Grade 11 Biology - Diversity of Living Things

what types of organisms are an exemption to the biological species concept?

organisms that reproduce asexually.

what are some general characteristics of the kingdom animalia?

over 1.2 million species eukaryotic All multicellular; no cell walls or chloroplasts All heterotrophic Most reproduce sexually Inhabit terrestrial or aquatic environments

how many taxa levels are there and what are they?

seven kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

what is the theory of evolution?

The theory of evolution states that all living things are descended from a common ancestor.

what does the type of bacterial reproduction depend on?

The way in which bacteria reproduces depends on the environmental conditions.

what is a characteristic of plant-like protists?

There are 24,000 species of protists that contain chlorophyll and carry out photosynthesis and so they resemble plants.

what are some characteristics of kingdom fungi?

There are more than 100,000 species. Eukaryotic cells. Cell walls made of chitin - no chloroplasts. Most are multicellular and terrestrial. Reproduce sexually and asexually. Sessile - cannot move. They are NOT plants. All heterotrophic. Also known as saprobes, absorbing their food from decaying matter, thus making them decomposers. They release digestive enzymes into the environment which help to break down organic matter. They absorb digested material through their cell walls - therefore different from slime moulds which use endocytosis. The bodies of most fungi contain filaments called hyphae (exception- yeast because it is only one cell big) Hyphae grow into tangled masses called mycelium that can absorb nutrients.

why are body cavities needed?

These are needed as there is an increase in gas exchange, food ingested and waste excreted - this evolved as animal sizes grew larger.

what are some traits of eukaryotes?

They are a complex cell. They evolved from a prokaryote-like ancestor. Many are successful as organisms, however some organisms made of eukaryotic cells become extinct. The cytoplasm has a suspended membrane - surrounds organelles such as a nucleus, chloroplasts, vacuoles and ribosomes. Contains a 'true' nucleus surrounded by a membrane that contains DNA. A nucleolus contains RNA.

what is a species?

all organisms capable of breeding freely with each other under natural conditions (also known as the biological species concept).

what is an invertebrate?

an animal that does no have a backbone

what is a vertebrate?

an animal with a backbone or notochord

what is a seed?

an embryo of a plant that is encased in a protective covering and surrounded by a food supply.

what is a eukaryotes?

any organism whose cells contain organelles (some are single celled, other are multicellular).

what are endospores?

bacteria produces a thick wall around DNA and cytoplasm.

bilateral symmetry

body has a distinct right and left side, top, bottom, front and back usually these animals are mobile and have a preferred orientation for meeting and moving in their environment. generally animals have a head region with sense organs and a nervous centre and this head region tends to enter the environment first movement made more efficient (direction of movement better defined; resistance to water reduced) higher mobility (more efficient as seeking food, finding a mate, avoiding and escaping predators)

what are the 4 groups plants are classified into?

bryophytes - mosses pterophytes - ferns gymnosperms - cone-bearing plants angiosperms - flowering plants

what do taxas group organisms by?

by their similarities according to structure and evolutionary history.

what are the three types of fungi

case-like club-like sac-like

how does loss of biodiversity affect humans and other species?

changing climate - change in vegetation, reduces or threatens animal food supply, reduced habitats such as ice caps for polar bears, animal migrations to places that are not typical for that species, elimination of sources of natural medicines and potential new ones, economic impact, biochemical.

what are some general characteristics of slime moulds?

eat rotten vegetables. no central nervous system - no brain; but exhibits behaviours associated with brain function. yellow slime would inhibit some form of memory.

what are the six kingdoms of life?

eubacteria, archeabacteria, Protista, fungi, plants and animals.

what are the six types of species interaction?

food supply, protection, transportation, reproduction, hygiene and digestion.

radial symmetry

hydra, jellyfish, starfish No preferred direction of motion and can meet its environment equally well in any direction Sense organs are not concentrated in any one area; not suited for rapid locomotion

Deuterostome

in embryonic development the anus forms before the mouth.

protostome

in embryonic development the mouth forms before the anus.

what happens to the body when a body cavity is present?

it becomes more flexible = better mobility

which taxa level is the broadest with the greatest number of species?

kingdom

as you move down the taxonomy pyramid (an upside down pyramid) does the number of organisms get greater or lower?

lower (less organisms)

what are the two ways the bacteriophages reproduce?

lytic cycle or the lysogenic cycle

what are some general characteristics of the kingdom plantae?

more than 250,000 species eukaryotic cells all multicellular and have chloroplasts. cell walls made of cellulose autotrophic and photosynthetic sessile - cannot move reproduce sexually and asexually Thought to have evolved from green algae

tissue

most animals possess specialized cells that form tissues, organs and organ systems the work together to carry out functions.

do members of different species interbreed?

no, not generally

how many types of organisms are there in a species?

one

what are some general characteristics of protists?

single-celled eukaryotes appeared approximately 1.5 billion years ago. 115,00 species, all very diverse in cell structures, patterns of nutrition, reproduction and habitats. Their phylogeny is very complex and difficult to classify. To simplify in this class, protists have been broken down/classified based on their nutritional pattern - animal-like, plant-like and fungi-like.

what is phylogeny?

the evolutionary history of an organism (or species, or group of related species) based on fossil evidence and molecular evidence (DNA).

what is genetic diversity?

the genetic variability among organisms (usually individuals of the same species).

what are some characteristics of the kingdom eubacteria?

