Gov ch 6,7,8
plurality system
(sometimes called the winner take all system) discourages minor parties by reducing their chances of winning anything even if they perform well by minor-party standards
In a property drawn sample with a 3-percent sample error, 20 percent of 1,000 respondents indicate they intend to vote for a ballot measure. This means that there is a high probability that between ____ percent of all voters actually plan to vote for the ballot measure.
17 and 23
What percentage of voters today cast a split ticket?
20 percent
According to the Department of Labor, roughly ____ percent of Americans participate in volunteer activities annually.
25
What percentage of party activists work within local political party organizations?
95
Which of the following statements about negative ads and negative campaigning are true?
Abraham Lincoln was the target of insulting comments about his appearance during election campaigns. Negative campaigning in presidential elections was used as long ago as when Thomas Jefferson ran for office.
Where in American politics is the impact of public opinion felt most clearly?
Congress
Representatives who act in response to what constituents say they want
Delegates
True or false: Local party organizations are stronger today than they were in the days of the political machines.
False
True or false: Since 1968 the Republican Party has been weaker at the national level than it was in the decades after the Great Depression.
False
True or false: The Internet has overtaken television as the principal medium of election politics.
False
Which two political parties were competing during the first party system?
Federalists Democratic-Republicans
Ideology
General belief about the role and purpose of government
Which of the following are examples of the affect economic class has on political opinion?
Income levels affect Americans' opinions on some policy issues. Welfare assistance has higher support among lower-income Americans than higher-income Americans.
As compared to television, ____ have greater control over the message on the Internet.
Individual users
What purpose does party competition serve in American politics?
It allows groups of voters to act in unison It narrows down options for voters.
How did the Supreme Court rule on the Indiana law requiring citizens to obtain a government-issued voter identification card in order to vote?
It upheld the Indiana law.
Which of the following place limits on government officials' ability to govern according to public opinion?
Many people support policies that are inconsistent with each other. Many people have opinions on issues they know a little about. Few people are well-informed and public affairs.
The mass killings at Marjory Stoneman Douglass High School resulted in which of the following?
March for Our Lives demonstrations National School Walkout Day
Which of the following states have closed/partially closed primaries?
Nevada, Florida, North Carolina
Who led the impassioned plea for tougher gun control measures after the Parkland shooting?
Parkland students
Populism
Political philosophy expressing support for greater economic equality and for traditional social values
The strongest reform party in U.S. history was the
Progressive Party
Which statement best describes the prevalent view of the public concerning protest activists in the United States?
Protest activity should be tolerated
Which of the following arguments drew large support for passing the Twenty-Sixth Amendment, granting eighteen-year-olds the right to vote?
Since eighteen-year-olds were eligible for the draft, they should also be able to vote.
Which of the following voting blocks was largely noteable for its migration to the Republican Party during the 1980s?
Southern whites
What is the reason that some scholars think we have moved into a new party alignment?
The Republican Party has become stronger in the South and the Democratic Party has become stronger in the Northeast.
party competition
The battle of the parties for control of public offices. Ups and downs of the two major parties are one of the most important elements in American politics.
When a realignment in the electorate occurs, which of the following occurs?
The parties reorganize themselves.
Socialization
The tendency of people to pay more attention to issues highlighted in the media
Democratic voters tend to live in which of the following regions?
West Coast, northern Midwest, Northeast
What attitude is described in Arlie Russell Hoscgild's "Strangers in Their Own Land?"
Working-class whites blame working-class minorities and immigrants for their failure to realize the American dream.
Current election laws in the United States favor
a two-party system
Compared to non-Hispanic white Americans, blacks and Hispanics are more likely to support which of the following programs?
affirmative action economic policies for the poor
Which of the following terms refers to a feeling of powerlessness, such as that rooted in the belief that government pays no attention to an individual's interests?
alienation
In order to have the best chance to win in a two-party system, political parties normally
align themselves near the middle of the voting spectrum
Which of the following refers to a total lack of interest, such as a lack of interest in politics?
apathy
How can Americans participate virtually in politics?
by using resources and joining discussions on the internet
Today's political campaigns rely on which of the following to be successful?
campaign strategists media producers pollsters
political consultants
campaign strategists, pollsters, media producers, and fundraising and get-out-the-vote specialists, the key operatives in today's campaigns
Research indicates that when public opinion changes on major political issues, public policy tends to
change in the same direction.
The socialization process results in schemas, or frames of reference, that
citizens use to evaluate common issues and developments help in forming a common cause
People who believe that citizens are to participate in political affairs are likely to describe voting as an exercise in
civic duty
Over 70 percent of Americans' political participation via community activities takes place in which of the following?
civic organizations school-related groups church-related groups
Which of these groups vote at above average rates?
college- educated individuals upper- income Americans
Which of the following are the dominant ideologies in the United States?
conservatism liberalism
One characteristic of political socialization is that its effects are
cumulative.
