Globalization Final

Problems with the 5 claims of Market Globalism

1. Core message is only realizable through the political project of engineering free markets-- therefore, must use government-- which contrast to neoliberal ideologies of limited role of government 2. Depoliticizes public discourse on globalization, portraying neoliberal policies as above politics. Hence, resistance is unnatural, irrational, and dangerous 3. Markets and technology are the ones in charge- yet that doesn't mean no one is in charge. Liberalization and integration of global markets does not proceed outside the realm of human choice. 4. Answers the question if globalization is good or bad, so it connects their arguments to rising living standards, economic efficiency, individual freedom, and tech. progress. Yet opportunities and rewards may be given unequally-- so concentration of power and wealthy are among small groups, regions, companies 5. Rooted in the assertion of free markets and democracy being synonyms of each other, and so it is common, making it an unchallenged public discourse. Yet the concept of democracy that emphasizes formal procedures at the expense of participation of broad majorities in policial and economic decision making ensures that those insulated from political pressures govern 'effectively.''.... So it is all based on a superficial definition of democracy

Global New Deal (5 Demands of Justice Globalists)

1. Global 'Marshall Plan' that incoludes forgiveness of all 3rd world debt. 2. Imposing the ' Tobin Tax' ( tax on international financial transactors that would benefit the Global South) 3. Abolition of offshore financial centers that offer tax havens for wealthy individuals/groups 4. Implementation of stringent global environmental agreements 5. Implementation of a more equitable global development agenda

Cosmopolitan Democracy (4 features)

1. Global parliament connected to reigions, states, localities 2. New documents of rights/duties locked into different domians of political, social, economic power 3. Formal separation of political and economical interests 4. Interconnected global legal system with mechanisms of enforcement from the local to the global

2 major concerns relate to uncontrolled population growth/consumption patterns of Global North

1. Global population reached 7.5 billion in 2017- 1/2 of this occured in the last 30 yrs- increasing demands of food, timber, fibre and putting pressure on the ecosystems 2. Relationship between population and environment degradation focus on aggregate population levels- function of per capita consumption rather than population size- US- 6% of world's population0 consumes 30-40% of natural resources. These current crisis related to population growth and consumption patterns highlights the interconnections between political, econ, ecol problems that are accentuated by the process of globalization.

5 Claims of Market Globalism

1. Globalization is about the liberalization and global integration 2. Globalization is inevitable and irreversible 3. Nobody is in charge of globalization 4. Globalization benefits everyone 5. Globalization furthers the spread of democracy

New forms of Global Governance

1. Governance without State government (regions and local governments) -mainly local problems- 2. Governance through various public policy networks (International Institutions -UN, EU-,NGO, private sector organisations, MNC, etc.)

Major global economic setbacks

1. Great recession 2008-2010 2. Financial volatility in China 3. Econ. crisis in Brazil intesified by the political instability

After 1980s 3 significant developments to economic globalization

1. Internationalization of trade and finance 2. Increasing power of TNCs/ Large investment banks 3. Enhanced role of international economic institutions (IMF, WTO, WB)

Methods of becoming an MNC

1. Investment in one firm abroad to gain control(foreign direct investment) 2. Portfolio Investment (financial) 3. Greenfield investment (build completely different facilities in a different country) 4. Mergers/acquisitions 5. Strategic Alliances

Definition of Globalization depends on 3 questions:

1. Is globalization new? 2. Has globalization happened? 3. Is globalization inevitable?

3 questions prove the extent of globalization ( political)

1. Is it true that the power of nation-state has been overmasked by flows of capital, people, and tech across the territorial boundaries? 2. Are the primary causes of these flows found in poltics or economics? 3. Are we witnessing the emergence of new global governance structure?

2 main reasons poor countries argue they cannot have the same CO2 emission regulations than developed countries

1. Need to build their industries and infrastructures to get out of poverty 2. They have not been responsible for most of the production of greenhouse gases that have causes the current problem. Suggest major burden should be placed on developed world at least until their populations are out of extreme poverty. US has expressed strong opposition to both suggestions in numerous UNFCC, and negotiations like this UN conference over climate climate serve as an instructive example for how various dimensions of globalization intersect- therefore, dimensions of globalization like political may not be keeping up with the demands of ecological globalization.