'true' bacteria 10,000 + species more commonly known bacteria, found in soil, water and on organisms prokaryotic, vary in shape and size all can reproduce asexually can create 'endospores' to remain dormant if necessary

what is a prion?

(protein infectious particle) no genetical material, only made of proteins

what are some test/research that has been done on slime moulds?

where the slime mould locates food (in a maze) and consistently takes the shortest route. research experiment showing that the slime mould remembers previous patterns (ex. a fan turning on a certain intervals) and altering their behaviours according to those changes.

what is a viron?

whole viruses?

what are the three domains?

Eukarya (protists, fungi, plants, animals) Bacteria (eubacteria) Archaea (archeabacteria)

how many choices are in each step?

2 choices

what are some characteristics of archeabacteria?

400+ species oldest of all life forms - 'ancient' bacteria prokaryotes hypothesized that all life kingdoms descended from ancestors of this group live in extreme environments - salt brines, hot springs, ocean depths, human guts over half the genes in archeabacteria differ from those of eubacteria

why do species depend on other species?

All species depend on other species in a variety of ways for their own survival.

what are some characteristics of animal like protists?

Also called protozoans All are heterotrophs - they eat and digest material from their surroundings. There are 4 phyla of protozoa, which are classified by there locomotion. zooflagellates amoebas ciliates sporozoans Numerous in types of species and population numbers, similar to bacteria.

what are some general characteristics of fungus-like protists?

Also called slime moulds All are heterotrophic and most are decomposers that feed on dead plants and animals by endocytosis. Live in cool, damp habitats. Cell walls are made of cellulose

from what is biodiversity under threat?

Although new species are still being discovered, biodiversity is under threat from many human activities.

what are some characteristics of dinoflagellates?

Are single-celled algae, have 2 flagella Most are photosynthetic Abundant in marine environments Each species has a specific shape Tend to be luminescent: when surrounding water is agitated, they give off light. Reproduce by mitosis Rapid population growth is called an algae bloom When dinoflagellate blooms it's called a red tide

what are some ways to classify animals?

Based on anatomy and embryology germ layers body cavity body symmetry - is it radial or bilateral? Tissue or no tissue? Vertebrate or invertebrate?

what are the three types of bacterial reproduction?

Binary Fission - favourable conditions Conjugation - unfavourable conditions Endospores - extreme conditions

what does biodiversity do? (2 points)

Biodiversity makes up the structure of the ecosystems and habitats that support essential living resources, including wildlife, fisheries and forests. Biodiversity helps provide for basic human needs such as food, shelter and medicine.

what does biodiversity refer to?

Biodiversity refers to the variety of species in an ecosystem but also includes structural diversity within ecosystems and individual variability within species.

why do biologists study differences between organisms?

Biologists study differences between organisms in order to classify them.

what are some characteristics of green algae?

Can be single celled or colonial Each cell has two flagella that move the cell around. Ancient green algae are thought to have given rise to the first plant because they have cellulose in their cell walls and their chloroplasts are similar to those of plants Multicellular algae known as seaweeds.

what is a coelem associated with?

Coelom is associated with an increase in animal size

where is the coelem located?

Coelom is located between the body wall and the gut, and contains and protects internal organs

what happens to the digestive tract when there's a body cavity present?

Digestive tract becomes longer and more efficient at absorbing nutrients

why is diversity important?

Diversity within a species is important for the species survival. Humans depend on the Earth's biodiversity for food and products.

what are the characteristics of case-like fungi?

Division zygomycata. Common moulds like bread moulds. As their hyphae contact food, they extend into the food sources like roots on a plant.

what are some characteristics of sac-like fungi?

Divison ascomycota Fungi in this category are categorized by their formation of sac-like structures which are used in reproduction. Includes mildews, moulds and yeasts.

what are the characteristics of club-like fungi?

Divison basidiomycota Are parasitic fungi and fungi that cause diseases like athlete's foot and yeast infections. Penicillin comes from this kind of fungi, Sir Alexander Flemming experimented with penicillium and found that this chemical found in fungi prevented the formation and reproduction of cell walls in bacteria.

what are the three types of germ layers? what does each layer do?

Ectoderm - gives rise to skin and nervous system Endoderm - forms inner lining of gut and sometimes respiratory system Mesoderm - gives rest to circulatory, reproductive, excretory and muscular systems.

give an example of genetic diversity?

Example of genetic diversity in humans = hair/eye colour, height etc.

what does a guild-filled coelem do?

Fluid-filled coelom distributes materials faster throughout the body

what does having a body cavity allow for?

Having a body cavity allows for space for internal organs such as lungs, heart, stomach and intestines

what are some characteristics of animal-like amoebas?

Most are free living forms No set body shapes Pseudopodes (projections of the cytoplasm) enable them to move and feed through endocytosis (engulfing organisms with their pseudopodes). Some are parasitic

when are new species formed?

