Government Unit 1

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Providing for the Common Defense

Constitution calls for President to be commander in chief of armed forces, Congress has authority to raise an army

Supremely clause

Constitution is the Supreme law of the land. Overrides the state laws.

Prior Restraint

Constitutional doctrine that prevents the government from prohibiting speech or publication before the fact; generally held to be in violation of the First Amendment

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Theocracy

A government that recognizes God or a divine being as the ultimate authority.

Selective Incorporation

A judicial doctrine whereby most, but not all, protections found in the Bill of Rights are made applicable to the states via the Fourteenth Amendment

personal liberty

A key characteristic of U.S. democracy. Initially meaning freedom from governmental interference, today it includes demands for freedom to engage in a variety of practices free from governmental interference or discrimination

Monarchy

A king or Queen. England. Freedoms depend on who is on the throne. Economic system and everything is depending on what the king or queen wants.

Monarchy

A king or queen who rules the country.

Gibbons v Ogden

A landmark case decided in 1824 in which the Supreme Court interpreted very broadly the clause of the Constitution giving Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce, encompassing virtually every form of commercial activity

A confederation can best be described as

A loose association of independent states

Hybrid Government

A mix or 2 or more types of government.

Dictator

A person who rules with complete and absolute power.

Enlightenment

A philosophical movement in eighteenth-century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics., Leaders of this movement believed that humanity's problems could be corrected through the use of humanity's logic.

Scarcity

A resource that there is not a lot of

The assignment in the constitution of law making, law-enforcing, and law-interpreting functions to the legislative, executive, and judicial branches respectively is known as

A separation of powers

Thomas Hobbes ideal form of government was

A single ruler with unquestioned authority

Oligarchy

A small group of elects consisting or wealthy, powerful, military or other small groups who run the country. They give less rights to those not in the elect group. They want to keep the poor and others from taking over. Everything depends on what the small group of elects want; whatever protects their interests.

Oligarchy

A small group of people has all the power.

Oligarchy

A small group of people have all the power

Oligarchy

A small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution.

Junta

A small group that rules a country after being taken over by force

Junta

A smalll group of military officers that take over.

A key component of the Virginia plan was

A strong national legislature

Autocracy

A system of government by one person with absolute power.

direct democracy

A system of government in which members of the polity meet to discuss all policy decisions and then agree to abide by majority rule

indirect (representative) democracy

A system of government that gives citizens the opportunity to vote for representatives who will work on their behalf

democracy

A system of government that gives power to the people, whether directly or through elected representatives

Theocracy

A system of governmentt in which priests rule in the name of God or a God

Totalitarian

A system of rule in which the government recognizes no formal limits on its power and seeks to absorb or eliminate other social institutions that might challenge it

The great compromise provided for

A two-chamber legislature with equal representation for all states in one chamber and a population based representation in the other

state of nature

"solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short" without government people would live in a constant man vs. man war

Montesquieu

(1689-1755) wrote 'Spirit of the Laws', said that no single set of political laws was applicable to all - depended on relationship and variables, supported division of government, advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755)

Voltaire

(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church., French, perhaps greatest Enlightenment thinker. Deist. Mixed glorification and reason with an appeal for better individuals and institutions. Wrote "Candide". Believed enlightened despot best form of government.

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Locke's social contract

1. every man's right to life, liberty, and property 2. The right to protect these is given to the government that men form. 3.If a government failed to protect these things, it was breaking its side of the contract and could be disbanded

The ___ amendment prohibited slavery

13th

Cooperative federalism 1913-1964

16th amendment(income tax) 17th amendment(senator election) WWII Federal grants-in-aid

Enumerated powers and Necessary and Proper clause/elastic clause

17 enumerated powers found in Article 1 section 8. 18th power in section 8. Interstate commerce, declare war, taxes.

The US Constitution was written in

1787

What were the dates of the era of dual federalism?

1789-1937

Fundamental Rights

1st amendment: speech, gathering, religion, press, ect.

articles of confederation

1st american government weak/loose form of government -lack of national sentiment -no power to tax -no power to regulate commerce -no executive or judicial branch

Including the bill of rights, ___ amendments have been added to the constitution

Before it could take effect, the constitution had to be ratified by ____ states

How many different governments are there in the US?

90,000

The us constitution contains about ___ words

4,300

Privileges and Immunities

A clause of the Constitution according to citizens of each state most of the privileges of citizens of other states

Fascism

A dictator or small centralized group. They rule with aggressive nationalism/racism. Typically totalitarian. RACISM. The government might take over things and property from groups they don't like. Example: Nazis

natural law

A doctrine that society should be governed by certain ethical principles that are part of nature and, as such, can be understood by reason

Direct Democracy

A form of government in which all the people meet together at one place and make laws and decide what actions to take.

Representative Democracy

A form of government in which people elect representatives to carry on work of government for them.

monarchy

A form of government in which power is vested in hereditary kings and queens who govern in the interests of all

totalitarianism

A form of government in which power resides in a leader who rules according to self-interest and without regard for individual rights and liberties

Republic

A form of government in which the people elect representatives to carry on the work for them.

Democracy

A form of government in which the people of a country either rule directly or through elected representatives.

oligarchy

A form of government in which the right to participate is conditioned on the possession of wealth, social status, military position, or achievement

Dictatorship

A form of government where one leader has absolute control over citizens lives.

republic

A government rooted in the consent of the governed; a representative or indirect democracy

United

A word that describes the relationship of the states in America

Which of the following statements is true of a representative democracy?

Citizens elect representatives to make government decisions on their behalf

Democracy

Citizens hold political power

Direct democracy

Citizens involved in day to day government

"general will"

According to Rousseau the general will is sacred and absolute, reacting the common interests of the people who have displaced the monarch as the holder of ultimate power. , one of the two concepts set forth in The Social Contract, favoring the collective desires of citizenry as opposed to individual interests

The Social Contract by Rousseau

According to Rousseau, or the principles of the political right. The best way to set up a political community. The Social Contract was a progressive work that helped inspire political reforms or revolutions in Europe. The Social Contract argued against the idea that monarchs were divinely empowered to legislate; as Rousseau asserts, only the people, in the form of the sovereign, have that all powerful right.

How did the traditional system of dual federalism establish a "commercial republic"?

All the functions were aimed at assisting commerce

Original sin

Adam and Eve's abuse of their human freedom in disobeying God's command. as a consequence, they lost the grace of original holiness and justice, and became subject to the law of death; sin became universally present in the world; every person is born into this condition. This sin separated mankind from God, darkened the human intellect, weakened the human will, and introduced into human nature an inclination toward sin.