5 Claims of Justice Globalism

1. Neoliberalism produces global issues 2. Market-driven globalization has increased worldwide disparities in wealth and wellbeing 3. Democratic participation is essential in solving global problems 4. Antoher world is possible and urgently needed 5. People power, not corporate power

Globalization ( 5 key variables)

1. Number of languages- Declining # of languages in different parts of the world points to the strengthenizing of homogenizing cultural forces 2. Movements of people- People carry languages when migrating and traveling. Migration patterns affect the spread of language 3. Foreign language learning and tourism- facilitate the spread of language beyond national and cultural boundaries 4. Internet language- Key factor in the analysis of dominance and variety of languages in international communication 5. International science publications- Contain language of global intellectual discourse, critically impacting intellectual communities involved in the production, reproduction, and circulation of knowledge around the world

4 key elements of the UN Framework on Convention Climate Change (UNFCC) of Paris 2015

1. Parties commited themselves to arresting the rise of global temperatures 2. Pledged to limit the amount of greenhouse gagses emitted by human activity to the same levels that can be absorbed naturally 3. Countries agreed to review each other's contribution every 5 years 4. Rich countries promised to help poorer nations by providing 'climate finance' to adapt climate cahnge and switch to renewable energy

Chronology of Globalization according to the small book

1. Prehistoric Period (10,000 BCE- 3500 BCE) 2. Premodern Period ( 3500 BCE- 1500BCE) 3. Early Modern Period ( 1500- 1750) 4. The Modern Period ( 1750- 1980) 5. Contemporary Period ( From the 1980s)

10 measures of Neoliberalists

1. Privatization of public enterprises 2. Deregulation of the economy 3. Liberalization of trade and industry 4. Massive tax cuts 5. 'Monetarist' measures to keep inflation in check 6. Strict control of organized labor 7. Reduction of public expenditures- social spending 8. Down-sizing of government 9. Expansion into markets 10. Removal of controls of global financial flows

3 Problems faced in the 21st century (Future of Globalization)

1. Reduction of global inequality 2. Preservation of the planet 3. Strengthening of human security Years and decades will bring new global crisis and further challenges, so new manifestations of social interpedence need to be implemented as a result of globalization, guided by ethical polestar of cosompolitanism

4 Challenges defining Globalization

1. Relatively new Term 2. Theoretically contested term 3. Used by a multitude of sources 4. Different 'types'/ 'forms' of globalization are discussed

Peter Chistoff/ Robyn Echesley identified 5 problems that stand in the way of an environmental treaty system

1. States have failed to integrate environmental and economic governance at the national level 2. States have failed to integrate environmental and economic governance at the international level 3. Powerful forces continue to resist and stop effort =s to transform economies and socieities in a more ecologically sustainable direction 4. Neoliberal economies discourse remains globally dominant, so it undermines sustainable development and ecological modernization discourses and practices 5. All the above persists national and international accountability mechanisims, which remain weak and inedquate in a global world

Building Blocks of the 21st century

1. TNCs 2. International Econ. institutions 3. Regional businesses/ Trade Networks like Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)) 4. EU

3 themes of cultural globalization

1. Tension between sameness and difference in emerging global culture 2. Crucial role of transnational media corporations in disseminating popular culture 3. Globalization of language

4 Core Qualities of Globalization

1. The creation of new social networks and the multiplication of existing connections. 2. Expansion of social relations, activities, connections. 3. Intensification/acceleration of social exchanges and activities 4. The involvement of the subjective plane of human consciousness

Conditions for being a state actor

1. territorial entity controlled by a - (2) government and inhabited by a - (3) population. State government exercises - (4) sovereignty over its territory. - (5) Recognized as sovereign by other states

Requirements for being considered an International Actor

1.Ability to mobilize resources (money, raw materials, soldiers, etc.) 2. Ability to interact with other actors (official/formal and non-official/informal) 3. Independence to make decisions (certain level of independence)

Sovereignty

A government has the right, in principle, to do whatever it wants in its own territory. And right to political determination and prohibit from intervening with affairs of other states

International Actors

Actors are the "players", the agents who take part in global activities. In other words, an individual, group, state, or organization that plays a major role in world politics/international relations.

