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8) The 1st amendment includes two clauses relating to the freedom of religion d) describe the Supreme Court's decision in the case that you selected in C ( reynolds v. United States or Oregon v. Smith)
Although the free exercise clause protects individuals to practice their religious beliefs, it did not protect practices that were judged to be criminal. In Reynolds v. United States, the supreme court banned polygamy, viewing the practice as a crime.
1) The 14th Amendment protects civil rights and civil liberties c) describe a specific legislative action that extended civil rights to each of the following: persons with disabilities
Americans with disabilities act of 1990 (ADA) requires employers and public facilities to make "reasonable accommodations" for people with disabilities and prohibits discrimination against these individuals in employment
6) The framers of the United States Constitution created a federal system c) select two of the following and explain how each has been used to increase the power of the states relative to the federal government: block grants
Block grants are funds that the federal government gives to the states to support broad programs. The Block Grants have few strings attached and allows the state government to spend the money on any programs that the states chooses.
6) The framers of the United States Constitution created a federal system b) Select two of the following and explain how each has been used to increase the power of the federal government relative to the states: categorical grants
Categorical grants increase the power of the federal government by restricting the state's use of federal funds on programs. This allows the federal government to control the state's use of the grants for a specific purpose. The states must spend the grants based off of the federal government's wishes.
3) The Constitution limited the power of the national government and restricted popular control; however, citizen participation has changed over time a) Explain how each of the following constitutional features protects against the concentration of power in the national government: checks and balances
Checks and balances limits each power of the branch by allowing the branches with specific powers that will prevent a branch from becoming too powerful
4) the framers of the Constitution created a political system based on limited government. The original Constitution and the Bill of Rights were intended to restrict the powers of the national government. Later constitutional developments also limited the powers of state governments. a) Explain how each of the following limits the powers of the national executive: checks and balances
Checks and balances limits the powers of each branch by giving specific powers that balance one another. The legislative and judicial branch have specific powers that prevent the president from overstepping his bounds. The legislative branch, for example, limits the power of the national executive by having the ability to override a veto with a 2/3 vote in Congress. Similarly, judicial branch can nullify an act of the executive through the use of judicial review.
1) The 14th Amendment protects civil rights and civil liberties a) describe the difference between civil rights and civil liberties
Civil liberties involve basic freedoms like speech and religion. Civil liberties are protected by the 1st amendment. Civil Rights involve protections against discriminatory treatment. Civil Rights are protected by the 5th and 14th Amendment
8) The 1st amendment includes two clauses relating to the freedom of religion e) Many of these decisions have caused controversy in the United States. Describe two ways in which other political institutions might limit the impact of Supreme Court decisions
Constitutional amendments limit the Supreme court decisions due to the fact that the Supreme court decisions are based off of or under the command of the constitution. Newly added Constitutional Amendments can also overturn Supreme Court decisions. Supreme Court decisions can also be limited simply by the legislative and executive branches' refusal to enforce a Supreme Court decision.
6) The framers of the United States Constitution created a federal system b) Select two of the following and explain how each has been used to increase the power of the federal government relative to the states: federal mandates
Federal mandates give the federal government authority to tell the states what policies to implement.
3) The Constitution limited the power of the national government and restricted popular control; however, citizen participation has changed over time a) Explain how each of the following constitutional features protects against the concentration of power in the national government: federalism
Federalism divides the power between the central and state governments, ensuring that the national government does not become too powerful
4) the framers of the Constitution created a political system based on limited government. The original Constitution and the Bill of Rights were intended to restrict the powers of the national government. Later constitutional developments also limited the powers of state governments. a) Explain how each of the following limits the powers of the national executive: federalism
Federalism divides the powers between the central and state governments. This limits the power of the national executive ( the president) by giving specific power to the states as well.
6) The framers of the United States Constitution created a federal system a) Define federalism
Federalism is a way of organizaing government in which separate or different units of government share power and authority.
5) Initially, the United States Constitution did little to protect citizens from actions of the states. In the 20th century, the Supreme Court interpreted the Constitution to protect the rights of citizens from state governments in a process referred to as incorporation b) For two of the following, explain how each has been incorporated. Each of your explanations must be based on a specific and relevant Supreme Court decision: 1st amendment
In the Engel v. Vitale court case in which a public school required students to recite a school prayer, the Supreme court created the establishment clause, prohibiting the establishment of a national religion.
8) The 1st amendment includes two clauses relating to the freedom of religion b) describe the Supreme Court's decision in the case that you selected in A ( Engel v. Vitale or Lemon v. Kurtzman)
In the Engel v. Vitale court case, the Supreme Court concluded that the state officials violated the 1st Amendment by requiring schoolchildren to recite a STATE-SPONSORED school prayer. The establishment clause prohibits the national government from establishing a national religion.
