GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS

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the world's population explosion

Sự bùng nổ dân số thế giới

an energy crisis

Sự khủng hoảng năng lượng

The widespread devastation

Sự lan rộng tàn phá

The development of road systems

Sự phát triển của hệ thống đường

The mass product on of something

Sự sản xuất hàng loạt của cái gì đó

The arrival of more innovative and unique buildings

Sự xuất hiện của nhiều toà nhà sáng tạo và độc nhất

The uniformity of a city

Sự đồng nhất của thành phố

boost a student's study performance

Tăng hiệu quả học tập của học sinh

create an unhealthy work environment

Tạo ra môi trường làm việc không tốt

compromise

Thoả hiệp After lengthy talks the two sides finally reached a compromise. In any relationship, you have to make compromises. a compromise solution/agreement/candidate

boost/promote productivity

Thúc đẩy năng suất lao động

a state of constant learning

Tinh thần không ngừng học hỏi

find a balance

Tìm kiếm sự cân bằng

a competitive personality

Tính cách cạnh tranh

Instil

Truyền dẫn (ý nghĩ, tình cảm...) cho, làm cho thấm nhuần dần instil something (in/into somebody) to instil confidence/discipline/fear into somebody instil somebody with something His father instilled him with a desire to fight injustice and corruption.

upper-class

Tầng lớp thuợng lưu middle-class lower-class

Charity organizations

Tổ chức từ thiện

charitable organizations

Tổ chức từ thiện

Traffic jams

Tắc đường

conceited and self-absorbed

Tự phụ và độc lập

overcome countless diffculties and try very hard to gain their wealth

Vượt qua nhiều khó khăn và nỗ lực rất nhiều để đạt được sự giàu có.

Jam

a situation in which it is difficult or impossible to move because there are so many people or vehicles in one particular place The bus was delayed in a five-mile jam. As fans rushed to leave, jams formed at all the exits. We were stuck in a jam for an hour.

To bear a greater financial burden

chịu gánh nặng tài chính cao hơn

To have longer life expectancy than before

có tuổi thọ dài hơn trước đó

dense = cramped (adj)

dày đặc

Monopoly (collocation)

effective, near, virtual | absolute, total | government, state | domestic, local, national create, establish, gain, get, secure, set up | keep, maintain, preserve, retain | lose | give sb, grant sb, guarantee sb Monopoly position

To shoulder much more responsibilities

gánh trên vai nhiều trách nhiệm hơn

To maintain their positions

giữ vững vị thế

To show off their social status or their wealth

khoe địa vị xã hội hay sự giàu có

To enhance people's appearance

làm đẹp vẻ bề ngoài

To give the city a more cosmopolitan atmosphere

mang lại cho thành phố bầu không khí dễ thích nghi cho mọi người trên thế giới

To sharpen their driving skills

nâng cao kĩ năng lái xe

To prevent large-scale monopoly

ngăn cản thế độc quyền theo quy mô lớn

Senior citizens

người dân lớn tuổi

Dominant brand names

nhãn hàng thịnh hành

Luxurious brands

nhãn hàng xa xỉ

altruism

/ˈæltruɪzəm/ lòng vị tha ​the fact of caring about the needs and happiness of other people and being willing to do things to help them, even if it brings no advantage to yourself Politicians are not necessarily motivated by pure altruism.

Cosmopolitan

/ˌkɑːzməˈpɑːlɪtən/thuộc) toàn thế giới; (thuộc) chủ nghĩa thế giới ​containing people of different types or from different countries, and influenced by their culture a cosmopolitan city/resort The club has a cosmopolitan atmosphere. Jamaica is a very cosmopolitan island.

persevere

/ˌpɜːrsəˈvɪr/ Kiên trì persevere (in something/in doing something) Despite a number of setbacks, they persevered in their attempts to fly around the world in a balloon. persevere (with something/somebody) She persevered with her violin lessons. You have to persevere with difficult students.

put a strain on

=Become a burden of

Preserve = maintain = protect something

Bảo vệ, bảo tồn

measures to ease the increasing congestion in

Biện pháp giảm thiểu tắc nghẽn ở...

a sense of rivalry

Cảm giác của sự ganh đua

Hard work does pay off

Chăm chỉ sẽ nhận được thành quả xứng đáng

To allow somebody to do something

Cho phép ai đó làm gì đó

To have the freedom to do something

Có sự tự do làm cái gì đó

To be responsible for something

Có trách nhiệm cho cái gì đó

Scope for creativity

Cơ hội cho sự sáng tạo ample, considerable, enormous, great, tremendous | limited have | allow (sb), give sb, leave (sb), offer (sb), provide (sb with) These courses give students more scope for developing their own ideas. | increase | cut down, reduce There is limited scope for creativity in my job.