Cosompolitanism

Building democratic and egalitarian social global order that protects universal human rights without destroying cultural diversity that is the lifeblood of human evolution

Hardwired Theory

Chanda (2007) claims globalization stems for a basic human urge to seek a better and more fulfilling life. Can be traced to first movements in human history, including: trade, missionary work, adventures, and conquests. As a result, globalization is nothing new.

Justice Globalism

Constructs globalization based on egalitarian ideals of global solidarity and distributive justice. Sometimes these social alliances and political actors are known as 'global justice movement' (GJM) Emerged in late 1990s as a network of international NGOs. Agitated for the protection of global environment, fair trade, international labor issues, (...) they believe another world is possible-- EMPHASIZING ON THE CONNECTION BETWEEN GLOBALIZATION AND LOCAL WELLBEING. In early 21st century they gathered political strength that was evidence in the emergence of various occupy movements, such as the initation of WSF ( world social forum), a shadow organization to the market globalist World Economic Forum. Justice globalists are calling for a 'Global New Deal' that consists of 5 demands. There are also 5 claims justice globalism base their ideologies on.

Role of Media in Cultural Globalization

Contemporary global cultural forms are generated and directed by global media empires that rely on powerful communication technologies to spread their messages. Increasingly shape people's identities and structures of desires around the world, rising global media power, and rising the establishment of the global imaginary. During the last 2 decades, very large TNCs have come to dominate the global market for entertainment, news, tv, ...And accounted for 2/3 of 1.5 trillion dollars of worldwide revenues genereated by the global telecommunication industry. The emergence of global commercial media market today amounts to the creation of a global oligopoly, leading to the depolitictization of social reality and weakening of civic bonds.

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Created in 1944 Bretton Woods, IMF was created to adminster the international monetary system, and become the 'lender of last resort.' Adapting to the changing global economy, by the 1970s it focused on giving loans to developing countries. These loans had conditions and demands for structural adjustments. Sooner than later, IMF became the focal point for critics of neo-liberal agenda. Critics argued neo-liberal policies were applied unquestiongly structural adjustements are innappropriate as individual countries are not considered, governance structure is US dominated so it mainly serves for interest of the global north, and contributed to econ crisis. this lead to a change in focus once again, which attempted to be more transparent, involving NGOs, and some consideration of social issues.

Convergence Theory (Cultural Convergence)

Cultures are subject to many of the same global flows and tend to grow in a similar way--a "new" Global Culture, result of global forces Emphasises weakness of barriers.Does NOT argue this is happens everywhere or that local cultures are all disappearing...Some cultures or elements survive. Rises the question of the possibility of cultural imperialism, in which one culture imposes itself (consciously or unconsciously) and tends to destroy at least part of another culture-- leading to global assimilation in direction of dominant groups: like Americanization, and Easternization ( ex of this McDonalization Thesis )

McDonalization ( Goerge Ritzer)

Describing the wide-ranging sociocultural processes where the principles of fast-food restaurants dominate American sectors as well as the rest of the world-- imposing uniform standards that overmask human creativity and dehumanize social relations. It is about rationalization however, not about the food itself sold by McDonalds, for example. It is about the critical role played in reducing global dfferences. Particularly, it involves 5 basic dimensions: efficiency, calculability, predictability, control through substitution of tech for people, and irrationality of rationality- (long lines of people at the counters, long lines of cars, dehumanization...)

