Gotta help a sister out

A key financial advantage the British government enjoyed over French rulers in the eighteenth century was a. Britain's capacity to borrow large sums of money at low rates of interest. b. a lower total amount of British government debt. c. a strong policy against state borrowing of any kind in Britain. d. no real curbs on state borrowing in France. e. the abolishment of the Bank of England's influence in economic matters.

A

All of the following are correct about trade and commerce in the eighteenth century except a. international trade had become greater than trade within Europe. b. trade within Europe was still greater than overseas trade. c. there was a dramatic increase in trade between European nations and their colonies. d. the Atlantic trade contributed to the growth of European cities. e. overseas trade let to the growth of related industries, such as textile manufacturing.

A

Catherine the Great of Russia a. followed a successful policy of expansion against the Turks. b. instigated enlightened reforms for the peasantry after the revolt of Emelyn Pugachev. c. weakened the nobility with her extensive enlightened reforms. d. successfully eliminated the power of the Duma. e. established a permanent political and military alliance with revolutionary France.

A

During the eighteenth century, Spain a. was temporarily rejuvenated by the reforms of Philip V. b. continued to decline as its empire in the west collapsed. c. fought a series of successful wars against France. d. became an international power again with its surprise attack on Florida and Cuba. e. lost all of its American colonies.

A

Enlightened absolutism in the eighteenth century a. could never completely overcome the political and social realities of the time. b. was most successful in the strengthening of domestic diplomatic practices. c. successfully undermined the interests of the European nobility. d. was unable to implement legal reforms in many European states. e. was such a general failure that divine right monarchy soon replaced it.

A

Europe's unequal social organization in the eighteenth century was a. determined by the division of society into traditional orders. b. deemed contrary to Christian teaching. c. least apparent in Prussia. d. abolished in Britain by Parliament in opposition to the king. e. became dramatically more equal as the century progressed.

A

The Treaty of Paris, which concluded the Seven Years' War a. forced France to withdraw from India, leaving it to Great Britain. b. left France with the strongest navy in the world. c. forced William Pitt the Elder to remove British troops from North America. d. left France in control of Canada. e. required that Prussia return Silesia to Austria.

A

A continuing trend throughout eighteenth-century Prussia was a. the uncontrollable growth of the royal state bureaucracy. b. the social and military dominance of the Junker nobility. c. an avoidance of military entanglements, especially under Frederick the Great. d. social mobility for the peasants through the civil service. e. the emergence of the bourgeoisie as the dominant class of society.

B

A key financial innovation of the eighteenth century was a. the creation of insurance policies. b. the circulation of paper banknotes compensating for a lack of coinage. c. international currency markets and arbitrage speculation. d. deficit spending by enlightened monarchs to pay for vital government reforms. e. the increased use of specie in preference to less reliable paper money.

B

At the beginning of the eighteenth century, a. the old order was under severe attack. b. the old order still remained strong. c. republicanism was in ascendant. d. enlightened absolutism had proved to be a failure. e. democracy was spreading.

B

Emelyn Pugachev is noted in Russian history for a. leading a successful rebellion among the peasantry. b. causing greater repression of the peasantry due to his unsuccessful rebellion. c. leading the Russian army in its capture of Turkish lands. d. the assassination of Catherine the Great. e. his successful democratic reforms.

B

European diplomacy during the eighteenth century was predicated on the idea that a. sea power was the basis of real power. b. in a balance of power, one state should not achieve dominance over another. c. a country's empire determined its greatness. d. the charisma of a ruler determined a country's success in foreign policy. e. the largest army always wins.

B

European society in the eighteenth century witnessed a. a pattern developing of marriage at earlier ages for brides and grooms. b. the continued dominance of the nuclear family. c. the declining importance of the woman in the "family economy." d. rapidly declining rates of illegitimate births and a consequent decline in infanticide due to stringent laws prohibiting either. e. the growth of the extended family.

B

In a sincere effort to reform his domains typical of enlightened rulers, the Austrian emperor Joseph II issued a. three new court circulars on improved operations for the imperial bureaucracy. b. 6,000 decrees and 11,000 new laws. c. 150 new ranks of imperial bureaucrats. d. at least 350 imperial decrees for the reform of judicial practice in Hungary. e. an edict separating the Austrian government from any connection with the Catholic Church.

B

Speaking of politics in during the Enlightenment, Frederick the Great of Prussia said, "the fundamental rule of governments is the principle of a. respecting new human rights." b. extending their territories." c. combating church fanaticism." d. raising taxes to meet all military needs of state spending." e. extending political and social rights to the majority."

