GLY1102 Exam 2 Modules 5-8

sauropodomorph are distinguished from other dinosaurs having had:

small heads, spatulate teeth, long necks, short feet, and large claws on the firs tdigits of their forefeet

The coelurosaurs were advanced tetanurans with

small skulls & long forelimbs, Late Jurassic Compognathus is a characteristic primitive coelurosaur

Sauropods had elephant =like limb structures and probablye

spent most of their time on dry land.

which dinosaur is considered to be th elargest theropod in overall size

spionosaurus

The megalosaurs of the jurassic-cretaceous were large

tetanurans, include the largest theropods - spinosaurus

Sauropods were much less succesful after

the Jruassic but did survive until the end of the Cretaceous

spinosaurus looks like a dinosaur mixed with a crocodile. which of the following is NOT used as evidence they spent most of their time in or near rivers?

the fossilized bones show water damage

the most primitive theropods were

the late triassic-late jurassic coelophysoids and the jurassic-cretaceous ceratosaurs

There is no evidence to support

the long popular notion of aquatic sauropods.

maniraptoriforms were advanced coelurosaurs that include

the ornithomimosaurs & maniraptorans

the oviraptor (a.k.a. "egg-thief") was given its name because the first fossil to be examined showed it was buried as it hovered over a nest of dinosaur eggs. More detailed study revealed the eggs most likely belonged to:

the oviraptor itself

the dinosaur aucasaurus is considered the best example of dinosaurs in the clase Ceratosauria. Aucasaurus' most distinctive trait was:

the smallest arms and hands of any theropod

early ancestors of t-rex had longer arms, but arm length seems to have shrunk as

their heads got bigger and stronger

humans stabilize ourselves while running by swinging our arms. tyrannosaurs stabilize themselves with:

their tails

the maniraptorans encompass many taxa, including the bizarre

therizinosaurs, the oviraptorosaurs, and the deinonuchosaurs (raptors)

Most predatory dinosaurs were

theropods

True or False: All theropods were bi-peds

true

true or false: like modern birds, theropod dinosaurs had wishbones

true

true or false: the only known specimen of aucasaurus died from head wounds inflicted by another dinosaur

true

when tyrannosaurs ran, they kept their arms

tucked against their sides

one of the reasons we think that the famous oviraptor-on-a-nest was most likely killed/buried by either sand dune collapse or a sand storm because:

wind-blown desert sand grains surrounding the fossil

Macronaria

Macronaria is a clade of the "suborder" Sauropodomorpha. Macronarians are named after the large diameter of the nasal opening of their skull, known as the external naris, which exceeded the size of the orbit, the skull opening where the eye is located.

pleurocoel

One of a set of hollow depressions on the lateral portions of the vertebrae in dinosaurs, which served to decrease the weight of these bones without sacrificing strength.

Struthiomimus

Ostrich mimic, late cretaceous theropod from north america

neural arch

Portion of the vertebrae protecting the spinal cord, especially in the tail region

No known prosauropod is a suitable ancestor fo sauropods, although

Riojasaurus, fro the Upper tTriassic of Argentina, may best approximate that ancestry

heterodontosaurs

Roman nose, primitive ornithiscians,some paleontologists consider them closely related to ornithopods. small bipedal w/ unique chisel-like teeth, could "chew", herbivore, fast runner, arms to dig or grasp

Brachiosaurs

Tallest and perhaps heaviest dinosaurs, Late Jurassic sauropod from North American & eastern Africa

sauropod hiatus

The period between the disappearance and reappearance of sauropods in North America has been termed the "sauropod hiatus" ; 2 explanatory hypotheses. 1)the "austral immigrant" hypothesis, recognizes a true sauropod regional extinction in North America at ca. 100 Ma followed by dispersal of Alamosaurus from South America ca. 25-30 Ma later. "immigrant" hypothesis because derived titanosaurs are known from other landmasses adjacent to North America 2) the "inland herbivore" scenario, attributes the absence of titanosaurs during most of the Late Cretaceous in North America to a lack of preservation of sediments representing appropriate titanosaur-supporting environments at that time, specifically the inland paleoenvironments that are the setting for the relatively few titanosaur body fossils that are preserved

sauropod

These are huge, 4 legged, long necked/ long tailed, herbivores that thrived in the Jurassic, quadrupedal, small head, and massive limbs.