Great Convergence

Different and widely spread people and social connections coming together more rapidly than over before

3 theories that are relevant to globalization/culture

Differentialism/hybridization/convergence theory

Integration of world economy

Econ/trade glob.-- intercontinental exchange of products, services, labor 1. Production 2.International Trade 3. Movements of people for work FInancial glob. 1. International flows of capital 2. Integration of financial and stock markets

Easternization

Economic and cultural influences of the East on the West Westernization and Americanization too narrow Linked to internal factors in West and the flow of various influences from the East to West - Eastern spirituality, yoga, Zen - Ethnic restaurants and cuisines, including vegetarianism - Manufacturing imports - Management techniques and working methods

Market Globalism

Endows globalization with free-market norms and neoliberal meanings. Currently, it is the dominant ideology, starting in the 1990s, codified and disseminated worldwide by powerful elites ( such as co. managers, executives of TNCs, politicians,...) that saturate the public with idealized images of a consumerist free-market world. Neoliberal discussion makers emerged as experts of an ideology for market-friendly political agendas that discuss globalization being an important commodity that is desired for global consumption. As a result, it has become a strong discourse that is hard to resist and repel because powerful social forces have already stated its existence; so its constant repetition and continuous public recitation of their claism have had the capacity to produce what they name. There are 5 claims of market globalism

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

Established in 1947 as a global trade organization charged with enforing multilateral trade agreements. Lasting only until 1995 when its successor, World Trade Organization took the stage, the system intended to liberalize trade-- in essence, protecting interests with the agreement of trade related intellectual property rights (TRIPS), and agreeing on trade measures governments can impose on foreign issues, trade-related investment measures (TRIMS)

Currential Differentialism (Differentialism Theory)

Focusing on barriers to flows, cultural differentialism refer to cultures' tendancy to firmly remain different from one another. Cultures may be affected by processes of globalization, but at their core remain different. Some compare the world to a mosaic of cultures, some compare the world to a billiard table with cultures as different balls that can clash. Increased interaction leads to intense clashes, with economic and political consequences. There is a decline of the West and a resurgence of Sinic /Asian civilization in economic terms. The resurgence of Islam (seen as intolerant) will bring dangerous political clashes with West (seen as arrogant) Globalization is seen as a process by which civilizations continue to exist in parallel and largely independently.

GFC

Global Financial Crisis has its roots in the 1980s/1990s when three successigve US gov under Reagan, Bush I, and Clint pushed for the derregulation of domestic financial industries. Neoliberal derregulation of US financed capital was in a frenzy and gave birth to huge conglomerates. These new computer-based models suggested more secure ways of managing the risks involved in buying an assert in the future at a price agreed to in the present. Derivatives, financial futurres, and credit cards became popular, meaning people relied less on saving deposits, and financial institutions borrowed from each other and sold those loans as securities-- passing the risks onto investors. These innovative financial instruments like 'hedge funds' leveraged wiht borrowed funds fuelled a variety of activtieis, including billions of investments flowing into complex residential mortrage bank securitites that promised investors up to 25% return on equity. One of the most complex of these 'innovative' instruments, called collateralized debt obligations, hid problematic loans by mixing it with lower-risk assets and reselling them to unsuspecting investors. These high yields attracted even more people around the world, and soon, it globalized less than 1 trillion dollars of 'toxic assets.' In Mid 2007, the overvalued American Real Estate began to drop and foreclosures shot up. Some of the largest financial institutions, gov-sponsored mortgages declared bankrupcy and had to be bailed out by US taxpayers. The major consequences of the failing financial systems was banks trying to rebuild capital base whilst barely being able to afford to keep large amounts of money. The flow of global credit forze, and businesses and indivudal who relied on credit found it difficult to obtain. By 2009, the GFC had turned to the great recession. and 14.3 trillion dollars, almost 33%, of the value of world's companies had been wiped out.

Cycles Theory

Globalization is a long-term cyclical process. Understanding the cycles rather than a single point of origin is more important. The current global age will place and will be replaced by a new globalization. Globalization is nothing new.