Bill of rights

Added to the constitution to appease Anti-Federalists and ensure powers of people and states

three fifths compromise

Agreement reached at the Constitutional Convention stipulating that each slave was to be counted as three-fifths of a person for purposes of determining population for purposes of determining population for representation in the U.S. House of Representatives

Federalist papers

Alexander Hamilton James Madison John jay Explained how the constitution would work Pseudonym "publius"

The federalist papers were written by

Alexander Hamilton, John jay, and James Madison

Supremacy Clause

All national laws and treaties are the supreme law of the land

The text of the constitution deals with slavery by referring to slaves as

All other persons

Article V

Amending the constitution

American Dream

American ideal of a happy, successful life which often includes wealth, a house, better life for children; sometimes includes opportunity to be president

Putnam

Americans are divided because we do not gather for social reasons and have political deliberation, or discussions with people we disagree with

Supply

Amount of item or service that is available

McCulloch v Maryland

An 1819 Supreme Court decisions that established the supremacy of the national government over state governments. In deciding this case, Chief Justice John Marshall and his colleagues held that Congress had certain implied powers in addition to the enumerated powers found in the Constitution

social contract

An agreement between the people and their government signifying their consent to be governed

mercantilism

An economic theory designed to increase a nation's wealth through the development of commercial industry and a favorable balance of trade

A referendum is best described as

An election on a policy issue

Philosophical dictionary

An encyclopedic dictionary published by Voltaire in 1764. The alphabetically arranged articles often criticize the Roman Catholic Church and other institutions. Voltaire is very concerned about the injustices of the Catholic Church, which he sees as intolerant and fanatical. At the same time, his work espouses deism, tolerance, and freedom of the press.

An organized group that seeks to influence government is called

An interest group

Government

An organization extending to the whole society that can legitimently use force to carry out decisions.

Press Conference

An unrestricted session between an elected official and the press

Aristocracy

Another form of monarchy; government by the few in the service of many

Anti-Federalists

Anti British, pro French Working class Wanted strong states

Hate Speech

Any communication that belittles a person or group on the basis of characteristics

Resources

Any supply skill or aid that meets a need

Executive checks on Judicial

Appoint federal judges. Refuse to implement decisions.

Polity

Aristotle called this for the rule of the many for the benefit of all citizens

Totalitarianism

Aristotle considered "rule by tyranny"; tyrants rule their countries to benefit themselves; leader exercises unlimited power and individuals have no personal rights or liberties ex: North Korea under Kim Jong Un

Shay's Rebellion

Army of 1500 disgruntled farmers led by Daniel Shays marched to Springfield, Massachusetts and forcibly restrained the state court from foreclosing mortgages on their farms

Full faith and Credit

Article 4. States must give full faith and credit to acts of the other states.

Regulations on who can be president and current issues.

Article 5 Section 1 Birther Movement. Must be born in the United states and have at least one parent who is a natural citizen. Ted Cruz running. From Canada, but mom is from america.

Articles of the Constitution

Article I: Legislative Branch; vests all legislative powers in Congress and establishes a bicameral legislature consisting of Senate and House of Representatives. Also sets out qualifications for holding office in each house, terms of office, methods of selection, and system of appointment. Includes enumerated powers, elastic clause, and implied powers. Article II: Executive Branch; vests the authority to execute laws of the nation in the President. Sets the president's term for 4 years and explains the Electoral College. Also states the qualifications for office and describes a mechanism to replace the president in case of death. Limits presidency to natural born citizens. Article III: Judicial Branch; establishes a Supreme Court and defines its jurisdiction Articles IV through VII: attempted to anticipate problems that might occur in the operation of the new national government; begins with full faith and credit clause, includes how amendments can be added to Constitution, Bill of Rights, Supremacy Clause, etc.

Amending the Constitution

Article V describes 2 different procedures to Procedure 1: Step 1: Proposing an Amendment: 2/3 Vote of House + Vote of Senators ---> Step 2: Ratifying an Amendment: 3/4 Vote of states' legislatures OR Procedure 2: (never been used, requires a special convention Step 1: Proposing an Amendment: 2/3 States' legislatures request a special convention (petition congress to consider amendment) ---> Step 2: Ratifying an Amendment: 3/4 Vote of special state conventions Framers wanted to ensure that wide spread deliberation among the American people would precede any and all changes in the written constitution. Thus, made it no easier to amend its written language

The compact among the thirteen original colonies that established the United States in 1777 was known as the

Articles of confederation

Concurrent power

Authority is possessed by both state and national governments

Conservatism

Belief in limited government and individual self-reliance; they would not want the government providing too much welfare assistance, for example

Fiscal Conservatism

Belief in limiting government spending and balancing the budget; these conservatives would agree with libertarians that the government should be less involved in the economy and lower taxes

Liberalism

Belief in the fullest exercise of individual liberty and the free market; the Founding Fathers used this to create our nation and stole much of it from the philosophical writings of John Locke

Social Conservatism

Belief in using government power to reinforce traditional social relations and morals; this means the government would ban gay marriage and abortion and things like that.

Great compromise

Bicameral legislature Executive branch -electoral college -four year term -impeachment

The Great Compromise and The 3/5ths Compromise

Bicameral legislature: house of representatives and the senate. House is based on population and states have 2 senators each. south wanted the slaves to be counted as people to gain more to their population counts. For every 5 slaves, they would be counted as 3 people.

Political Culture

Commonly shared attitudes, beliefs, and core values about how a government should operate

Concurrent Powers

Both the federal and state governments have the power to tax, borrow money, and make/enforce laws.

French and Indian war

Britain blamed colonists, taxed them to make them pay for war debts, begins "no taxation without representation" movement

David Hume

Building on Locke's teachings, he argued that the mind was just a bundle of impressions. These impressions originate only in sense experiences and our habits of joining these experiences together. Since out ideas ultimately reflect only our sense experiences, our reason can't tell us anything about questions that cannot be verified by sense experience (in the form of controlled experiments or math), such as the origin of the universe and the existence of God. These ideas undermined the Enlightenment's faith in the power of reason.

Roth

Bypasses your brain and goes south, thinking with your dick.

Cross Burning Case

Can be dangerous because when talking about the burning the cross, most times it means that they want to kill you.

New York Times v. Sullivan (1964)

Case in which the Supreme Court concluded that "actual malice" must be proven to support a finding of libel against a public figure Court made it harder for famous people to sue you for defamation. Famous people have to prove you meant to harm them, so it's a bit harder for them to win, but not impossible....if they can show you knew it was false and recklessly disregarded the truth. Example: Tom Cruise gets $100 million from porn star for saying he's gay in a tabloid.

Marbury vs. Madison

Case in which the Supreme Court said that it could check the other two branches by declaring their action unconstitutional. This power has been used over and over to strike down actions and laws that the Court thinks violate the Constitution

Majority Rule

Central premise of direct democracy in which only policies that collectively garner the support of a majority of voters will be made into law; 50% of total votes plus 1

Legislative checks on Judicial

Change the number and jurisdiction of federal courts. Impeach federal judges. Propose constitutional amendments to override judicial decisions.

The power of the president to veto laws is an example of

Checks and balances

Under separation of powers, the us system keeps power among branches balanced by enabling one branch to counter the actions of another by the use of

Checks and balances

Williams

Child Porn is completely a no go

Representative democracy

Citizens elect leaders to represent their rights and interest in government.