Accommodate a growing population

Cung cấp chỗ ở cho sự tăng trưởng dân số

strive to be better

Cố gắng để tốt hơn

brings strife and destruction to societies

Dẫn đến sự xung đột và phá huỷ xã hội

Non-recyclable

Không tái chế được

unusable

Không thể dùng lại được

unrenewable

Không thể tái tạo lại

Residential areas

Khu vực dân cư

To be the main cause of something

Là nguyên nhân chính cho cái gì đó

Dispose of something

Làm giảm cái gì đó

Cause urban population to shrink

Làm giảm dân số đô thị

sabotage a person's relationships

Làm rạn nứt mối quán hệ cá nhân

To fulfill their personal preferences

Làm thoả mãn sở thích cá nhân

The natural habitats of wild animals

Môi trường sống tự nhiên của động vật

Make new purchases

Mua

Losses of lives and property

Mất đi sự sống và tài sản Suffer/cut/minimize

A sense of satisfaction and contentment

Một cảm giác hài lòng và mãn nguyện show/have

a positive attribute

Một nhân tố tích cực

people in need

Người cần sự giúp đỡ

highly competive employees

Nhân viên có suy nghĩ cạnh tranh cao

fossil fuels

Nhiên liệu hoá thạch

Nonstop demand for something

Nhu cầu không ngừng cho cái gì đó

deterrent

/dɪˈtɜːrənt/ Để ngăn cản, để ngăn chặn, để cản trở Làm nản lòng, làm nhụt chí, làm thoái chí Hopefully his punishment will act as a deterrent to others. a deterrent against cheating

conceited

/kənˈsiːtɪd/ being too proud of yourself and what you do a very conceited person It's very conceited of you to assume that your work is always the best.

Monioly

/məˈnɑːpəli/ (the complete control, possession or use of something; a thing that belongs only to one person or group and that other people cannot share Electricity, gas and water were considered to be natural monopolies. Managers do not have a monopoly on stress. A good education should not be the monopoly of the rich.

plague somebody

/pleɪɡ/ verb plague somebody/something (with something) to cause pain or trouble to somebody/something over a period of time Gây ra khó khăn, lo lắng cho ai đó to be plagued by doubt Financial problems are plaguing the company. The team has been plagued by injury this season. Economic problems continued to plague the country. He has been plagued with leg injuries this season. noun any disease that spreads quickly and kills a lot of peopleSYNONYM epidemic the plague of AIDS

Strife

/straɪf/ sự xung đột ​[uncountable] (formal or literary) anger or violence between two people or groups of people who disagreeSYNONYM conflict civil strife The country was torn apart by strife. internecine strife among the nationalities of the empireplague somebody

ameliorate

/əˈmiːliəreɪt/ làm tốt hơn, cải thiện to make better something that was bad or not good enough Steps have been taken to ameliorate the situation. The new laws were designed to ameliorate the problem of chronic debt. The side-effects of the treatment can be ameliorated to some extent.

exorbitant

/ɪɡˈzɔːbɪtənt/ (of a price) much too high exorbitant costs/fares/fees/prices/rents It's a good hotel but the prices are exorbitant sell/ charge at a grossly/quite exorbitant price

Stringent traffic regulations

/ˈstrɪndʒənt/ luật giao thông nghiêm khắc hơn

sabotage

/ˈsæbətɑːʒ/ Phá ngầm, phá hoại; làm hỏng, phá huỷ an act of economic/military/industrial sabotage

To be vulnerable to something

Dễ dàng bị tổn thương, ảnh hưởng bởi cái gì đó appear, be, feel, look, seem You must try not to appear vulnerable. | become | remain | leave sb/sth, make sb/sth The virus attacks the immune system, leaving your body vulnerable to infections. ADV. acutely, especially, extremely, highly, intensely, particularly, very | completely, totally, utterly | increasingly | quite, rather She is very sensitive and rather vulnerable. | potentially | peculiarly, uniquely Hippos are uniquely vulnerable to drought. | oddly, strangely He smiled, making her suddenly feel oddly vulnerable. | somehow | economically, militarily, politically The company is in an economically vulnerable position. PREP. to These offices are highly vulnerable to terrorist attack.

puts a strain on the planet's natural resources

Gây căng thẳng cho tài nguyên thiên nhiên Tạo gánh nặng cho...