Definition of Globalization

Globalization is a set of processes that operate simultaneously and unevenly on several levels and in various dimensions

3 types of cultural globalization

Globalization operates on an ideological dimension with: norms, values, cliams, beliefs, and narratives about the phenomenon itself. 3 types of globalism: 1. Market globalism 2. Justice globalism 3. Religious globalism

Bretton Woods System

Held towards the end of WWII, specifically 1944, Bretton Woods, town of New England, held a meeting to develop a new economic system cooperation. Participants agreed to establish binding rules on international economic activities, and hence, resolved to create a more stable monetary exchange system in which the value of each country's currency was pegged to a fixed gold value, and based on US Dollar. Wanting to eliminate restriction on currency for international trade, the Bretton Woods meeting set the institutional foundation of 3 international economic organizations: IMF, World Bank, and GATT For almost 3 decades, the Bretton Woods Regime contributed to the establishment of the 'Golden Age of controlled capitalism.' Even the most conservative parties in the EU/US embraced some version of state intervention-- which made possible to fully employ and expand welfare state.As a result, rising wages and increased social services secured a temporary class comprise. By 15 August 1971, the BWS collapsed when President Nixon abandoned the gold-based fixed system in response to political changein the world that were underminding economic competitiveness of US-based industries. The main factors that also contributed to the falling of the system included: globalizing forces, rising of new economic powers, critique of past actions, governance and transparency, and failure from within trade talks.

Climate Change/Global Warming

Human induced climate change has emerged as the major focus of national and international governmental policies. Brought to public attention by US Vice President Al Gore in the 2000s. Recent attempt to raise people's consciousness about the global imaginary of ecological globalization, and the dangers of climate change. Consequences can be catastrophic, and scientists are calling for government to curb green huse gas emissions. They are afraid, as their data suggests, that global average temperature in 2100 will be up to 8 F higher, which will lead to meltdowns of large chunks of major ice reserves ( or more than they are now.) Overfishing, loss of coral reefs, coastal pollution, acidification, oil spills, and dumps of hazardous wastes can have a devasting impact on Earth's marine environment. As a result, global warming and climate change are also economic, political, cultural, and ethical issues that have expanded and intensided the process of globalization. It has become clear that this contemporary phase of globalization has been the most environmentally destructive period in human history. Much of this depends on challenging a powerful global ideology, rooted in the utopia of unrestricted markets and the destire for unlimited accumulation and consumption of material things.

Nation-State

Independent legal entity with a government exercising exclusive control over the territory and population it governs. Originally introoduced by the Treaty of Westphalia, an international system recognizing sovereign states. Modern nation states systems were properly established by the end of WWI, when US President Wilson's 14 points based on the principle of national self-determination was released. He assumed that all forms of national identity should be given their territorial expression in a sovereign nation state, but it proved to be very difficult.

World Bank

Initially designed to provide loans for Europe's postwar production and reconstruction, less than a decade later, in the 1950s, its purpose expanded to fund various industrial projects in developing countries around the world. Set up by a specialized UN Agency in the Bretton Woods System, it is deemed an importance global force as it is: a forum for global discussions on development and finance, significant founding source for developing countries, and source for development of information, advice, and support. Nonetheless, some critics feel it has steadily become controversial, losing its intitial focus. As a result, their 3 main criticisms include: dominance of developed countries, serving only for some interest and thus neglecting poor countries, and having an inclination on cost focuses.

Cultural Globalization

Intensification and expansion of cultural flows across the globe. 'Cultural,' in essence, is concerned with the symbolic construction, articulation, and dissemination of meaning. Given that language, music, and images constitute the major forms of symbolic expression, they assume important significance in the sphere of cutlure. Cultural interconnections and interdependencies in the last decades has led some to suggest that cultural practices lie at the heart of contemporary globalization.

Political Globalization

Intensification and expansion of political interrelations across the globe. Hence the 'political' aspect encompasses a generation and distribution of power in societies-- which raise an important set of political issues of sovereignty, growing impact of intergovernmental connections and organizations, future prospects for regional and global governance, global migration flows, and environmental policies.