Transformative federalism 1863-1913

Civil war amendments Change in role of national government Interstate commerce act and anti trust legislation

Due Process Clause

Clause contained in the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments; constructed to guarantee a variety of rights to individuals

Supremacy

Clause that says federal laws are superior to state laws.

political culture

Commonly shared attitudes, beliefs, and core values about how government should operate

Political Ideology

Coherent set of values and beliefs about the purpose and scope of government held by groups and individuals Four functions attributed to ideologies: 1. Explanation; offer reasons why they are that way 2. Evaluation; standards for evaluating conditions 3. Orientation; orientation toward issues around the world 4. Political Program; help make political choices

National Powers

Coin money Conduct foreign relations Regulate commerce with foreign nations and among state Provide for an army and navy Declare and conduct war Establish a national court system Make laws necessary and proper to carry out

Socialism

Collective government ownership of industries to provide equal results, not just equal opportunity for all

The following group values both equality and order more than freedom, and its members support both affirmative action and laws that restrict pornography

Communitarians

Articles of Confederation

Compact between 13 original colonies that created a loose league of friendship, with the national government drawing its powers from the states

Problems with the Articles of Confederation

Congress could not levy taxes States could restrict commerce among states States could issue their own currency Executive was not independent of Congress No national judicial system Amendments had to have states' unanimous approval

Regulated Federalism

Congress imposes legislation on states and localities, requiring them to meet national standards

The great compromise was also known as the ___ compromise because of the state delegation that initially proposed it

Connecticut

Clear and present danger

Conspiracy. Cannot threaten to kill someone while pointing a gun at their head. This test was often misused so the courts quit using it.

Under the constitution, the slave trade

Could be ended after 20 years

Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)

Court carved out three part test (Lemon Test) for laws dealing with religious establishment issues

New York Times v. US (1971)

Court ruled that publication of the top-secret Pentagon Papers could not be blocked (though they could go after the government official who released them)

Abington School District v. Schempp (1963)

Court ruled that state mandated Bible reading or recitation of Lord's Prayer in public schools was unconstitutional

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

Court rules that recitation of prayer drafted by local school board in public school classrooms was unconstitutional

The 2007 European Reform Treaty did all but

Create a centralized debt-refinancing agency for indebted countries

Congress exercises a potential check in the judicial branch through its constitutional power to

Create or eliminate lower federal courts

Locke

Created of the idea that people have natural rights. Later he would be ripped off while the declaration was being written (mainly his ideas reworded)/ Jefferson was a big fan of his ideas. "Just being human, you have inalienable rights". "all men are created equal". "Life, Liberty and property".

Judicial checks on Executive

Declare executive branch actions unconstitutional. Chief justice presides over impeachment trial.

Capitalism

Democracy or not. Free market and competition.

Socialism

Democracy or not. Government owns businesses and controls the markets.

Ensuring Domestic Tranquility

Department of Homeland Security, police forces, national guards, armed services

The chief obstacle to ratification of the constitution by the states was

The omission of the bill of rights

Communism

Dictator or small elite oligarchy. Typically completely totalitarian. Socialism. Example: China

Form of government in which one person has absolute control over its citizens lives?

Dictatorship

Federalism

Divides power between states and national government

Separation of Powers

Dividing government power between Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches for equality and independence

Natural Law

Doctrine that society should be governed by certain ethical principles that are part of nature and can be understood by reason

Constitution

Document establishing the structure, functions, and limitations of a government

Declaration of Independence

Drafted largely by Thomas Jefferson in 1776; proclaimed the right of the American colonies to separate from Great Britain

Mercantilism

Economic theory designed to increase a nation's wealth through the development of commercial industry and a favorable balance of trade

Dual vs Cooperative federalism

Dual: clear version of power from federal and state powers. Layered cake federalism. Cooperative: after the civil war. Less clear of who has power. Marbled cake federalism.

3/5 Compromise

Each slave counted as 3/5 of a person in determining population for representation in US House of Representatives

The text suggest that there are ___ forces that may be pushing authoritarian governments toward democratization

Economic

Examples of public goods are

Education, sanitation, and parks

Liberals are more likely to favor generous government support for

Education, wildlife protection, public transportation, and a whole range of social programs

The ____ protects against excessive bail, excessive fines, and cruel and unusual punishment

Eighth amendment

A constitutional clause that allows for a broad interpretation of implied powers is known as an ____ clause

Elastic

John Locke

English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience. Wrote Two Treatises on Government as justification of Glorious Revolution and end of absolutism in England. He argued that man is born good and has rights to life, liberty, and property. To protect these rights, people enter social contract to create government with limited powers. If a government did not protect these rights or exceeded its authority, Locke believed the people have the right to revolt. The ideas of consent of the governed, social contract, and right of revolution influenced the United States Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution. He also laid the foundations for criticism of absolute monarchy in France.

Thomas Hobbes

English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings; wrote "Leviathan" and believed people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish; he also believed only a powerful governemnt could keep an orderly society

Isaac Newton

English mathematician and scientist who invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. His treatise on gravitation, presented in Principia Mathematica (1687), was supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling apple.

American colonists in the eighteenth century under Great Britain

Enjoyed freedoms denied most other people in the world at the time

Hobbes' social contract

Enlightenment idea that people must hand over power to a strong ruler, in exchange they gain law and order; Hobbes believed that this government should be an absolute monarchy in order to keep citizens under control

Full Faith and Credit Clause

Ensures judicial decrees and contracts made in one state will be binding and enforceable in any other state

Government's "modern dilemma" is how best to balance

Equality and freedom

When one person has the same chance to succeed in life as another, this is called

Equality of opportunity

Social order is usually defined as

Established patterns of authority and traditional modes of behavior

Marbury vs. Madison

Establishes the judicial review

Direct Democracy

Everyone votes directly. Basic human rights. Free market capitalism with strong property rights. Socialist in some ares.

Article II

Executive

The law-enforcing branch of government is known as the

Executive branch

What is the difference between expressed powers and implied powers?

