Grade 8: LA: Grammar: Unit 2

Principal Part: Present Participle

- Adding -ing. Use after a form of be(is, are, was were, will) EX: They ARE ASKING if there is more food. She WAS WRITING about her experiences

4 purposes of writing

- Persuasive - Informative - Entertainment - Expository

Past Tense

- Regular verb, add -d or -ed to base form. - Irregular verb, there is no predictable pattern EX: Regular- I WAITED, walked, talked Irregular- I RAN, You CAME, We WENT

Future Tense

- Use "will" before base form EX: I WILL WAIT, You WILL WAIT, will walk, will talk

Present Tense

- Use the base form; add -s or -es for the 3rd person EX: I WAIT, you WAIT, walks, talks he, she, it WAIT

Principal Part: Present

- basic form. Add -s or -es for third-person singular EX: Peter ASKS her to be quiet. Anne WRITES in her diary each night.

Principal Part: Past

- regular: Add -d or -ed - Irregular: No predictable pattern EX: Mr. Dussel ASKED to be left alone. Mr. Frank WROTE a list of items

Principal Part: Past Participle

- regular: Add -d or -ed. Use after a form of have, had or had. - Irregular: No predictable pattern. Use after a form of have, had or had. EX: Mrs. Van Dann HAS ASKED for her coat. Margot HAD WRITTEN in her book.

3rd Person Limited

DFN) - A narrator who is confined to what is experienced, thought, or felt by a single character, or at most a limited number of characters. - They do not seem to be sure of what every character is feeling.

3rd Person Objective

DFN) - This narrator can only tell you what can be seen or heard. They cannot know anyone's thoughts or feelings. - We are all objective observers. We can tell others what we see or hear, and we can guess at someone's thoughts, but we can not know what they are thinking unless they tell us.

1st Person Point of View

DFN) - The narrator is in the story and refers to him/herself. Ex) - I, me, we, us, our, my - If you're reading this because you think you might be one, MY advice is: close this book right now.

Central Idea

DFN) EX)

3rd Person Omniscient

DFN) A narrator who knows everything that needs to be known about the characters and events in the story, and who has privileged access to a character's thoughts, feelings, and motives.

Future Perfect

DFN) Action in the future that will have ended before a certain point in the times EX) Will have tried

Present Perfect

DFN) Action in the past that continues into the past EX) Have tried

Past Perfect

DFN) Action in the past that ended before another past action EX) Have tried

External Motivation

DFN) Factors in the setting or situation Ex) War or poverty

Coordination

DFN) Gives equal attention, 2 complete thoughts combined with F.A.N.B.O.Y.S. or a semicolon EX) The boy ran two miles and the girl swam 100 yards

Subordination

DFN) Gives less attention to one thought so the other had more emphasis. - Sub. conjunctions include "because", " although", and "Since". - If sub. Conjunction is in the middle of sentence, no punctuation EX) When the doorbell rang, my dog loudly barked. She is a great leader because you taught her.

Internal Motivation

DFN) Include emotions, such as jealousy or loneliness Ex) Gossip

Irony

DFN) The opposite of what is expected

2nd Person Point of View

DFN) The second person is when the narrator says "You" and puts the reader directly into the story. Ex) YOU look around you and find your friends gone.

Root "strict"

DFN) draw tight EX) district

Suffix: "-ent"

DFN) verb- insist, adjective- insistent EX) intelligent

Coordinating Conjunction

F.A.N.B.O.Y.S. (For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So I am going to the party but Sara is not

Verbal

Sarcasm, character says one thing but means the opposite

Dramatic

reader understands more about events of the story than the character

Situational

when what actually happens is the opposite of what was expected