B

The country house of the English noble a. was secondary in importance to his or her London townhouse. b. although architecturally varied, was often influenced by the Italian, Andrea Palladio. c. reflected the growing dominance of rural males in the eighteenth century. d. replaced the grand tour as the main venue for educating the young in proper manners and refinement. e. were invariably modeled on the Palace of Versailles.

B

The domestic system of industrial production in Flanders and England became known as the a. manorial system. b. cottage system. c. mercantile system. d. laissez-faire. e. the putting-in system.

B

A favorite type of private charity supported by the rich in eighteenth-century Europe was a. the dowry fund for poor women. b. neighborhood confraternities to support social welfare programs. c. foundling homes for poor and abandoned children. d. church schools to teach the poor obedience to authority. e. the establishment of safe retreats for prostitutes desiring to leave their profession.

C

All of the following contributed to the growth of population in the second half of the eighteenth century except a. a decline in the death rate. b. new crops from America such as corn and potatoes. c. the end of typhus and smallpox. d. the end of the bubonic plague. e. an increase in women who married during their child-bearing years.

C

As prime minister of Great Britain, Robert Walpole a. used the military to further Britain's world empire. b. was forced to follow closely the policies of George I and George II. c. pursued a peaceful foreign policy to avoid new land taxes. d. was a great advocate of Empire. e. abolished the House of Lords.

C

During the eighteenth century, the idea of Divine Right a. remained a strong basis for government. b. was gradually replaced by more republican ideas concerning government. c. was replaced by the idea of "enlightened absolutism" justified by utilitarian arguments. d. was best exemplified by the reign of Joseph II of Austria. e. disappeared with the death of Louis XIV in 1715.

C

Enlightenment political thought advanced the concept of human natural rights including all of the following except a. equality before the law. b. the right to assemble. c. freedom from taxation. d. freedom of worship. e. freedom of speech and the press.

C

European warfare in the eighteenth century was characterized by a. the continued reliance on mercenary armies on the mainland. b. ideological fervor leading to bloody battles. c. limited objectives and elaborate maneuvers. d. massive direct confrontations and pitched battles. e. extensive trench warfare and many military casualties.

C

Labeled as "one of the most enlightened monarchs of his age" and among the most successful inwresting power away from the nobility was a. Charles III of Spain. b. Joseph II of Austria. c. Gustavus III of Sweden. d. Frederick William I of Prussia. e. George III of Great Britain.

C

New European attitudes toward children are made visible in all of the following except a. changes in the ordinary clothing of children. b. the production of more games and toys for children. c. a reinforcement of the custom of primogeniture. d. the great interest of lower-class mothers in breast-feeding infants. e. childhood being viewed more and more as a special phase in human

C

Politically, the period from 1715 to 1789 witnessed a. the rise of the masses in politics as advocated by the philosophes. b. the waning of monarchical power. c. the continuing process of centralization in the development of nation-state. d. "enlightened absolutism" establish its deepest roots in France. e. a decline in bureaucratic structures and more laissez-faire types of government.

C

The Diplomatic Revolution resulted when Maria Theresa of Austria refused to recognize the loss of a. Hungary, and fought the Spanish. b. Galicia, and took on the Bohemians. c. Silesia, and gained a French alliance. d. Bosnia, and allied herself defensively with England. e. Venice, and invaded Italy.

C

The European peasantry in the eighteenth century a. comprised nearly half of Europe's population. b. was free from serfdom in all countries by 1789. c. often owed extensive compulsory services to aristocratic landowners. d. benefited the most in southern Italy and eastern Germany. e. disappeared in England because of the Industrial Revolution.

C

The dismemberment of Poland in the late eighteenth century a. occurred after decades of warfare between its neighbors. b. was reversed by the successful rebellion of General Kosciuszko. c. showed the necessity of a strong, centralized monarchy to defend a state in the period. d. resulted from the Polish king's repeated insults and attacks on his neighbors. e. was reversed as the result of the Council of Berlin.

C

The improvements in agricultural practices and methods in eighteenth-century Europe occurred primarily in a. France. b. the Netherlands. c. Britain. d. Russia. e. Prussia.

C

The problem of poverty in eighteenth-century Europe was a. most severe in Great Britain, a country lacking a system of poor relief. b. solved largely through the efforts of private and religious charities. c. aggravated by the hostile feelings of government officials toward the poor. d. solved in France in the 1770's through massive royal public works projects. e. entirely the result of the Industrial Revolution.

C

Which of the following cities did not benefit significantly from eighteenth century Atlantic trade? a. Bordeaux b. Marseilles c. Rome d. Lisbon e. Liverpool

C

Which of the following countries did not participate in the partition of Poland: a. Austria b. Prussia c. England d. Russia e. a and c

C

Which of the following statements best describes eighteenth-century European cities? a. They were remarkably cleaner than the medieval city. b. They were decreasing dramatically in population. c. They were still filthy and lacked proper sanitation. d. They were becoming more democratic in their government. e. They were becoming politically and legally independent of monarchical control.