Expressed powers are specifically stated in the Constitution and implied powers aren't expressed but only implied through expansive interpretation

Libel

False written statement that defames a person's character

Shays rebellion consisted of

Farmers trying to prevent foreclosure on their property for debts and taxes owed

Conservatives strongly

Favor free enterprise, argue against government job programs, want to preserve traditional patterns of social relations

Enumerated powers

Federal government only

Supporters of the constitution named themselves

Federalists

Oligarchy

Few people rule in their own interest; wealth, social status, military position, or achievement dictates participation in government ex: China and Russia

Great Compromise

Final decision of the Constitutional Convention to create a two house legislature, lower house elected by people, powers divided between two houses, made national law supreme ex: Page 43 in book

Establishment Clause

First clause of the First Amendment; directs national government not to sanction an official religion

Virginia Plan

First general plan for the constitution offered in Philadelphia Key points: Bicameral legislature, Executive and Judiciary chosen by the national legislature

Unless they are impeached, federal judges serve

For life

Monarchy

Form of government in which power is vested in hereditary kings and queens who govern in the interest of all ex: the form of government in England from which the colonists fled

Muckraking

Form of journalism, in vogue in the early twentieth century, devoted to exposing misconduct by government, business, and individual politicians

Yellow Journalism

Form of newspaper publishing in vogue in the late nineteenth century that featured pictures, comics, color, and sensationalized news coverage; in order to get better sales

Necessary and Proper Clause

Gives Congress the authority to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out the Enumerated Powers; also called the "Elastic Clause"

Checks and Balances

Gives each of the 3 branches some degree of oversight and control over the actions of the others ex: Page 47 in the book

The ____ amendment protects against unreasonable searches and seizures

Fourth

New Jersey Plan

Framework for constitution proposed by small states Key points: one house legislature, one vote for each state, Congress with ability to raise revenue, Supreme Court with members appointed for life

Where is a unitary government?

France

Interstate commerce clause and importance

Gives the states the power to allow things and makes them in control of some things. Weed/Drugs, education, gun control

Symbolic Speech

Giving a statement with out words.

During the 1990s, congress prohibited private businesses from discriminating in employment, public services, and public accommodations on the basis of physical or mental disabilities. This act creates a clash between

Freedom and equality

Securing Blessings of Liberty

Freedom to criticize and petition

Indirect (Representative) Democracy

Freedoms. Elections held to vote for representatives who then vote for the party. Usually 2 or more parties. Free market capitalism and strong property rights. Socialist in some respects depending on what the people want.

Bernard de Fontenelle

French man of letters; wrote the "Conversation on the Plurality of Worlds." In this book, a sophisticated man and an elegant woman, possibly his lover, are in a large park gazing at the stars and the man proceeds to give her an astronomy lesson. Here, ideas such as heliocentricity were expressed; He knew people wouldn't want to read a boring textbook, so he wrote a romantic novel of sorts in order to get his ideas across. Significant because his writing spread the ideas of the scientific revolution to a non scientific audience.

Which U.S. constitutional clause has been central in the debates about same-sex marriage?

Full Faith and Credit clause

Article IV

Full faith credit clause- each state must honor judicial proceedings of other states

Which of the following European nations was not debt-ridden and did not suffer questions from creditors during 2012?

Germany

Gitlow v. New York (1925)

Gitlow, a member of the Socialist Party, printed 16,000 copies of a manifesto in which he urged workers to overthrow the US government; convicted of violating a New York state law that prohibited such advocacy While his conviction was upheld, US Supreme Court noted that states were not completely free to limit forms of political expression

Which if the following statements is true of an autocracy?

Government in which one person has all the power

Dual Federalism

Government powers were shared between the federal and state governments

What are America's fundamental political values?

Governmental solutions to problems are inherently inferior to solutions offered by the private sector

By 2012, members of the EU agreed to greater central authority over their respective economies, with the exception of

Great Britain

Brandenburg Case

He was having people go out and do his murders but he was also charges with the murders because he suggested the ideas.

Promoting General Welfare

Health Care

Under the constitution, if no candidate wins a majority of the electoral votes, then the president will be selected by

House of Representatives

Bicameral Legislature

House of Representatives and the Senate. Each state has 2 Senators. The house of each state is based on the population. 435 people in the house and 100 senators.

Legislative checks on Executive

Impeach the president. Reject legislation/funding the president wants. Refuse to confirm nominees or approve treaties. Override the president's veto with a 2/3s vote.

The power of congress to charter a bank is an example of what type of power

Implied

First Amendment

Imposes a number of restrictions on the federal government with respect to civil liberties, including freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition; sets the boundaries of governmental action

What is a unitary system of government?

In a unitary system the central government makes the important decisions and the lower levels of government have little independent power.

Mandate v. unfunded mandate

In mandated the federal government pays for the work they are causing within a state but unfunded means that the local or state governments never get reimbursed

The Spirit of the Laws

In this 1748 work on political theory Montesquieu argued that a country's political institutions should be determined by its unique geographic and social characteristics -- He also argues for the separation of government power among separate branches

Coercive federalism 2001- present

Increase in national security Dept of homeland security Preemption of state power over education policy

Under the Articles of Confederation, who/what was responsible for executing the laws passed by congress

Individual states

Salons

Informal gatherings, usually sponsored by middle-class or aristocratic women, that provided a forum for new ideas and an opportunity to establish new intellectual contacts among supporters of the Enlightenment in the 18th century. These informal gatherings gave intellectual life an anchor outside the royal court and church-dominated universities and afforded an opportunity to test ideas or present unpublished works.

On the Record

Information provided to a journalist that can be released and attributed by name to the source

Deep Background

Information provided to a journalist that will not be attributed to ANY source

On Background

Information provided to a journalist that will not be attributed to a NAME source

Off the Record

Information provided to a journalist that will not be released to the public

During the era of dual federalism, what was the primary goal of the federal government's domestic policies?

Internal improvements, tariffs, public land disposal, patents, and currency

What impact does mistrust of government have on people's behavior?

It can result in public refusal to pay taxes adequate to support such widely approved public activities, make it difficult to attract talented and effective workers to public service, and it will harm their capacity to defend its national interest in the world economy and may jeopardize its national security.

Constitution and the purpose of one

It is the framework for the government. Sets citizens freedoms in writing. Provides legitimacy to the government. Gives the government specific power. Limits the power of the government by giving citizens rights.

According to the Declaration of Independence, when a government fails to secure the people's unalienable rights

It is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it

Virginia plan

James Madison Bicameral legislature Lower chamber elected by people upper chamber selected by lower Single executive Judicial branch

social contract theory

Jean Jacque Rousseau people are sovereign people maintain sovereignty as long as they abide by common good only legitimate authority comes from consent of the governed

Who defended the british soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre?

John Adams

In the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson statement that " all men are created equal" is similar to which theorist's belief that government is based on the "consent of the governed"

John Locke

Which political philosopher inspired the phrase "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" in the Declaration of Independence

John Locke

Tabula rasa

John Locke's concept of the mind as a blank sheet ultimately bombarded by sense impressions that, aided by human reasoning, formulate ideas.

Marshall federalism 1789-1835

John Marshall Court cases

US vs Johnson

Johnson was burning the flag. Protesting peacefully without the use of words.

Article III

Judicial

Substantive Due Process

Judicial interpretation of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments' due process clauses that protects citizens from arbitrary or unjust state or federal laws

According to the text , "it is hard I imagine a government framework better suited (than the constitution) to ____"

The pluralist model

Personal Liberty

Key characteristic of US Democracy; changed from "freedom from" to "freedom to"; freedom to engage in practices without governmental interference or discrimination

Federealist No. 51

Madison explains how the Constitution's provision of both a operation of powers and a system of checks and balances would prevent the national government from usurping the powers of the states and also ensure that no one branch of the federal government would dominates the other two.

Who rules in a monarchy?

