Governing the Republic

Give an example of a difference between a consul and a tyrant/king.

A consul had limits on his term while a king did not. A consul also had a co-consul with whom he had to split his powers and duties while a king ruled alone.

Briefly explain why Rome's constitution is considered to be "mixed", rather than "pure".

A mixed constitution continues elements of the monarchical, the aristocratic, and the democratic working in concert to govern the state.

The Senate had the constitutionally-granted power to pass binding legislation. True False

False

Which of the following is a Punic War hero who flouted convention by commanding an army and winning the consulship under the usual age? Regulus Scipio Africanus Fabius Maximus Varro

Scipio Africanus

Why do you think Republican regulations against despotism among its magistrates might have been ineffective for magistrates serving as provincial commanders in the field?

The Senate had no meaningful oversight over consuls and praetors serving as provincial commanders. This had always been the case: within Rome, magistrates were limited by various formal conventions and informal conventions (like the veto power of the tribune), but in the field, their power was practically unlimited. After the Punic Wars, however, with the provinces being at even greater distances, commanders became able to extend their command for long periods, with increasing opportunities for exploitation. Provincial performance began to be publicly evaluated in the 2nd century BCE, but, as we shall see, this was also largely ineffective and open to corruption.

How might the Senate coerce magistrates to conform to its will? Mark all correct. by refusing to allocate an important task to a magistrate by encouraging a tribune of the plebs to veto a measure by declaring religious fault in a magistrate's actions by refusing to grant a victorious general a triumph by refusing to fund a magistrate's projects by casting a magistrate into political isolation by refusing to extend a magistracy after its term

all are correct

Why, according to Polybius, might a consul require the Senate's approval to go on a military campaign? because the Senate can withhold the consul's triumph if he is successful all of the above because it is the Senate that would provide the necessary funds to maintain the army because the Senate has the capacity to prolong a term of office in case the campaign runs long

all of the above

Which of the following might result in the expulsion of a senator from the Roman Senate? Mark all correct. there was no way to expel a senator once he had been enrolled by the censor being convicted of a crime being convicted of some moral failing by the censors a vote of the people demanding the senator's removal losing an important battle or otherwise jeopardizing Rome's security from foreign enemies

being convicted of a crime being convicted of some moral failing by the censors

List the hierarchy of offices in the Roman Republic, from highest to lowest. highest second highest third highest lowest consul aedile or tribune of the plebs quaestor praetor

consul praetor aedile or tribune of the plebs quaestor

Match the following Republican offices with the correct statement: consul praetor aedile tribune of the plebs quaestor

consul: highest office in the Republic praetor: lesser military commands and legal jurisdiction aedile: in charge of temple matinence, markets, and city facilities tribune of the plebs: rep of plebs on a board of ten quaestor: lowest office on the cursus honorum; treasury and admin official

To what groups in the system of Roman governance do these three elements correspond? despotic aristocratic democratic the People the consuls the Senate

despotic - the consuls aristocratic - the Senate democratic - the People

Which of the following were powers granted to the Senate? Mark all correct: extending magistracies where necessary awarding triumphs to successful commanders proposing laws serving as the jury in death penalty cases allocating funds to magistracies advising the people and magistrates on courses of action overseeing the distribution of free grain to poor Romans declaring war on foreign enemies

extending magistracies where necessary awarding triumphs to successful commanders allocating funds to magistracies advising the people and magistrates on courses of action

According to Polybius, the Republic: is easily categorized as aristocratic has 3 elements, each with ruling power is easily categorized as democratic cannot be explained by political theory

has 3 elements, each with ruling power

Which of the following was the usual prerequisite for admission to the Roman Senate? holding office having at least one ancestor who had become consul owning land of a certain size military service of at least 5 years paying a sum of money equivalent to the cost of 10 horses

holding office

What system was put in place to prevent individuals like Scipio Africanus from seeking extraordinary offices by popular mandate alone? competency exams which were required of all office holders laws that regulated the cursus honorum with minimum ages and restrictions on holding the same office multiple times strict laws that prevented the eldest sons of successful consuls from holding the same office within twenty years the restriction of voting for public offices to plebeians and those under the age of 50

laws that regulated the cursus honorum with minimum ages and restrictions on holding the same office multiple times

The term of office for a Roman senator was: 5 years 10 years lifetime 1 year

lifetime

The word "senate" is etymologically connected to the Latin word that means: old man fatherhood experience sitting

old man

Which of the following are examples of "despotic" powers that Polybius attributes to the consuls? Mark all correct answers. power over life and death while in command of an army capacity to initiate legislation supremacy over all other magistrates capacity to abolish the Senate power over life and death in Rome capacity to disregard vetos brought by the tribunes of the plebs hereditary command (a consul can only be made by birth) capacity to summon meetings and assemblies power to command an army

power over life and death while in command of an army capacity to initiate legislation supremacy over all other magistrates capacity to summon meetings and assemblies power to command an army

What does Polybius consider to be the most important function of the Roman people? to work the fields to elect magistrates to serve in the army to award honors and inflict punishments

to award honors and inflict punishments