Hypsilophodon

This genus from the large Euornithopoda clade was small bipedal, only 2-5 meters long, and exhibited the specialized chewing arrangement of more advanced ornithopods. (best known & typical of the primitive ornithopods) Zenith of diversity during Late Jurassic & Early Cretaceous, horny beak

The longest known sauropod was

Turiasaurus, with a length of 39 meters

oviraptors likely ate:

a variety of things including clams, lizards and possibly plants

the very bird-like tetanurans were

advanced theropods

The tyrannosaurids, some of the larget meat-ating land animals of all time, were

advanced, extremely large carnosaurs, Late Cretaceous

Tarbosaurus

alarming lizard, late cretaceous theropod from asia

which of th efollowing inosaurs had partially air-filled bones, maing them lighter and faster than other dinosaurs of similar size?

allosaurus

new evidence from an isotopic study of preserved teeth from Deinoychus (aka the velociraptor) indicated that:

baby/juvenile raptors had a very different diet from adults

Ornithopods

bipedal ornithischian dinosaurs that lived from the Middle Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous. Fossils found on all continents. herbivores bird foot dental batteries, jaw joint below level of tooth row, lacked body armor first appeared at Middle Jurassic as small bipeds -widespread by late Jurassic- numerous at end of Cretaceous-among last to go extinct (one of the longest lived groups & most diverse) facultative quadrupedal,

Troodontidae

bird-like theropods, They were small (about the size of a small adult human), with long and slender hind limbs useful for rapid locomotion, and a long skull filled with distinctive recurved and saw-edged teeth . very smart a rare and small subgroup of maniraptors

Theropods include the ancestors of

birds

centrum

body of vertebrae

The heaviest known sauropod was

brachiosaurs, weight up to 50 tons

theropod phylogeny is

complex and not fully agreed upon

procoelous

concave anterior, convex posterior

opisthocoelous

concave posteriorly and convex anteriorly, vertebral pattern in sauropodomorphs, helps distinguish them into different genus

the teeth of spinosaursu were:

cone-shaped and didn't have serrated edges

deinonychus

early cretaceous theropod from north america

dilophosaurus

early jurassic theropod from north america, two crested

there are several anatomy clues that tell us spinosaurus spent a lot of time in the water, based on teh characteristics of modern water-dwelling animals. which of the following is not one of those clues?

evidence of an internal fish-like "swim bladder"

By the Jurassic-Cretaceous transition, sauropods had reached their

evolutionary zenith in terms of size and diversity

All theropod dinosaurs:

had feet and body plans that allowed for quick movement

graviportal

having the body supports adapted to the bearing of great weights on land

Apatosaurus

huge quadrupedal herbivorous dinosaur common in North America in the late Jurassic,

Brontosaurus

huge quadrupedal herbivorous dinosaur common in North America in the late Jurassic, thunder lizard, potentially not a valid name which Apatosaurs

Alamosaurus

is the only sauropod found in North America above the "Sauropod Hiatus," an approx. 20-25 million year interval of the Upper Cretaceous without sauropods. A Late Cretaceous sauropod from the western United States

Sauropodomorpha

lanceolate teeth; 1) Blunt teeth 2) Very small head relative to body, suspended from long neck 3) Tibia shorter than femur

Carnosaurs were

large theropods of the Jurassic-Cretaceous

Amphicoelias

largest sauropod ever, A late Jurassic sauropod from North America (means double hollow)

Saurornithoides

late cretaceous theropod from asia (bird like)