King or queen

Monarch

King or queen.

Which of the following is not a power granted to the president under the constitution

The power to declare war

One similarity between the Virginia plan and the New Jersey plan was that both plans

Left unspecified how many people the executive could have

Article I of the constitution refers to the

Legislative branch

Article I

Legislature

The broad, basic definition of government given by text is

Legitimate use of force within specified geographic boundaries to control human behavior

What is the difference between conservatives and liberals?

Liberals support social and political reforms and Conservatives support social and economic status quo

In american political culture, what defines "economic freedom"?

Liberty defines economic freedom and it is linked to capitalism, free markets, and the protection of private property

The "unalienable rights" identified by the Declaration of Independence are

Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness

Supremacy Clause

Mandates that national law is supreme to/supersedes all other laws passed by the states or by any other subdivision of government

SOPA/PIPA

Monitor all copyrighting

Vindication of the Rights of Women

Mary Wollstonecraft's treatise of 1792, in which she argued that reason was the basis of moral behavior in all human beings, not just in men. She concluded that women should have equal rights with men in education, politics, and economics

Social Contract Theory

The exchange of some freedoms for protection. Hobbes.

News Media

Media providing the public with new information about subjects of public interest

First Continental Congress

Meeting held in Philadelphia from September 5 to October 26, 1744; 56 delegates from every colony except Georgia adopted a resolution in opposition to the Coercive Acts

first continental congress

Meeting held in Philadelphia from September 5 to October 26, 1774, in which fifty-six delegates (from every colony except Georgia) adopted a resolution in opposition to Coercive Acts

Stamp Act Congress

Meeting of representatives of 9/13 colonies held in New York City in 1765; drafted a document to send to the king that listed violated rights

Second Continental Congress

Meeting that convened in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775; decided that an army be raised and George Washington be the commander in chief

citizen

Member of the political community to whom certain rights and obligations are attached.

Enumerated Powers

The powers of the national government specifically granted to Congress in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution

Framing

The process by which a news organization defines a political issue and consequently affects opinion about the issue

Confederal

Type of government where the central government gets it power from the states.

Unitary

Type of government where the central government has all the power.

Unitary

National government is sovereign, highest power

Centralized federalism 1964-1980

National priorities- poverty, discrimination, consumer protection, pollution LBJ's "great society" Medicare, Medicaid, head start

Which U.S. constitutional clause is the source of implied powers?

Necessary and Proper Clause

Prohibited powers

Neither state nor federal government

Which president advocated for New federalism?

Nixon

Anarchism

No government at all. Comes about when governments are failing.

Elite theory is discredited as an explanation of American national politics because studies show that

No one identifiable group regularly prevails on different issues

Direct democracy

No representatives. Citizens are directly involved in the day to day work of governing the country.

Anarchists

Oppose all government; freedom is everything

Libertarians

Oppose government action except what is necessary to protect life and property; strongly believe in free markets & civil liberties; anti governmental interference

Santa Fe Case

No student led prayers before a game

How the President is elected

Not elected by popular vote, must go through the electoral college. The people vote for the state who votes for the president. -congress can override w/ a 2/3 vote

A form of government in which all power is vested in (given to) the hands of a few?

Oligarchy

Dictatorship

One leader has absolute control over citizens lives

Traditional economy

One system of method of work, people trade, hunt, do stuff for their own needs.

conservative

One thought to believe that a government is best that governs least and that big government can only infringe on individual, personal, and economic rights

Statist

One who believes in extensive government control of personal and economic liberties; pro governmental interference

social conservative

One who believes that traditional moral teachings should be supported and furthered by the government

According to Thomas Hobbes, author of Leviathan, the proper objective of government is to ensure

Order

committees of correspondence

Organizations in each of the American colonies created to keep colonists abreast of developments with the British; served as powerful molders of public opinion against the British

Committees of Correspondence

Organizations in each of the colonies created to keep colonists abreast of developments with the British; served as powerful molders of public opinion against British

Lee v. Weisman

Prayer at graduation was not okay

Moderate

Person who takes a relatively centrist view on most political issues; Aristotle favored moderate politics

A democracy is a form of government in which the supreme court lies with the?

People

Anarchy

People are not subject to any nation or government

Indirect Democracy

People vote for representatives who work on their behalf; ancient Greeks thought it was undemocratic

Atheists

People who belive that no god exists

Demand

People's desire to buy the item

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Philosphe who published the "Social Contract." he posited that people are born good but are corrupted e education, laws, and society. He advocated a government based on popular sovereignty and was distrustful of other philosophes' suffocating conformity to "reason.", He was committed to individual freedom, but thought that rationalism and civilization corrupt man. Spontaneous feeling was to replace the coldness of intellectualism. Man is born good and needs protection from society. This influenced the Romantic Movement of the nineteenth century. His book, The Social Contract tells how social inequalities develop when people sign a social contract agreeing to surrender to the general will in order to be free. This creates a government as a necessary evil to carry out general will. If general will fails, people can replace it. This has justified actions in the French revolution and in Hitler's regime. He also wrote Emile that attacked society and proposed a new theory of education. He called for focus on logical thinking, reason, love, tenderness, and understanding toward children. He wanted children to be raised naturally and spontaneously in order to raise their emotional awareness.

The text suggests that the United States fulfills the ___ model quite well

Pluralist

Case: Mormons in 1800s

Practiced polygamy; while government cannot interfere with their religion, they can with practices

Classic Liberalism

Political ideology that values the freedom of individuals — including the freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and markets — as well as limited government. It developed in 18th-century Europe and drew on the economic writings of Adam Smith and the growing notion of social progress.

Federalism

Power divided between states and national government

Judicial Review

Power of the court to render invalid any legislative act or executive act that conflicts with the constitution.

Implied Powers

Powers of the national government derived from the Enumerated Powers and the Necessary and Proper Clause

Concurrent Powers

Powers shared by the national and state governments: Tax Borrow money Establish courts Make and enforce laws Charter banks and corporations Spend money for the general welfare Take private property for public purposes with comp.

Expressed

Powers that are actually stated in the constitution

Implied

Powers that are not actually stated in the Constitution.

Political Equality

Principle that all citizens are the same in the eyes of the law

Popular Consent

Principle that governments must draw their powers from the consent of the governed; central to Declaration of Independence, derived from John Locke's social contract theory

Federalists

Pro British, anti French Elites Wanted strong central government

Establishing Justice

Provide laws for citizens to abide by; federal judicial system dispenses justice, Bill of Rights entitles people

Necessary and Proper clause

Provides congress with the authority to make all laws necessary and proper to carry out its expressed powers

Full Faith and credit clause

Provision from Article IV Section 1 of the constitution requiring that the states normally honor the public acts and judicial decisions that take place in another state

Capitalism

Pure capitalism is free enterprise without governmental regulation, where innovation occurs because everyone is competing to sell more than their competitors

Polarized Parties

Putnam's idea that our political parties have become segregated based on ideology

Stromberg

Putting the communist flag in his apartment window.