Economic Globalization

Intensification and stretching of economic connections across the globe. Gigantic flows of capital mediated by digital tech and standarized means of transporation have stimulated trade in goods and services. Markets have migrated to cyberspaces and intergrated local, national, and regional economies. Contemporary econ. globalization can be traced back to the emergence of a new international economic order. (Bretton Woods)

Cultural Hybridization (Hybridization Theory)

Mixing of cultures as a result of globalization leading to unique hybrid cultures that are not reducible to either local or global culture. Involves the combination of two, or more, elements from different cultures and/or parts of the world. Glocalization is included in this theory. Focus is on integration and new distinct hybrid forms. Indicate continued global heterogenization rather than homogenization. Seen as a positive view of globalization.

MNCs

National company with foreign subsidaries, operating in more than 2 countries, organized as a local entity

Reduction of Biodiversity

Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD) believe 2/3 of farmlands are somewhat degraded and the rest are degraded. 1/2 of world's wetlands have been destroyed- freshwater ecosystems are in threat Fear that 50% of all plants and animals will dissappear by the end the 21st century Some of the measures taken to safeguard biodiversity- 'Gene Banks' - Global Seed Vault buried in a mountain on the Island of Spitzbegen-- opened in 2008 designed to store copies of the seeds of world's major food crops (-18C) - Doubtful back measures are sufficient

Peace of Westphalia

Origins can be traced back to the 17th century political developments in Europe. In 1648, the Peace of Westphalia concluded a period of religious wars among main European powers folllowing the Protestant Reformation. Based on new principles of sovereignty and territoriality, it is a model of self-contained states challenged the medieval mosaic of political power being local. The centuries following further centralized political power , expansion of state adminstration, development of diplomacy, monopolization of threatment in the hands of the state. The Peace Treaty of Westphalia introduced the idea of a 'nation-state,' which provided military means required for the expansion of commerce-- adn contributed to the spread of this european form of poltical rule across the globe.

Great Divergence

People and social connections stemming from a single origin but moving and diversifying greatly over time and space

Events Theory

Possible to point to specific events as the origin of globalization. Many can be identified, some events took place of time, others were specific days ( like the roman conquests, discovery of America, terrorists attacks of 9/11, or first transtlantic telephone cable)

TNCs (and their power)

Powerful entereprises composing the parent company and subsidiary company units in more than one country, all operating under a system of the same decision-making strategies and organized as a global entity... Accounting for 70% of world trade. Skyrocketed from 7,000 in 1970 to less than 100,000 in 2015. General Motors, Walmart, Siemens, Exxon Mobil belong to the 200 largest TNCs-- and account for nearly half of the world's industrial output. As a result, they control much of the world's investment capital, technology, and access to international markets. TNCs frequently merge together to maintain their dominant position in the market place. In 2015 alone they spent almost 4.7 trillion dollars buying each other. Because of the availability of cheap labor, resources, and favorable production conditions in the Global South, TNCs have boosted direct foreign investment by nearly 15 % annually. Hence, they have the ability to disperse manufacturing processes intro discrete phases around the world-- showing the changing nature of global production, and allowing them to produce on a global scale. The power of TNCs has changed the structure and functioning of international economy. Major determinants of trade flows, and location of industries, for example, have been molded by the hands of TNCs. In the 2015 Forbes Global 2000, the largest 2,000 TNCs were headquartered in 60 countries, and their revenues, in total, almost reached 39 trillion dollars. Moreover, profits, assets, and market value reached 3 billion, 162 trillion, and 48 trillion dollars. Hence, these global entities rival entire nations in their economic power-- the largest 10 TNCs, measured by market value, compared to the size of some top 50 national economies.

Ideology

Powerful system of widely shared ideas and patterned beliefs that are accepted as truths by significant groups in society. They serve as political mental maps that offer people a rough coherent picture of the world as it is and how it ought to be. Ideologies help organize complexity of human experiences into simple claims, serving as a guide and compass for social and political action

Globalization of languages

Process by which some languages are increasingly used in international communication while others lose their prominence, or even dissappear, from lack of speakers. Number of languages has dropped from 14,500 in the 1500s to 6,400 in 2016. There are 5 key variables that influence the globalization of languages.