The most important minor parties in the 20th century have been ____ parties.
factional
Third parties that break off from one of the two dominant parties are known as
factional parties
Trump era congressional Republicans opinion (and policy support) regarding what issue is particularly representative of how abrupt shifts in opinion can change the boundaries of acceptable action?
free trade
Citizens who are party identifiers have ____ levels of voter turnout rates than those who identify as independent.
higher
Which group of Americans have the highest level of voter participation?
highest 20 percent of income earners
party centered
in the sense that the Republican and Democratic parties compete across the country election after election
The rise of candidate-centered campaigns has
increased the importance of money in political campaigns. made it easier for political newcomers to win high office.
Which of the following are ways that American children are taught patriotism in schools?
learning to admire the Founding Fathers reciting the Pledge of Allegiance
Which of the following groups has the highest rate of voter turnout?
middle-aged people from the upper class
hard money
money given directly to a candidate's day can be spent as he or she chooses
Although state parties do not work full time, they are ____ likely time have full-time employees than local parties.
more
Recent studies of party identification have concluded that it is
more fluid than previously believed.
The highlighting of candidates' attributes is called
packaging
A recent political parties have emerged whenever democracy has been established is that
political parties provide individuals a way to join together in order to exercise their collective influence.
What is the process by which we develop our political values and opinions?
political socialization
Which method of sampling gives everyone in a population an equal chance of being interviewed?
random sampling
Direction
refers to whether people have a pro or con position on an issue
Which type of third party arises from a belief that partisan politics is a corrupting influence that needs to be changed?
reform parties
Trustees
representatives who take their constituents desires into account when taking positions on policy issues, but do not always do exactly as their constituents wish
In a public opinion poll, a ______ is a portion of the ____ .
sample; population
What is the degree accuracy of a public opinion poll called?
sampling error
Differences in which of the following are factors that influence voter participation.
sense of duty, age, education
Third parties formed to promote a stance on a particular issue as known as
single-issue parties
Harvard's Robert Putnam refers to the sum of face-to-face civic interactions among citizens that contribute to a sense of community and civic cooperation in a society as
social capital
On a ____, citizens vote for candidates from different parties.
split ticket
Unlike participation through interest groups or political parties, participation in political movements
takes place largely outside established institutions.
What Iaw did Congress enact in 1993 that required states to allow people to register to vote when applying for a driver's license or public assistance?
the Motor Voter Act
What sparked the Black Lives Matter movement?
the killing of unarmed young black men by police officers
What is the key to a poll's accuracy?
the size of the sample
How did many of the founders of the United States view political parties?
they viewed political parties with suspicion
America's plurality, or winner-take-all, system of electing candidates works to the disadvantage of
third parties.
Why do pollsters rely most on the scientific method of random sampling?
to ensure that everyone has an equal chance of being included in the sample
Which of the following are roles that national political parties have?
to raise money for presidential campaigns to raise money for congressional campaigns to seek media coverage of party positions and activities
Suffrage is the right to
vote
Which of the following results from a high frequency of elections, such as having primary, general, and referenda elections?
voter fatigue
What is another name for the plurality system?
winner-take-all system
The United States' voter turnout rate in presidential elections tends to hover around ____ percent.
60
The most electorally successful factional party in U.S. history was the
Bull Moose Party
Support for poverty programs is highest among which religious denominations?
Catholics and Jews
Even if a third party candidate fails to win an election, the candidate has still done which of the following to help the third party succeed?
Drawn attention to an issue previously ignored by the two major candidates. Encouraged the major parties to address issues introduced by the third party.
Which two candidates for president lost in overwhelming landslides in part because they diverged too far from the middle of the ideological spectrum?
George McGovern Barry Goldwater
linkage institutions
Institutions that connect citizens to government. The mass media, interest groups, and political parties are the three main linkage institutions.
____ refers to the selection of the individual who will run as the party's candidate in the general election.
Nomination
What problem has recently arisen and using telephone polling?
Nonresponse rates have increased sharply.
Libertarianism
Political philosophy that supports individual liberty in both social and economic areas of life.
Which party benefited from the 1896 realignment, which was triggered by an economic depression following a banking crisis under President Grover Cleveland
Republican Party
party coalition
The groups and interests that support a political party.
voter turnout
The proportion of persons of voting age who actually vote in a given election - 60% in presidential elections and 40% in midterm congressional elections
Which of the following are true of grassroots parties?
They are open to all citizens. They operate at the local level.
Which of the following are distinct disadvantages of the rise of candidate-centered campaigns?