Constitution

The federal government gets all of its power from this.

Article VII

Ratification

The broad, basic definition of politics given by text is

The authoritative allocation of values for a society

Devolving federalism 1980-2001

Reagan revolution- roll back powers of federal government Block grants More power to states

Theocracy

Recognizes God as the ultimate authority in government and law

An alleged weakness of the majoritarian democratic model is its

Reliance on the American public to be knowledgeable and participatory

The United States had which type of government?

Representative democracy

Constitutional principles

Republicanism Federalism Separation of powers Checks and balances

In 2010 congress passed the affordable health care act that

Required nearly all americans to buy health coverage or pay a penalty

Republicanism is a form of government in which power

Resides in the people and is exercised by the elected representatives

A republic is a government

Resting on the consent of the governed through their representatives

Originally the constitutional conventions purpose was to

Revise the articles Of confederation

Which of the following states was not present at the second continental congress' vote for Independence

Rhode Island

Natural rights

Rights inherent in human beings, not dependent on governments, which include life, liberty, and property. The concept of natural rights was central to English philosopher John Locke's theories about government and was widely accepted among America's Founders.

Émile

Rousseau's novel about the education of a young man; argued that children, when born, were perfect and perfectly designed, but then they meet society and society corrupts them. It urges educators to allow children to pursue their natural interests and to learn from their experiences rather than confine them in a disciplined classroom environment

Dual federalism 1835-1863

Roger Taney Dred Scott Nullification Separate and equal levels of government

Who presided over the New Deal?

Roosevelt

Judicial checks on Legislative

Rule federal and state laws unconstitutional.

Democracy

Rule of the many to benefit themselves; any system of government that gives power to the people, either directly or indirectly, through elected representatives; people were afraid of "mob rule" ex: most governments worldwide

Monarchy

Ruled by a king or queen

Autocracy

Ruled by one

Miller

SLAPS Test. if it doesn't have Serious, Literary, Artistic, Political, or Scientific value

Adam Smith

Scottish political economist and philosopher. His Wealth of Nations (1776) laid the foundations of classical free-market economic theory, government should not interfere with economics. Advocates Laissez Faire and founder of "invisible hand"

Free Exercise Clause

Second clause of the First Amendment; prohibits the US government from interfering with a citizen's right to practice his or her religion

State Powers

Set time, place, and manner of elections Ratify amendments to the federal Constitution Take measure for public health, safety, morals Exert powers Constitution does not delegate Establish local governments Regulate commerce within a state

Example of a Conservative

Senator Chuck Grassley

Example of a liberal

Senator Elizabeth Warren

The Federalist Papers

Series of 85 political essays by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay in support of ratifying the US Constitution

enumerated powers

Seventeen specific powers granted to Congress under Article I, section 8, of the U.S. Constitution; these powers include taxation, coinage of money, regulation of commerce, and the authority to provide for a national defense

The idea that the people agree to establish rulers for certain purposes, but they had the right to resist or remove rulers who violate those purposes, is also known as

Social contract theory

A person who favors government ownership of some basic industries and a strong government role in directing the economy, but also some private ownership of productive capacity, would best be labeled as a

Socialist

civil society

Society created when citizens are allowed to organize and express their views publicly as they engage in an open debate about public policy

Pentagon Papers case

Someone released classified information from the pentagon which was then published by the press. The man who released the information was pushed not the publishing company.

Federalism

Special name for power that both the states and federal government share.

State of nature

The basis of natural rights philosophy; a state of nature is the condition of people living in a situation without man-made government, rules, or laws.

Which level of government writes the majority of criminal laws?

State

Concurrent powers

State and federal government

Confederation

States are sovereign, highest power

Reserved powers

States only

Tinker v. Des Moines

Student wore black armbands to school protesting the Vietnam War; Supreme Court allowed this

The bill of rights is at the core of our

Substantive theories of democracy

Article VI

Supremacy clause- constitution is supreme law

Where is a federal government?

Switzerland and Canada

Symbolic Speech

Symbols, signs, and other methods of expression generally considered to be protected by the First Amendment

Direct Democracy

System of government in which members of the polity meet to discuss all policy decisions and then agree to abide by majority rule

Republic

System of government in which the interests of the people were represented by more educated or wealthier citizens who were responsible to those who elected them; consent of the governed

Unitary System

System of government in which the local and regional governments derive all authority from a strong national government ex: found in Great Britain

Federal System

System of government in which the national government and state governments share power and derive all authority from the people

Capitalism is best described as a(n)

System of government that favors privately owned businesses

Narrowcasting

Targeting media programming at specific population within society ex: MSNBC, Fox News; divide audiences by ideology ex: Fox is conservative, MSNBC is more liberal

The bill of rights consist of the first ___ amendments to the constitution

Ten

What amendment defines the rights of states?

Tenth

Direct Incitement Test

Test articulated by the Supreme Court in Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969) holding that the First Amendment protects advocacy of illegal action unless imminent lawless action is intended and likely to occur

Clear and Present Danger Test

Test articulated by the Supreme Court in Schenck v. US (1919) to draw the line between protected and unprotected speech; looks to whether "words used" could "create a clear and present danger" that Congress seeks "to prevent"

What events led to the revolutionary war?

The American Revolution was caused by the threatening the interests of New England merchants and southern planters, British tax and trade policies split the colonial elite, and permitting radical forces to expand their political influence

What was the first U.S. constitution called?

The Articles of Confederation

Which document proclaimed, "we hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights"

The Declaration of Independence

Obscenity

The Supreme Court has often made clear that obscenity is not protected speech. They have used a Community Standard test to determine what is and is not obscene. What does the community think is obscene? Roth case (1957): there is no redeeming social value, appeals only to the prurient interest Miller case (1973): patently offensive sexual conduct that lacks serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value (SLAP test). Community standards are local and not national.

A result of the second continental congress was

The adoption of the Declaration of Independence

social contract theory

The belief that people are free and equal by God-given right and that this in turn requires that all people give their consent to be governed; espoused by John Locke and influential in the writing of the Declaration of Independence

A greater percentage of the United States population died or was wounded during the revolution than in any other US conflict except

The civil war

Britain

The country that ruled the American colonies before the revolutionary war.

Federalism

The division of power between a central government and state governments.

What has been the historical relationship between state governments and the federal government?

The federal government has tried to overrule the state government and be in places in the community that they shouldn't be until the tenth amendment which gave the states their rights

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the US Constitution which largely guarantee specific rights and liberties

Government

The formal vehicle through which policies are made and affairs of state are conducted; can legitimately use force to carry out decisions

What is the goal of politics

The goal of politics is to have a share or a say in the composition of the government's leadership, how the government is organized, or what its policies are going to be.

Time, Place, Manner restrictions

The government can restrict how you talk, when you talk and where you talk.

Limits on free speech: Time, Place, Manner

The government can usually restrict when, where and how you speak if it does not discriminate on WHAT you are saying. In other words, they must remain content neutral. Example: you cannot joke about bombs in the security line at the airport. It's not the right time or place!