5) Initially, the United States Constitution did little to protect citizens from actions of the states. In the 20th century, the Supreme Court interpreted the Constitution to protect the rights of citizens from state governments in a process referred to as incorporation b) For two of the following, explain how each has been incorporated. Each of your explanations must be based on a specific and relevant Supreme Court decision: privacy rights
In the Mapp v. Ohio court case, the Supreme Court ruled that the 4th Amendment regarding the prohibition of unreasonable search and seizures must be extended to the states and federale government.
5) Initially, the United States Constitution did little to protect citizens from actions of the states. In the 20th century, the Supreme Court interpreted the Constitution to protect the rights of citizens from state governments in a process referred to as incorporation b) For two of the following, explain how each has been incorporated. Each of your explanations must be based on a specific and relevant Supreme Court decision: rights of criminal defendants
In the Mirand v. Arizona court case, the Supreme court set the guidelines for police questioning. This provision prevents self-incrimination and the right to counsel as well as extended these provisions to the states.
1) The 14th Amendment protects civil rights and civil liberties e) Explain how civil liberties were incorporated by the Supreme Court in two of the following cases: Mapp v. Ohio
Mapp v. Ohio court case establishes the protection of individuals from unreasonable search and seizures. Further protecting the individual's civil liberties, the Exclusionary Rule was established to prevent illegally obtained evidence to be used in the court.
5) Initially, the United States Constitution did little to protect citizens from actions of the states. In the 20th century, the Supreme Court interpreted the Constitution to protect the rights of citizens from state governments in a process referred to as incorporation a) Define selective incorporation
Selective incorporation is the process in which certain, or selected, rights expressed in the Bill of Rights is applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment.
4) the framers of the Constitution created a political system based on limited government. The original Constitution and the Bill of Rights were intended to restrict the powers of the national government. Later constitutional developments also limited the powers of state governments. c) choose one of the following and explain how it limits the power of state governments: selective incorporation
Selective incorporation limits the power of the state governments by establishing that the state governments are not permitted to deny citizens the protections listed in the Bill of Rights.
2) The framers of the Constitution devised a federal system of government that affected the relationship between the national and state governments a) Compare state sovereignty under the Articles of Confederation and under the Constitution
State sovereignty is the ability of the state to be independent and autonomic of its decisions. While the Articles of Confederation give more power to the states, the Constitution did the opposite. The Constitution has a strong central government while the articles of confederation had a weak central government. Therefore, more state sovereignty was given to the state in the articles of Confederation than the Constitution
7) The United States Constitution's ratification resulted from a political process that required compromise between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Many of the debates in government today continue to reflect the concerns of each perspective c) Explain how each o the following additions to the Constitution addressed Anti-Federalists concerns: 10th amendment
The 10th Amendment addresses the anti-federalists concerns by establishing that powers not mentioned in the Constitution will be reserved to the states and people.
6) The framers of the United States Constitution created a federal system c) select two of the following and explain how each has been used to increase the power of the states relative to the federal government: 10th amendment
The 10th Amendment reserves power to the states and the people that are not previously denied.
7) The United States Constitution's ratification resulted from a political process that required compromise between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Many of the debates in government today continue to reflect the concerns of each perspective c) Explain how each o the following additions to the Constitution addressed Anti-Federalists concerns: 1st Amendment
The 1st Amendment reassures that citizens have liberties and are provided protection from government power. The 1st Amendment provides the freedom of religion, speech, press, petition, and assembly.
7) The United States Constitution's ratification resulted from a political process that required compromise between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Many of the debates in government today continue to reflect the concerns of each perspective a) Compare the positions of Federalists and anti-Federalists regarding the power of the national government
The Federalists wanted a strong national government and weak state government. The Anti-federalists wanted a weak national government and strong state government.
3) The Constitution limited the power of the national government and restricted popular control; however, citizen participation has changed over time d) describe the effect of one of the following laws on citizen participation in elections: National Voter Registration Act of 1993 (motor voter act)
The Voter Registration Act allowed for individuals to register to vote at a drivers license facility, increasing the voter registration.
3) The Constitution limited the power of the national government and restricted popular control; however, citizen participation has changed over time d) describe the effect of one of the following laws on citizen participation in elections: voting rights act of 1965
The Voting rights act of 1965 attempted to eliminate barriers to African Americans voting. The law increased voter registration and participation.
4) the framers of the Constitution created a political system based on limited government. The original Constitution and the Bill of Rights were intended to restrict the powers of the national government. Later constitutional developments also limited the powers of state governments. c) choose one of the following and explain how it limits the power of state governments: citizenship clause of the 14th amendment
The citizenship clause limits the power of the state governments by establishing that states are not permitted to define the standards of citizenship on their own terms.