Neoliberalism

Reflects the ascendancy of enterprise capitalism. Argue the advantages of neoliberalism has coincided with 3 decades of growth in world economy. Critics say neoliberalism is associated with the widening of inequality and social breakdown.

When did globalization begin?

Related to how it is defined. Assumes globalization exists. Specifically, roughly 4 theories explain the origins of globalization: hardwired theory, cycle theory, epochs theory and events theory.

Transboundary Pollution

Release of synthetic chemical into air and water- creating conditions that are outside previous limits. For example, clorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in the 2nd half of the 20th century as refrigerants, foaming agents, aerosol propellants, (...). In the 1970s, the noticed the unguarded release seemed to be depleting Earth's protective ozone layer. In the 1989s, ozone holes were detected over New Zealand, Tasmania, and large parts of the Atlantic. Also, industrial emissions of sulphur and nitrogen oxides return in the form of acid rain into the hemisphere, and damage forests, soil, and freshwater ecosystems. In Nothern Europe and North America, they are at least twice as high as critical level suggests.

Religious Globalism

Seek to mobilize a religious community imagined in global terms in defense of religious values/beliefs that are sought to be under attack by consumerism and secularism. Extremely violent examples or organzations that subcribe to various of religious globalism like ISIL, or Al Qaeda have targeted military personnel around the world. Most recently these attacks have been witnessed in Paris (2015), Brussels (2016), Dhaka (2016), Istanbul (2016), and Nice (2016). Yet other visions of global political community include some Christian Groups like the Mormon Church and Chabad that seek to promote another global vision. Their desire is to have their vision be allecompassing, and to be given primacy and supeririority over state-based and secular political structures.

Epochs Theory

Several epochs, or waves, of globalization have been identified with a specific point of origin. The waves happen sequentially, building on each other.

The death of the nation-state?

Since globalization tendencies grew in 1970s and 1980s, the international society of separate states was turning into a global of political interdependencies. Globalizers consider political globalization as a secondary phenomenon to economic and technological forces. Politics is almost powerlesss by unstoppable technological advancement that crush government attempt to reintroduce policies and regulations.As a result, globalization inevitably declines bounded territory, and the political power is located in global social formation expressed through global networks. Thus, states are less capable of determining social life within their borders. Skeptics believe the central role of politics in globalization is to mobilize political power. They argue the expansion of global economic activity originated with political decisions made by neoliberal national governments enforced to lift restrictions on international capital-- therefore, global markets and technology came on their own. As a result, national territory still matter and it relevant to conventional political inits, forming current nation-states and globalities linked to local units.

Does globalization make people around the world more alike or more different?

Skeptics- Suggest we are not moving towards diversity, and going to a homogenized popular underwritten by a Western 'culture industry,' which overwhelm vulnerable cultures Refering to the diffusion of Anglo-American values and consumer goods as the 'americanization of the world,' theorists like Goerge Ritzer and Benjamin Barber introduce notions like "McDonalization" and "Ethos of Globalization" to describe the molding of global capitalism on society. Globalizers- Cultural globalization does lead to samness, but it is a good thing. Francis Futiyama welcomes the spread of Anglo-American values and lifestyles, equating the Americanization of the world with the expansion of democracy ad free markets, embracing global consumer capitalistic ideals. Additionally, several scholars like Roland Robertson say global cultural flows actual reinvigorate local cultural niches- creating unique cultural constellations, and argue it only happens in local contexts, which bring into focus glocalization-- therefore, the question may not be able to be boiled down to 'sameness' or 'difference.' MUST REMEMBER THAT HARDLY ANY SOCIETY IN THE WORLD TODAY POSSESSES AN 'AUTHENTIC' SELF CONTAINED CULTURE. THOSE WHO APPLAUD THE SPREAD OF CONSUMERIST CAPITALISM NEED TO SEE THE DECLINE OF TRADITIONAL SENTIMENTS AS WELL AS THE CONMODIFICATION OF SOCIETY/NATURE There are also 3 theories that are relevant to globalization and culture: differentialism, hybridization, and convergence theory.