Wealthy (adj

Giàu có

Relieve pressure on urban housing supply systems

Giảm áp lực cho hệ thống cung cấp nhà cửa đô thị

ease the burdens of somebody

Giảm gánh nặng cho ai đó bear, carry The manager carries the greatest burden of responsibility. | assume, shoulder, take on She had to shoulder the burden of childcare. | impose, place His illness placed an intolerable burden on his family. | increase | ease, lighten, reduce, relieve | lift, remove The administrative burden must be lifted from local government. | shift plans to shift the burden of taxation onto larger companies | share I need to share my burden with someone.

Reduce traffic congestion and pollution in urban areas

Giảm tắc đường

lend a helping hand to the less fortunate

Giúp đỡ những người kém may mắn hơn

attribute

noun Thuộc tính Vật tượng trưng (ngôn ngữ học) thuộc ngữ Verb cho là do, quy cho to attribute one's success to hard work cho thành công là do sự cần cù to attribute a crime to somebody quy tội cho aichief, great, key, main | desirable, essential, important, necessary, positive, useful Patience is an essential attribute for a teacher. | common | divine, human | cultural, personal, physical, social Her physical attributes were much admired. ADV. directly | solely | in large measure, largely, mainly | in part, partly PREP. to They claim that one in twenty deaths can be directly attributed to air pollution. PHRASES be commonly/generally/usually/widely attributed to The goals commonly attributed to management are status, power, salary and security.

. To break this uniformity

phá hủy sự đồng nhất

To allocate financial resources to improving public transport

phân bố nguồn lực tài chính để cải thiện phương tiện công cộng

To reflect a variety of architectural designs

phản ánh sự đa dạng trong thiết kế kiến trúc

Congestion (collocation)

serious, severe | increased, increasing | road, traffic Parking near the school causes severe traffic congestion. | nasal cause, lead to | avoid, ease, reduce, relieve measures to ease the increasing congestion in the centre of London | increase

Stagnation

sự trì trệ ADJ. economic, political VERB + STAGNATION lead to PHRASES a period/years of stagnation Poor economic policies led to a long period of stagnation and decline. a period of economic stagnation the fact of not moving and therefore smelling unpleasant water/air stagnation

The freedom of choice

sự tự do lựa chọn

The lack of uniformity

sự đồng điệu, sự giống nhau

Personal possessions reflect wealth, social status, and appearance

tài sản cá nhân phản ánh sự giàu sang, địa vị xã hội, và bề ngoài

To attend defensive driving courses

tham gia khoá học lái xe an toàn

To engage in charity work

tham gia vào công việc từ thiện

To demonstrate a consistent style

thể hiện một phong cách đồng nhất, nhất quán

strive

to try very hard to achieve something strive for something We encourage all members to strive for the highest standards. strive after/towards something They were always striving towards perfection. strive against something striving against corruption strive to do something Newspaper editors all strive to be first with a story.

To pay for increased retirement pensions and health care costs

trả khoản lương hưu và các chi phí chăm sóc sức khoẻ cao

To instil a great sense of responsibility and altruism into the young generation

truyền bá nh thần trách nhiệm và lòng vị tha tới thế hệ trẻ

Dispose of

vứt bỏ, khử đi; bác bỏ to get rid of somebody/something that you do not want or cannot keep

Be passionate about something

Đam mê về cái gì đó

achieve better results

Đạt được kết quả tốt hơn

achieve their goals = reach their desired goals

Đạt được mụctiêu

Government regulations

Điều luật chính phủ

Overcrowded roads during the rush hour

Đường quá đông trong giờ cao điểm

To be more worthy of consideration

đáng để cân nhắc hơn

To contribute free labor to ameliorating their communities

đóng góp nhân lực miễn phí cho sự cải thiện cộng đồng

To act as a deterrent to would-be traffic law breakers

đóng vai trò như một sự răn đe tới những người có ý định vi phạm luật trong tương lai

To be sold at exorbitant prices

được bán với giá rất cao

To be free to decide

được tự do quyết định

stringent

​Nghiêm ngặt, nghiêm khắc, chặt chẽ (về nội quy, luật pháp...) Khan hiếm (tiền); khó làm ăn, khó khăn vì không có đù tiền (về hoàn cảnh tài chánh)(of a law, rule, regulation, etc.) very strict and that must be obeyed stringent air quality regulations Licences are only granted under the most stringent conditions.stringent air quality regulations Licences are only granted under the most stringent conditions. the government's stringent economic policies


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