7) The United States Constitution's ratification resulted from a political process that required compromise between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Many of the debates in government today continue to reflect the concerns of each perspective b) describe two features of the original Constitution that have led to a growth in the power of the national government
The commerce clause expanded the power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce both foreign and domestic. The supremacy clause gives the Constitution, national laws, and treaties more power over the state governments as long as the national government is acting within its constitutional limits
2) The framers of the Constitution devised a federal system of government that affected the relationship between the national and state governments b) Explain how each of the following has been used to expand the power of the federal government over the states: commerce clause
The commerce clause expanded the power of the federal government by giving Congress the power to "regulate commerce with foreign nations and among states". This allows the Congress to regulate interstate commerce across borders
1) The 14th Amendment protects civil rights and civil liberties d) identify the primary clause of the 14th amendment that is used to extend civil liberties
The due process clause guarantees that an individual cannot be deprived of his or her life, liberty, or property by the US or state government without due process of law
7) The United States Constitution's ratification resulted from a political process that required compromise between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Many of the debates in government today continue to reflect the concerns of each perspective d) Explain how one of the following clauses of the 14th amendment has altered the balance of power between the state and national governments: due process clause
The due process clause limits the power of the states by requiring that individual protections listed in the bill of rights be applied to both the federal and state government. This requires the states to follow the national requirements.
4) the framers of the Constitution created a political system based on limited government. The original Constitution and the Bill of Rights were intended to restrict the powers of the national government. Later constitutional developments also limited the powers of state governments. b) Explain how each of the following two provisions in the Bill of Rights limits the powers of the national government: establishment clause
The establishment clause limits the power of the national government by prohibiting the government from establishing a national religion
3) The Constitution limited the power of the national government and restricted popular control; however, citizen participation has changed over time c) describe a constitutional amendment that increased suffrage
The fifteenth amendment increased suffrage but expanding the voting qualifications to all African American men
8) The 1st amendment includes two clauses relating to the freedom of religion Select one of the following cases and identify the 1st amendment clause upon which the Supreme Court based its decision: Reynolds v. United States (polygamy)
The free exercise clause protects the practice of one's religious beliefs.
4) the framers of the Constitution created a political system based on limited government. The original Constitution and the Bill of Rights were intended to restrict the powers of the national government. Later constitutional developments also limited the powers of state governments. b) Explain how each of the following two provisions in the Bill of Rights limits the powers of the national government: guarantee of a public trial
The guarentee of a public trial, a provision in the 6th amendment, limits the power of the national government by ensuring the citizen of a speedy and public trial as well as the right to due process.
1) The 14th Amendment protects civil rights and civil liberties b) identify the primary clause of the 14th amendment that is used to extend civil rights
The primary clause is the equal protection clause. This clause emphasizes that the law must provide equivalent protection to all people.
3) The Constitution limited the power of the national government and restricted popular control; however, citizen participation has changed over time b) Explain how one of the following features of the Constitution limited the people's ability to influence the national government: selection of senators before the 17th amendment
The selection of senators limited the power of the people due to the fact that state legislatures selected the senators. The citizens did not directly influence through a popular election.
6) The framers of the United States Constitution created a federal system b) Select two of the following and explain how each has been used to increase the power of the federal government relative to the states: selective incorporation
Through selective incorporation, the federal government is able to overturn state practices that do not abide with the bill of rights.
2) The framers of the Constitution devised a federal system of government that affected the relationship between the national and state governments c) Explain how each of the following has played a role in the devolution of power from the national government to the states: block grants
broad federal funding that allows states to have more discretion in how funding is spent, thus states have greater flexibility in policy implementation
1) The 14th Amendment protects civil rights and civil liberties e) Explain how civil liberties were incorporated by the Supreme Court in two of the following cases: Gideon v. Wainwright
civil liberties were incorporated by the Supreme Court establishing a right to an attorney to those accused of a crime.
8) The 1st amendment includes two clauses relating to the freedom of religion a) Select one of the following cases and identify the 1st amendment clause upon which the United States Supreme Court based its decision: Engel v. Vitale
establishment clause concluded that the national government is not permitted to establish a national religion.
8) The 1st amendment includes two clauses relating to the freedom of religion Select one of the following cases and identify the 1st amendment clause upon which the Supreme Court based its decision: Oregon v. Smith (drug use in religious ceremonies)
free exercise clause
2) The framers of the Constitution devised a federal system of government that affected the relationship between the national and state governments b) Explain how each of the following has been used to expand the power of the federal government over the states: mandates
mandates expand the power of the federal government by allowing the federal government to direct the states to implement policies, reducing state discretion and increase federal discretion
1) The 14th Amendment protects civil rights and civil liberties c) describe a specific legislative action that extended civil rights to each of the following: women
the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited employment discrimination on the basis of sex
1) The 14th Amendment protects civil rights and civil liberties e) Explain how civil liberties were incorporated by the Supreme Court in two of the following cases: Miranda v. Arizona
the Miranda v. Arizona court case protects an individual's liberties by establishing guideline for police questioning in order to protect them against self-incrimination and informing them the right to an attorney
3) The Constitution limited the power of the national government and restricted popular control; however, citizen participation has changed over time b) Explain how one of the following features of the Constitution limited the people's ability to influence the national government: electoral college
the electoral college limits the influence of the popular vote for the president, therefore limiting the direct influence on the national government