Global Civil Society

Social realm populated by 1000s of voluntary non-gov associators. Fo example, 'doctors without borders' provided assistance to nearly 10,000 patients when Ebola first hit in December 2013, and was one of the first respondents. Additionally, it employed roughly 4,000 national staff and 325 expat staff to combat the disease. As a result, it is evident int. NGOs will play a major role in designing and coordinating efforst to prepare for future outbreaks. Some glopbal experties believe political globalization might facilitate the strengthening of democratic transational social forces anchored in global civil society, anticipating the creating of a more global democratic governance structure

Glocalization

Sometimes known as the 'global-local nexus', it is a complex and uneven dynamic linking the local ( national/regional) to the global. Has been used both as the popular press and academic literature to describe a process, condition, system, force and age.

Threats to the State created by globalization

State unable to control global flows-- including:Global economic flows, poverty and inequality, war,social movements (..) In particular, population movements have challenged some crucial powers of nation states, including immigration control, population registration, and security protocols. Although only 2 % of the world population live outside of their country, immigration has become a central issue. Therefore, government seek to restrict population flows-- particularly if they're originally from poor countries of Global South. The Syrian Refugee Crisis that started in March 2011 has displaced 6 million out of 23 internally, and 5 million fled the country in search of security and economic opportunity. Refugrees strained available material resources of host communities, creating cultural tensions with domestic populations who saw them as a drain of resources.

Paradoxical effect of political globalization

States matter, but are forced into transnational dynamics that undermine old claims

Ethos of Infantilization (Benjamin Barber)

Sustaining global capitalism, turning adults into children through dumbed-down advertising while also targeting children as consumers. It recognizes that there is not an endless market of consumerist goods, so it develops homogeneous products targeting the young and wealthy-- transforming global consumerism into a souless and unethical in pursuit of profit.

Capitalism

Systems of generalized commodity production in which wealth is owned privately and economic life is organized according to market principles. Enterprise, social, and state capitalism differ in relation to the balance within them- between market and state

Washington Consensus

The IMF/ World Bank demanded the implementation of 'structural adjustment programs' in the 1990s, which set neoliberalist policies sometimes known as "Washington Consensus." Revised and codified by Williamson, IMF advisor in the 1970s, the official purpose of the document was to reform international economic mechanism of debtor countries in the developing world so they would be in a better position to repay. Yet, the program spelled out a new form of colonialism, and its 10 points requiring governments to implement structural adjustments in order to qualify for loans are almsot impossible for developing countries to implement.

Americanization

The import by non-Americans of products, images, technologies, practices and behaviour that are closely associated with America/Americans.Some equate it with globalization, as with globalization different types of Americanizations can be discussed, political, economic, cultural etc.

Global Governance

The institutions, and structures that combine to govern many aspects of state policies, especially concerning International Relations. Political globalization is possibly more visible in the rise of supraterritorial associations held together by common norms and interests. This early phase of global governannce, structures resemble a wide-ranging network of interrelated power centers; like municipal and provincial authorities, regional blocs, international organizations, and national and international private sector associations. The municipal and growth show growth in number of policy initiviates in transboder links between substates. At a regional level, it demonstrates the proliferation of muliteral organizations and agreements. At a global level, governments have formed international organization, demonstrating the proliferation of transnational bodies. And lastly, the national and international private sector associations prove a global civil society.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

Was founded as the successor organization of GATT. By the turn of the 21st century, had become the focal point of intense public controversy over the design and effects of economic globalization. Their primal focus consists of protesting against neo-liberalist ideals, and calls for greater transparency. In their latest 'rounds; held with the last Doha indicates that: complications due to numbers in negotiations are taking place; increase lack of agreement between key nation-states; documented rising power of the East; declining power of US/EU; and possible decline in acceptance of neoliberalism and rise in trends towards protectionism are being spotted.