What is the main benefit of a constitutional government?

The government is limited by the rule of law

Media Effects

The influence of news sources on public opinion

What are some things that nations that adopt a federal arrangement have in common?

The lower levels of government have significant individual power to set policy in some areas and to impose taxes

"noble savage"

The notion, often associated with Rousseau, that non-Western or "primitive" people are actually happier and more virtuous than Westerners. Based on the idea that humans are free and equal in "a state of nature" but that social institutions deprive them of that freedom and equality.

Compared with majoritarian thought, the pluralist model of democracy shifts the focus of democratic decision making from __ to __

The mass electorate to organized groups

Elastic

The necessary and proper clause is also known as the _______ clause

Which Key event was instrumental in the rise of a more active national government?

The new deal

Popular Sovereignty

The notion that the ultimate authority in society rests with the people

popular sovereignty

The notion that the ultimate authority in society rests with the people

when selecting the president, each state has a number of electors equal to

The number of representatives in congress

Agenda Setting

The process of forming the list of issues to be addressed by government

Deism

The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life.

Equal Time Rule

The rule that requires broadcast stations to sell air time equally to all candidates in a political campaign if they choose to sell it to any EXCEPTION: political debate; stations may exclude from this event less well known and minor party candidates

The primary goal of federalist No. 51 was to argue for

The separation of powers and checks and balances

Separation of powers

The structure of the government provided for in the Constitution where authority is divided between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches; idea comes from Montesquieu's Spirit of the Laws.

Politics

The study of who gets what, when, and how; how policy decisions are made

politics

The study of who gets what, when, and how—or how policy decisions are made.

Precedents

The supreme court tries to follow their previous cases.

Tinker vs Des Moines

The wearing of black armbands which symbolizes that the students don't agree with the war.

Saudi Arabia is led by a king. There are no elections, rather the king chooses people to assist him. Saudi Arabia's Baeic Law states that the country's constitution is the Islamic holy book, the Qur'an and other religions traditions. Which TWO types of government does Saudi Arabia have?

Theocracy, Monarchy

According to the New Jersey plan , how was representation to be structured in the congress

There would be one house , and all states would have equal representation in it

Why are block grants popular among states?

They allow the states considerable leeway in spending federal money

Where do people primarily acquire their political beliefs?

They come from deep-rooted goals, aspirations and ideals that shape an individual's perceptions

The articles of confederation failed because

They didn't provide an effective means for the government to raise money, include an independent leader to direct the government, give the government the power o regulate commerce

What key ideas did John Locke and John Stuart Mill espouse?

They evolved ideas about liberty and political rights

What must one possess to be a good citizen?

They must be politically engaged and have the knowledge needed to participate in political debate

Who represented in the New Jersey plan?

They wanted equal representation

Who represented in the Virginia plan?

They wanted it by poulation

Philosophes

Thinkers of the Enlightenment; Wanted to educate the socially elite, but not the masses; were not allowed to openly criticize church or state, so used satire and double-meaning in their writings to avoid being banned; Salons held by wealthy women also kept philosophes safe; They considered themselves part of an intellectual community, and wrote back and forth to each other to share ideas.

Principia Mathematica

This 1687 work by Isaac Newton is considered perhaps the most important scientific book ever published -- It contained his three laws of motion and his law of universal gravitation, explaining the movement of all bodies in the universe and ending all doubts about heliocentrism

Texas v. Johnson

This Supreme Court case is a good example of symbolic speech that is highly offensive to many people. Burning the flag, the Court said, is political speech because it is done in protest of something.

Candide

This is the book written by Voltaire, who was a Deist. It put forth the idea that people believing that everything happens for the best is ludicrous. Protagonist must choose between being flogged thirty-six times by every soldier in a regiment and having twelve bullets in his brain,

Encyclopedia

This was the first publication of different essays about the culture and society of France which was put on the Index of Forbidden Books because it dealt with controversial issues assembled by: Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert; consisted of 100 plus authors and most advancd ideas of the day; plea for freedom of expression included ideas in religion, gov't and philosophy; focused on antiquity,

The Declaration of Independence was based on input from many people, but it's primary author was

Thomas Jefferson

Federalists

Those who favored a stronger national government and supported the proposed US Constitution; later became the first US political party

Anti Federalists

Those who favored strong state governments and a weak national government; opposed ratification of the US Constitution

Lemon Test

Three part test created by Supreme Court for examining the constitutionality of religious establishment issues; a practice or policy was constitutional if: 1) had a legitimate secular purpose 2) neither advanced nor inhibited religion 3) did not foster an excessive government entanglement with religion

Communism

Totalitarian government + Socialist economy

True or false. In a direct democracy, the citizens meet and vote on government issues.

True

Representative democracy

Type of democracy where citizens elect leaders to represent them in government

Confederation

Type of government in which the national government derives its powers from the states; league of independent states

Federal

Type of government where states and a central government share power.

To amend the articles of confederation required a

Unanimous vote

Three principles

Unanimously endorsed by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, Jefferson's Declaration of Independence drew from the work of John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau: 1. natural rights 2. proposed all governments must be based on the consent of the people they govern. 3. If a government is not protecting the rights of the people, then the people have the duty to abolish it and to create a new government - radical principles at the time -declaration provided a rallying point by promising a new government that would be based on the consent of the people, with liberty and equality as its central goals

Totalitarian Systems

Unlimited power to the government. Citizens don't have any freedom. Government controls the citizens whole life. Examples: North Korea, China, Iraq

According to Madison in Federalist No. 10, the most common and durable source of factions has been

Unequal distribution of property

Federalism, or the division of power between a national government and regional units, stands in contrast to

Unitary government

Slander

Untrue spoken statements that defame the character of a person

Shays' Rebellion indicated the

Urgent need to maintain domestic order

Compared to citizens in other nations, Americans

Value freedom of speech more than order

Slander

Verbal defamation

Executive checks on Legislative

Veto legislation. Call congress into special session. Implement (or fail to implement) laws passed by congress.

early forms of democratic participation

Virginia house of burgesses (1st) New England town hall meetings minimal royal interference direct taxation (taxed themselves)

A group of delegates to the constitutional convention proposed a powerful national government to replace the weak confederation of states. This was known as the

Virginia plan

Representative Democracy

a system of government in which the populace selects representatives, who play a significant role in governmental decision making

Democracy

Were citizens hold the political power.

Anarchy

Were nobody is in control. Every man for themselves.

Watchdogs

What journalists think of themselves as to keep the public informed about corruption or illegal activity by public officials

Needs

What people need to survive

Consumption

What we buy or consume

Wants

What we enjoy having

Production

What we make

Failed States

When a country is unstable, unwilling/unable to protect their citizens. Example: Somalia

Transitional Government

When a government is changing. Very unstable during this period.

Government

When america was born, each state already had one of these.