Khaan

late cretaceous theropod from mongolia

daspletosaurus

late cretaceous theropod from north america

tyrannosaurus

late cretaceous theropod from north america and asia

albertosaursus

late cretaceous tyrannosaurid, western north america

ceratosaurus

late jurassic theropod from North America and eastern Africa

allosaurus

late jurassic theropod from north america and east africa

coelophysis

late triassic theropod from north america

the ancestry of modern birds is found within which clade of theropda?

maniraptorans

Theropods can be distinguished from other dinosaurs by

many skeletal features, most identify them as bird-like, bipedal cursors.

members of the tyrannosaurid clade are all of ---age.

mid Jurassic-late cretaceous

coelophysis was a primitive bird-like theopod that likely:

nested in colonies

ornithomimosaur

no teeth and carnivore similar to ostritch, some feathers dino-fuzz,

chevron

part of the vertebrate

Sauropods were:

plant eaters, egg layers, and inertial homeotherms.

At least 4 types of suaropods can be recognized in the Jurassic-Cretaceous:

primitive eusauropods, diplodocoid, primitive macronarians, and titanosaurs

Diplodocus

Lived in the late Jurassic; name means "Double Beam Lizard", from North America

Seismosaurus

Lived in the late Jurassic; name means "Earth Shaking Lizard", synonym of Diplodocus

Mamenchisaurus

Lived in the late Jurassic; name means "Mamen Brook Lizard", from China

Plateosaurus

Lived in the late Triassic; name means "Flat Reptile", from Europe

Riojasaurus

Lived in the late Triassic; name means "Lizard From Rioja", from Argentina

Tetanurae

1) Tooth row positioned entirely in front of orbit 2) Maxillary fenestra present 3) Distal 1⁄2 of tail stiff and lacks haemal arches 4) Digit IV is lost from hand of adults 5) Astragalus overlaps tibia,

sauropodomorph dinosaurs comprise two closely related groups:

1)prosauropods and 2) sauropods

Dromaeosauridae

1. huge sickle-shaped claw on digit II of foot 2. distal 80% of tail with extremely long processes of neural and haemal arches

if you were looking at a dinosaur trackway for t-rex footprints (or any theropod), yo would look for a print with ______ toes

3

One of the defining traits of theropods is that they have...or fewer fingers on each hand.

4

Titanosauria

A Late Cretaceous sauropod from Europe, Asia, and South America (means titan)

Mussaurus

A hatchling prosauropod from the Late Triassic of Argentina, means mouse, was tiny

amphicoelous

A vertebra with sockets 9cavities) in the centrum both anteriorly and posteriorly

The name Theropoda is misleading. in latin, the name means "......foot", but the feet of dinosaurs in this group are actually more similar to.......

A.mammal/birds

Vulcanodon

An Early Jurassic prosauropod from southern Africa (named after Vulcanus, the Roman god)

prosauropod

Large, erect, quadrupedal, omnivore, herb, or carn. hands and feet, claw

Hypeselosaurs

Late Cretaceous sauropodia from Europe, means high

Prosauropods lived during the:

Late Triassic & Early Jurassic and so are some of the oldest dinosaurs, representing the firs tevolutionary diversification of plant-eating dinosaurs

carnosaur

Carnivores, Bipedal, Longer limbs, Grasping Arms, - 3 fingers, arge Eyes

diplodocoid

Diplodocoidea is a superfamily of sauropod dinosaurs, which included some of the longest animals of all time, including slender giants like Supersaurus, Diplodocus, Apatosaurus, and Amphicoelias.

Theropoda

Direct Bird Ancestors, bipedal,

Sauropod dinosaurs first appeared in the

Late Triassic and Early Jurassic and so are some of the oldest dinosaurs, representing the first evolutionary diversification of plant-eating dinosaurs

Oviraptor

Lived in the late Cretaceous; name means "Egg Thief", from asia

Camarasaurus

Lived in the late Jurassic; name means "Chambered Lizard"