Grid 3-2

Amoeba Sisters: Carbohydrates

-Pasta and bread are examples of food that are heavy in carbohydrates -Carbs are actually a very important source of energy (a big function of carbs) -They are a great fast source of energy -The monomers for carbs are monosaccharides

Amoeba Sisters: Proteins

-Protein is great for muscle building -Examples of foods high in proteins: meats and many types of beans -The monomers of proteins are amino acids -Protein is beneficial for muscle development, working in the immune system (antibody proteins), and acting as enzymes -Enzymes are made of proteins, so proteins are important for the body -Understand that proteins are all over your body, not just in your muscles! -Genes are the codes for proteins, they are important for the structure and function in the body

What are the different types/components of fats or lipids?

-fatty acids -sterols -triglycerides -phospholipids

How many substances leave the enzyme? What is the substance leaving an enzyme called?

2 substances leave the enzyme; it is called the product

DNA

A DNA molecule consists of two chains of bonded nucleotides twisted into a helical shape.

Starch

A complex plant carbohydrate made of linked chains of glucose molecules; a source of stored energy.

Polymer

A molecule made up of individual subunits, called monomers, linked together in a chain.

Enzyme

A protein that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.

Coenzyme

A small organic molecule, such as a vitamin, required to activate an enzyme.

Linear Strand of Amino Acids

Different amino acids have different side chains.

Fatty Acids

Fatty acids contain long chains of carbon atoms bonded to one another and to hydrogen atoms

Refined Sugars and Fats

High in carbohydrates and fats

Fruits and Vegetables

High in complex carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals

Whole Grains

High in complex carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals

Meat, Fish, and Beans

High in proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals

Dairy

High in proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals

What are the most common inorganic nutrients which are present in all food?

Iron, Calcium, Vitamins, Minerals

Lipids (Gizmo Info)

Lipids (fats and oils) are used for energy, insulation, and as an essential building block of cells. Meats, dairy products, and oily plants such as olives are rich in lipids.

How do monomers relate to polymers?

Macromolecules share a similar organization in that they are composed of subunits called monomers linked together in a chain. When two or more monomers join they form a polymer.

What are other names for biomolecules?

Macromolecules, Biological Molecules, Organic Molecules

Carbohydrates

Monomers: Carbohydrates are made up of repeating subunits known as monosaccharides, or simple sugars. Function: Carbohydrates act as energy storing molecules in many organisms. Other carbohydrates provide structural support for cells. Examples: Dairy (milk, yogurt, ice-cream), Potatoes, Whole Grains (white bread), Pasta, Rice

Nucleic Acids

Monomers: Nucleic acids are polymers of repeating subunits known as nucleotides. There are two types of nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, each of which is made up of slightly different types of nucleotides Function: DNA and RNA are critical for the storage, transmission, and execution of genetic instructions Examples: Guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil, adenine

Complex Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides like glucose can be bonded together in straight or branching chains called complex carbohydrates.

Nucleotide

Nucleotides share a common core structure, including a phosphate group and a sugar, which varies slightly between DNA and RNA. Each of the five different nucleotides differs by virtue of the individual base.

Essential Nutrients

Nutrients that cannot be made by the body, so must be obtained from the diet.

Macronutrients

Nutrients, including carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, that organisms must ingest in large amounts to maintain health.

Micronutrients

Nutrients, including vitamins and minerals, that organisms must ingest in small amounts in order to maintain health.

Monomer

One chemical subunit of a polymer; a building block that makes up a substance

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Organic molecules not synthesized by the body (except vitamin D). Excess vitamin is stored in fat cells and can harm health.

Water-Soluble Vitamins

Organic molecules not synthesized by the body. Excess vitamin is excreted in urine and so does no harm health.

Biomolecules

Organic molecules which combine to form living organisms; includes carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Food is a source of large molecules that are needed for life called biomolecules.

What types of food does protein come from? (raw material)

Protein comes from amino acids

RNA

RNA molecules consist of only on linear chain of bonded nucleotides

Sterols

Sterols have four concentrated carbon rings. Cholesterol is a sterol that is an important component of cell membranes. Other sterols may be hormones or color-inducing pigments.

What is the Biuret test testing?

The Biuret test uses a solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH) and copper sulfate (CuSO4) to test for protein. The Biuret solution turns purple when proteins are present.

Malnutriton

The medical condition resulting from the lack of any essential nutrient in the diet. Malnutrition is often, but not always, associated with starvation.

Amino Acid

There are 20 different amino acids found in proteins. Each amino acid shares a common core structure.

Triglycerides

Triglycerides, also known as fat, have three fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol molecule. Fats store large amounts of energy and also provide padding and thermal insulation.

