

Which of the following countries are particularly highlighted by the UN High Commissioner for their egregious human rights violations

Yemen Syria

Sustainable development involves:

reducing consumption, increasing efficiency, and using renewable energies