They provide opportunities for powerful interest groups to donate money to candidates. They make it easier for officeholders to deny responsibility for government actions.
True or false: Americans are often inconsistent in their government policy references.
True
True or false: Voter turnout decreased in the United States once states enacted registration laws around 1900.
True
Generally, protests ____ have not been popular in the U.S.
against U.S. military action
The political socialization process takes place through ____ of socialization.
agents
Which of the following best describes the voting electorate after the expansion of voting right during the era of Jacksonian democracy?
all white makes
Although party organizations still manage many tasks related to elections, the lead role in elections now lies with the
candidate.
Because of the increasing cost of political campaigns,
candidates must constantly work to raise funds.
In general, Americans who believe that the government should use its power to promote traditional values are
cultural conservatives
When does the process of political socialization begin?
early childhood
Research indicates that peer influence can
encourage those without strong opinions to conform to the group.
Which of the following factors are said to adversely affect voter turnout in United States?
frequent elections voter registration laws
The Tea Party movement did not support which of the following policies?
government subsidies for health insurance higher taxes
The socialization process results in schemas, or frames of reference, that
help in forming a common cause. citizens use to evaluate issues and developments.
Political parties began to emerge in the United States
in spite of many of the founding fathers' mistrust of them.
Although some people believe it is insignificant, which of the following may result if IDs are not required for voting?
increased fraud
Which of the following has the lowest voting rates?
independents
For a movement to succeed, it must
institutionalize it's goals
political participation
involvement in activities intended to influence public policy and leadership
Americans' opinions about politics are reformed in large measure through which of the following frames of reference?
leaning toward particular ideologies identifying with political parties
In general, protest activity is ____ common in the United States than in many Western democracies.
less
As compared to other democracies, how likely are Americans to contribute time and money to political and community organizations?
more likely
Who oversees the day-to-day operations of the political party's national organization?
national chair
Which of the following to policymakers rely on when they want to develop and implement policies that reflect the views of the public?
opinion polls
Free societies thrive on the ____ of citizens in the civic and political life of their communities.
participation
single-issue parties
parties formed around a lone issue of overriding interest to their followers, what most minor parties formed from
Economic conservatism
political philosophy that believes that the free market should dictate the workings of the economy
Which ideology supports greater economic equality but holds traditional views on social issues?
populism
A permanent shift in party allegiances or electoral support is known as a party
realignment.
Voting for a candidate's past performance rather than future promises is an example of what is called ____ voting.
retrospective
Party identification can affect ____ perception, The process whereby people choose from incoming information those elements that support the things they already believe.
selective
Today, political candidates tend to
set up and run their own campaign organizations
The in-party's chances of staying in power has historically depended primarily on
the condition of the economy
air wars
the term that political scientist Darrell West applies to candidates' use of televised ads
According to recent pause, which of the following are men much more likely to support than women?
the use of military force
Primaries in which candidates of both parties are on the same ballot and the top-two finishers compete in the general election are called.
top-two
Americans participate more in politics than do citizens of other Western democracies except in which of the following activities?
turning out to vote on Election Day
The U.S. government functions as a(n) ____ system.
two-party
closed primary
A primary in which only registered members of a particular political party can vote
Which of the following explain why Europeans with less education and income vote at higher rates in their countries than their American counterparts?
Americans face more voter registration requirements. Class-based European organizations encourage participation.
The Civil War triggered a party realignment. What were the two major parties following this realignment period?
Democratic Party and Republican Party
Opponents of voter ID laws tend to be
Democrats.
primary electon (direct primary)
Gives control of nominations to the voters, the candidate with the most votes in a party's primary gets its nomination for the general election
Saliency
How important people think an issue is compared to others
Which of the following refers to how strongly people feel about their position on an issue - for example, "very important" or "not important at all."
Intensity
Economic liberalism
Political philosophy that believes governments should aid those in need
To date, what is the most successful of the recent political movements?
The Tea Party movement
True or false: the accuracy of a poll is reduced when respondents express an opinion or an issue even though they have not thought about the issue before.
True
rapid response
a tactic through which modern production techniques enable well-funded candidates to get new ads on the air within a few hours' time, which allows them to rebut attacks and exploit fast-breaking developments
public opinion poll
designed to estimate the views or sentiments of the public
The Black Lives Matter movement has sought, primarily, to highlight
disparities in local officials' treatment of black and white citizens.
In general, Americans who believe that the government should not interfere with the free market are
economic conservatives.
The text explores which three major frames of reference through which Americans evaluate political developments?
ideological learnings, partisanship, group attachments
Generally, secondary agents of socialization are more important
later in life.