C

Which of the following statements concerning the Seven Years' War is correct? a. Its immediate origins can be traced to the failure of Frederick II's Pragmatic Sanction. b. The French defeated the British in India due to their superior forces. c. With the Treaty of Paris ending the war, Britain became the world's greatest colonial power. d. The continuation of rivalries from the War of the Austrian Succession led to Prussia's overwhelming victory in the European theater. e. It immediately led to the French Revolution.

C

All of the following were persistent trends in the upper-class eighteenth-century European family except a. childhood being viewed more and more as a special phase in human development. b. the use of wet nurses. c. the decline in the total number of children per family. d. children often removed from foundling homes and boarded at state and municipal workshops. e. the use of a variety of birth control

D

By the eighteenth century, the Dutch Republic a. established a system of male democracy. b. saw the power of the oligarchy considerably reduced. c. continued its great economic prosperity of the sixteenth century. d. suffered a decline in economic prosperity. e. permanently expelled the House of Orange.

D

European population growth in the second half of the eighteenth century a. saw all of the great powers grow in population except Russia. b. occurred despite increased death and infant mortality rates. c. was due to the absence of famines and elimination of most major diseases. d. was nearly double the rate of the first half of the century. e. in fact declined because of increased urbanization which resulted in increased unsanitary conditions.

D

France in the eighteenth century a. thrived under the strong leadership of Louis XV and Louis XVI. b. suffered from severe economic depression throughout the century. c. was torn apart by a series of civil wars. d. lost an empire while acquiring a huge public debt. e. brought back the Estates General during the reign of Louis XV.

D

Frederick the Great of Prussia a. was one of the most cultured monarchs of the eighteenth century. b. increased Prussian territory. c. reduced the size of the Prussian military. d. a and b e. all of the above

D

Political developments in eighteenth-century Great Britain included a. the monarchy losing its few remaining powers to Parliament. b. the redistribution of boroughs to make the electoral system for the House of Commons more fair. c. William Pitt the Younger's corrupt power leading to calls for popular reform. d. discontent over the loss of the American colonies during the reign of George III. e. the separation of the Church of England from state involvement.

D

The Austrian Empire under Joseph II a. reversed the enlightened reforms of Joseph's mother, Maria Theresa. b. rescinded all of Hungary's privileges. c. saw the nobility's power permanently stripped away. d. witnessed general discontent due to Joseph's enlightened but radical reforms. e. saw Austria turn away from any sort of Enlightened Despotism.

D

The Grand Tour a. saw French aristocrats travel through Britain to learn good manners and observe a modern economy. b. avoided Italy as it diverted young men from the tour's education goals in northern Europe. c. was greatly facilitated by more convenient forms of personal travel in the eighteenth century. d. generally completed the proper education of an aristocrat's sons. e. was reserved for ambitious members of the Bourgeoisie.

D

The enlightened legal reforms expressed by Catherine the Great in her Instruction a. succeeded in abolishing serfdom in all of Russia. b. succeeded in establishing an equal system of law for all Russian citizens. c. instigated changes in Russian government that sapped the power of the old nobility. d. accomplished little due to heavy opposition and were soon forgotten. e. abolished three-fourths of the Russian army.

D

The special legal privileges of the European nobility included all of the following except: a. judgment by peers. b. immunity from severe punishment. c. exemptions from most forms of taxation. d. guarantees against becoming poor. e. access to military and civil offices.

D

By the eighteenth century, the largest European city in terms of population was a. Berlin b. Paris c. St. Petersburg d. Amsterdam e. London

E

Of the great European powers in the eighteenth century, the only one not to possess a standing army and to rely on mercenaries was a. Prussia. b. Austria. c. Russia. d. France. e. Great Britain.

E

The War of the Austrian Succession a. was limited only to Habsburg territory. b. made the Prussian king ruler of Austria. c. was fought between Austria and France, with France gaining Silesia. d. was resolved with the peace treaty of Paris. e. was fought between Austria and Prussia, with Prussia gaining Silesia.

E

The reign of Louis XVI was predominantly concerned with a. solving the government's debt. b. establishing a strict code of moral behavior throughout France. c. regaining the empire lost in the Seven Years' War. d. working cooperatively with the Estates General. e. a ludicrous attention to intrigues at court.

E

Under the reign of Frederick William I, Prussia a. saw the size of its army diminish. b. reduced the size and scope of government. c. witnessed nobles dominate important administrative posts. d. failed to establish an efficient civil bureaucracy. e. became a highly centralized European state.

E