New species are generally formed after they become isolated from other populations of the species.

what does phylogeny use to classify organisms?

Phylogeny uses morphology, behaviour, genetics and ancestral relationships to classify organisms.

what are some characteristics of animal-like zoo flagellates?

Possess 1 or more flagella to help them move. Feed on other protists or are internal parasites on animals.

what are the characteristics of binary fission?

Produce exact copies of themselves; the parent cells divide into two identical offspring or daughter cells. Can divide every 10-15 minutes. Genetic mutations occur which increases their diversity and ability to survive. Due to fast reproduction rate bacterial mutations occur often, about 2000 times per day. If the mutation is favourable it spreads through the population quickly.

bilaterally symmetrical animals are divided into what 2 major branches?

Protostome and Deuterostome

what are some characteristics of algae?

Resemble plants because they have chloroplasts that have chlorophyll Some are single celled, some live in colonies, some are multicellular There are 6 main groups of algae, we look at dinoflagellates and green algae.

what are some general characteristics of acellular slime moulds?

Single celled Most of life is a wall-less mass of cytoplasm with many nuclei Cytoplasm moves using pseudopodia (network of strands) Reproduce using spores; spores scatter and germinate

what are species composed of?

Species change over time and in different locations, due to differing habitats.

what do species evolve over?

Species evolve over time and space.

taxonomy classification is based on what?

Taxonomy classifies based mainly on morphology and does not include evolutionary relationships.

what is the biological species concept?

The biological species concept defines species as a population of individuals that are able to breed freely under natural conditions.

what are characteristics of endospores?

The endospore allows the bacteria to remain dormant for long periods of time until conditions are one again favourable. Endospores do not metabolize or reproduce they simply exist until conditions become favourable.

what is the fundamental unit of all living things?

The fundamental unit of all living things is called the species.

what does the key consist of?

The key consists of a series of choices that lead the user to the correct name of a species.

what are some traits of prokaryotes?

They are a simple cell. They were here first and for billions of years. They are extremely successful as organisms. Cytoplasm contains enzymes, ions and ribosomes, floating freely inside the cell membrane. DNA has no membrane separating it from the rest of the cell.

why are viruses not living things?

They are not alive because they cannot adapt to their environment, grow and develop of obtain and use energy (they do not have metabolisms).

why are viruses similar to living things?

They are similar to living things because they have DNA and RNA and they evolve.

what are the two components of a virus?

They have two components: Genetic material (DNA or RNA) and the protein coating called a capsid.

what are the characteristics of conjugation?

Used if conditions begin to fail. 2 bacterias can connect to each other by protein bridges called a pilus between them. 1 cell transfers a copy of their plasmid (a smaller ring of DNA with fewer genes than chromosomes) to the other cell. The bacteria that received the plasmid now has a different genetic makeup and thereby increases their chance of survival.

why are viruses difficult to classify?

Viruses are difficult to classify because they are not cells.

can viruses move on their own?

Viruses cannot move on their own - their proteins bind with protein receptors on host cells.

do viruses take over all types of cells?

Viruses only invade certain cell types

how do viruses take over host cells?

Viruses take over host cells by altering its genetic make up.

where is there variation in genetic make up?

Within species that reproduce sexually, there is a variation in genetic makeup.

what is a phylogenetic tree?

a branching diagram used to show evolutionary relationships between and among species.

what is a notochord?

a flexible rod like structure made of mesodermal cells found in some chordates

what is species diversity?

a measure of diversity that takes into account the quantity of each species present and the variety of species present.

how can phylogeny be traced and represented?

a phylogenetic tree.

what is a virus?

a piece of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coating

what is a prokaryote?

a single celled organism that does not contain membrane bound organelles.

what is a viroid?

a single strand of RNA (ribonucleic acid)

what is a dichotomous key?

a tool allowing a scientist to determine the identity of species, a means of classifying any living species on earth.

what is binomial nomenclature?

a two part scientific name given to every species, including the genus and the species. Written in latin

what is vascular tissue?

a type of plant tissue specialized to conduct water and nutrients throughout a plant - a transport system made of xylem and phloem.

what are the three types of fungus-like protists?

acellular slime moulds cellular slime moulds water moulds

what are 3 rules for binomial nomenclature?

the genus is often represented by a capitalized initial. the genus is always capitalized, the species is not. the name is always underlined or italicized.

what are evolutionary changes?

the physical and behavioural changes that occur in populations of species over a long time.

what is morphology?

the physical appearance and characteristics of an organism.

body cavities

the presence or absence of a coelem

what is classification?

the process of grouping things based on their similarities.

what is structural diversity?

the range of physical shapes or sizes within a habitat or ecosystem.

what is taxonomy?

the science of identifying and classifying all organisms. classification, identification, and naming of organisms.

what is biodiversity?

the variability of all living organisms and their genes.

what is nonvascular tissue?

transport materials cell to cell by osmosis (which limits their height to only a few centimetres.

what are the two types of sub-viral particles?

viroids and prions

what is a bacteriophage?

viruses that only infect bacteria.

plant division is base off of what three features?

water conducting tissues seeds flowers