Which of the following lawmakers were the original targets of the Tea Party movement?
lawmarkers who supported federal spending and higher taxes
Which of the following characteristics of political campaigns have undergone change?
length of the campaign focus of the campaign amount of money required
Which of the following tactics were used to disenfranchise blacks in the post Civil War south despite the passage of the 15th amendment?
literacy tests publicized list of voters
The difference in the age of participating voters is more pronounced in
midterm congressional elections
To date, the Internet has proven itself to be better than television as a medium for
mobilizing supporters fundraising
When people grow up in a neighborhood that is diverse, due to cross cutting, they are more likely to develop ____ political opinions.
moderate
In the United States, political opinions are affiliated more with _____ than income.
occupation
Which of the following ranks the amount of media coverage of candidates from highest to lowest?
presidential candidates, Senate candidates, House candidates
proportional representative system
seats in the legislature are allocated according to a party's percentage of the popular vote, it is what most European democracies use
In what area has virtual participation been a tangible asset for political campaigns?
small-donor fundraising
In terms of political socialization, which of the following is considered a primary agent?
the family
How many major political parties are there in the United States today?
two
State parties are involved with which of the following activities?
voter registration. Election of U.S. senators.
The proportion of eligible adult citizens who actually vote in a given election is known as
voter turnout
Which of the following age groups' political views are most likely to be influenced when a major political development occurs, such as war or economic depression?
young people
Organizations that nominate and seek to elect candidates to government office are known as
political parties.
Which of the following statements describes how U.S. campaigns are both party centered and candidate centered?
Candidates organize their own campaigns. The same parties are represented nationwide.
Which of the following statements about televised debates in presidential campaigns are true?
The are usually part of presidential campaigns.
Which of the following sum up the various functions of political consultants?
advising on how to run a successful campaign production of promotional materials gathering voter opinions
The overlap between groups has ____ in America's residential neighborhoods and workplaces.
diminished
candidate centered
individual candidates devise their own strategies, choose their own issues, and form their own campaign organizations
What is a social or political movement?
a way for disenchanted citizens to voice their displeasure with government policy
In order to raise enough funds for their campaigns, political candidates raise money from all of the following groups except
state governments
Which political party has been known for its advancement of civil rights and expansion of social welfare programs?
the Democratic Party
Which amendment to the Constitution granted women the right to vote in the United States?
the Nineteenth Amendment
money chase
A term used to describe the fact that U.S. campaigns are very expensive and candidates must spend a great amount of time raising funds in order to compete successfully.
factional parties
most important minor parties of the 20th century, resulted rom a split within one of the major parties
A(n) ____ primary election is one in which any registered voter, regardless of party affiliation, may vote.
open
The groups and interests that support a political party are collectively referred to as a
party coalition
Our tendency to grow up as Democrats or Republicans is often established by
family
Realignments involve
the emergence of unusually powerful and diverse issues an election contest or contests in which the voters shift their partisan support an enduring change in the parties' policies and conditions
Which of the following statements about political and community leaders are true?
The president has the greatest influence on public opinion. Their influence depends on their standing with the public. They influence people's opinions.
Senior citizens in the United States have a ____ rate of voter turnout than under the age of 30 do.
much higher
A state that permits all registered voters, regardless of party affiliation, to vote in a primary election has what type of primary system.
open
Through various methods of random ____ , pollsters attempt to select a subset of the population that is representative of the population's views.
sampling
Of the following factors, which has the greatest influence on people's political opinions?
their partisan loyalty
True or false: Americans in the lowest 20 percent of income earners have the highest levels of participation in the United States.
False
What usually happens after a third party is relatively successful in attracting votes during a U.S. national election?
One or both major parties will try to co-opt the issue or issues that made the third party successful.
The Occupy Wall Street movement was aimed predominantly at which issue?
income inequality, it was sparked by anger at the government's bailout of the financial industry and its failure to hold bankers accountable for their role in the financial crisis that occurred in 2008.
sampling error (accuracy of a poll)
is expressed as a plus-or-minus percentage.
Which of the following are primary socializing agents for children that can have a formative influence on children's beliefs?
school, religion, family
Which of the following groups are currently most of the Democratic coalition?
union members African Americans 18-29 year olds
Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between income and political participation in the United States?
Higher-income citizens are the most active because they have the resources to participate effectively.
Which of the following statements describe the relationship between political leaders and political opinion?
When public opinion changes on a major issue, political leaders tend to change their positions in the direction of the opinion change. Because they think public opinion is important, political leaders persuade the public to support the policies they wish to pursue.
When does a national committee defer to the president to chose a national chair?
When the party controls the White House
single-member district
each constituency elects a single member to a particular office such as a U.S. senator or state representative; the candidate with the most votes (the plurality) in a district wins the office
median voter theorem
if there are two parties, the parties can maximize their vote only if they position themselves at the location of the median voter- the voter whose preferences are exactly in the middle