Layer Cake/Dual Federalism

When separation between state and federal powers was clear

Dissent

When someone is opposed to the government and they voice that opinion

Imminent Lawless Action Test

When someone talks about having plans to commit something dangerous.

Marble Cake/Cooperative Federalism

When the federal government got more involved in providing basic services, making it less clear which level of government was supposed to do what

Defamation

When you publish something false about someone who is harmed by your words. Libel means its written, while slander means it is spoken.

Community Standards

Where the line is in a region. Where the media begins to cross the line of what is acceptable.

New Jersey plan

William Paterson Unicameral legislature Congress had power of tax trade and security Supreme Court

Fighting Words

Words that "by their very utterance inflict injury or tend to incite an immediate breach of peace" Not subject to the restrictions of the First Amendment

categories of reserved powers

police, taxing, proprietary, and eminent domain

The primary goal of federalist No. 10 was to demonstrate that the new government

Would not fall under the dominance of any one faction

The Wealth of Nations

Written by Adam Smith. Promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics. This criticized mercantilism and proposed a free market economy in which the "invisible hand" determined prices.

Leviathan

Written by English philosopher Thomas Hobbes, maintained that sovereignty is ultimately derived from the people, who transfer it to the monarchy by implicit contract. It argues that a strong central government is necessary to protect man from the chaos and violence of the state of nature

Libel

Written defamation

Mary Astell

Wrote A Serious Proposal to the Ladies, book addressed that lack of educational opprotunities for women; tried to improve the status of women, skeptic woman; "if all men are born free, why are women slaves?"; why don't all populations receive natural rights

Mary Wallstonecraft

Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women, in which she called for equal education for girls and boys. She felt that a woman should be able to decide what was in her own interest without depending on her husband.

Hobbes and The State of Nature

Wrote a book, Leviathan: a monster. Grew up in england during the blood wars. Anarchy: the state of nature. Humans are greedy and always try to get what others have. Solution: have everyone agree to be governed by a strong leader.

shay's rebellion

a 1786 rebellion in which an army of 1,500 disgruntled and angry farmers led by Daniel Shays marched to Springfield, Massachusetts, and forcibly restrained the state court from foreclosing mortgages on their farms

supremacy clause

a clause in Article VI of the Constitution that states that the Constitution and the treaties and laws created by the national gov. in compliance with the Constitution are the supreme law of the land - the lack of a list of individual liberties to limit the power of the national government, bill of rights such as each state constitution had, was a major concern for citizens afraid of a strong central government.

Full Faith and Credit

a clause of the Constitution requiring each state to recognize the official documents and civil judgments rendered by the courts of other states

Political Ideology

a cohesive set of beliefs that forms a general philosophy about the role of government

preemption

a concept derived from the Constitution's supremacy clause that allows the national government to override or preempt state or local actions in certain areas

great compromise

a decision made during the Constitutional Convention to give each state the same number of representatives in the Senate regardless of size; representation in the House was determined by population

constitution

a document establishing the structure, functions, and limitations of a government.

muckraking

a form of journalism, in vogue in the early twentieth century, concerned with reforming government and business conduct

yellow journalism

a form of newspaper publishing in vogue in the late nineteenth century that featured pictures, comics, color, and sensationalized, oversimplified news coverage

new jersey plan

a framework for the Constitution proposed by a group of small states; its key points were a one-house legislature with one vote for each state, the establishment of the acts of Congress as the "supreme law" of the land, and a supreme judiciary with limited power.

checks and balances

a governmental structure that gives each of the three branches of government some degree of oversight and control over the actions of the others

bill of attainder

a law declaring an act illegal without a judicial trial

Extradition

a legal process whereby an alleged criminal offender is surrendered by the officials of one state to officials of the state in which the crime is alleged to have been committed

unicameral legislature

a legislative body with a single chamber

sampling error or margin of error

a measure of the accuracy of a public opinion poll.

random sampling

a method of poll selection that gives each person in a group that same chance of being selected

"invisible hand"

a phrase coined by Adam Smith to describe the process that turns self-directed gain into social and economic benefits for all, the tendency of firms and resource suppliers that seek to further their own self-interests in competitive markets to also promote the interest of society

Devolution

a policy to remove a program from one level of government by delegating it or passing it down to a lower level of government, such as from the national government to the state and local government

the federalist papers

a series of 85 political papers written by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton,a nd James madison in support of ratification of the U.S. Constitution

Federalist papers

a series of essays, written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay, that argued for the ratification of the Constitution. -They knew that achieving ratification depend on convincing the public and state legislators that the Constitution would empower the new nation to succeed. - Also understaiid many of the Anti-federalist concern centered on how much power the national government would have under the Constitution and how that authority would affect the states and individual freedoms

ideology

a set or system of beliefs that shapes the thinking of individuals and how they view the world

Privileges and Immunities Clause

a state can't discriminate against someone from another state of give its own residents special privileges

Dual Federalism

a system of government in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies

Federalism

a system of government in which power is divided, by a constitution, between a central government and regional governments

Cooperative Federalism

a system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government. they may also share costs, administration, and even blame for programs that work poorly

dual sovereignty

a system of government in which ultimate governing authority is divided between two levels of government, a central government and regional government, with each level having ultimate authority over different policy matters

Direct Democracy

a system of government that permits citizens to vote directly on laws and policies

Authoritarian Government

a system of rule in which the government recognizes no formal limits but may nevertheless be restrained by the power of other social institutions

Democracy

a system of rule the permits citizens to play a significant part in the governmental process, usually through the election of key public officials

Constitutional Government

a system of rule which formal and effective limits are placed on the powers of the government

stratified sampling

a variation of random sampling; census data are used to divide the country into four sampling regions. Sets of counties and standard metropolitan statistical areas are then randomly selected in proportion to the total national population

Emilie du Châtelet

a woman who was fortunate enough to receive an education in the sciences; aristocrat trained as a mathematician and scientist; helped stimulate interest in science in France by translating Newton's work from Latin into French

Consent of the governed

agreement by the people of a nation to subject themselves to the authority to a government. Natural rights philosophers, such as John Locke, believe that any legitimate government must draw its authority from the consent of the governed.

order freedom and equality

all governments must balance these when deciding how to rule

american dream

an American ideal of a happy, successful life, which often includes wealth, a house, a better life for ones children, and, for some, the ability to grow up to be president

network

an association of broadcast stations (radio or television) that share programming through a financial arrangement

wire service

an electronic delivery of news gathered by the news service's correspondents and sent to all member news media organizations

expressed powers

article 1 section 8 of u.s. constitution. powers listed to federal government

implied powers are granted by what clause

article 1 section of u.s. constitution: necessary and proper clause

New federalism

attempt to return power to the states through block grants

concurrent powers

authority possessed by both the state and national governments that may be exercised concurrently as long as that power is not exclusively within the scope of national power or in conflict with national law

16th amendment

authorized Congress to enact a national income tax

political ideology

the coherent set of values and beliefs about the purpose and scope of government held by groups and individuals

reserved powers

belongs to states

Who can borrow money?