Macronutrients include ____, ____, and ____; these are among the ____ macromolecules that make up our cells.

carbohydrates, proteins, fats, organic

Food is a source of ____. ____ provide the chemicals required to ____ and ____ cells and tissues and furnish cells with the energy needed to ____.

nutrients, nutrients, build, maintain, function

Amoeba Sisters: Lipids

-Better known as fats -They have two different types of building blocks: glycerol and fatty acids -Examples of lipids include butter, oil, and cholesterol -Wax is also a lipid! It can be found in candles! -Lipids provide insulation -Fats are a great source of long-term energy -Lipids also make up cell membranes Fats (lipids) make up cell membranes! -An excessive amount of lipids would be a bad thing for your health, it's all about moderation

Macronutrients Building + Maintaining Cells:

Carbohydrates -> Simple Sugars -> Energy storage and cell-surface molecules Proteins -> Amino Acids -> Enzymes and structural proteins Fats -> Fatty acids and glycerol -> Phospholipids for membranes Nucleic Acids -> Nucleotides -> DNA and RNA for storing and transmitting genetic instructions

Proteins

Monomers: Proteins are polymers of different, small, repeating unit called amino acids joined together by peptide bonds Function: Proteins carry out many functions in cells, they help speed up the rate of chemical reactions and they also move things through and around cells and even help entire cells move Example: Eggs, almonds, chicken breasts, oats, cottage cheese

Lipids

Monomers: There are different types of lipids, each with a distinct structure and function. Lipids are not made up of repeating subunits or building blocks, but they are all hydrophobic molecules, meaning they don't mix with water Function: Important component of cell membranes, may be hormones or color-inducing pigments (sterols), store large amounts of energy and also provide padding and thermal insulation (triglycerides), an important component of cell membranes (phospholipids) Example: Avocados, cheese, dark chocolate, whole eggs, fatty fish

What is the Sudan Red test testing?

The Sudan Red test uses a fat-soluble dye, Sudan Red, to indicate the presence of lipids. When lipids are present, the dye will be absorbed into the lipids, and will appear as concentrated spots of color in the test tube. (No spots indicates that lipids are not present.)

Energy

The ability to do work, including building complex molecules. It powers essential life activities.

Monosaccharides

The backbone of carbon atoms in monosaccharides is most often arranged in a ring.

How does the energy of the reactants compare to the energy of the products?

The energy of the reactants is higher than the energy of the products

Activation Energy

The energy required for a chemical reaction to proceed. Enzymes accelerate reactions by reducing their activation energy.

Active Site

The part of an enzyme that binds to substrates.

Catalysis

The process of speeding up the rate of a chemical reaction (e.g., by enzymes).

Is glucose an important monosaccharide?

YES

Biomolecules are the ______ ________ of life

building components

Malnutrition is especially dangerous for ____, whose bodies are, or should be, growing rapidly.

children

Many enzymes require small "helper" chemicals known as ____ to function. Micronutrients such as ____ and ____, found abundantly in fruits and vegetables, are important cofactors.

cofactors, minerals, vitamins

Enzymes are ____ that ____ the rate of chemical reactions. Nearly all reactions in the body require ____, including those required for ____ and ____.

proteins, accelerate, enzymes, growth, development

Enzymes ____ ___ reactions by binding specifically to substrates and ____ the activation energy necessary for a reaction to occur. Enzymes mediate both bond-breaking (____) and bond-building (____) reactions.

speed up, reducing, catabolic, anabolic

Examples of Organic Molecules

-Glucose -Nucleic Acids -Proteins -Carbohydrates -Lipids

Amoeba Sisters: Nucleic Acids

-Include DNA and RNA -They have a monomer called nucleotides -Both DNA and RNA are involved in storing your genetic traits (coding of traits) -Remember DNA and RNA is where your genetic information is stored -They are found in a lot of your food because whenever you eat something that came from something living, it can still contain the DNA -DNA is found in all living things -Any type of life must contain nucleic acids to direct the cell's activities

How many substances enter the enzyme? What is the substance entering an enzyme called?

1 substance enters the enzyme; it is called a substrate

Substrate

A molecule to which an enzyme binds and on which it acts.

Metabolism

All biochemical reactions occurring in an organism, including reactions that break down food molecules and reactions that build new cell structures.

What types of food does protein come from? (Raw Material)

Amino Acids

Essential Amino Acids

Amino acids the human body cannot synthesize and must obtain from food.

Mineral

An inorganic chemical element required by organisms for normal growth, reproduction, and tissue maintenance; examples are calcium, iron, potassium, and zinc.

Cofactor

An inorganic substance, such as a metal ion, required to activate an enzyme.

Vitamin

An organic molecule required in small amounts for normal growth, reproduction, and tissue maintenance.

Catabolic Reaction

Any chemical reaction that breaks down complex molecules into simpler molecules.

Anabolic Reaction

Any chemical reaction that combines simple molecules to build more-complex molecules.

Where does the substrate connect to the enzyme?

At the active site

Carbohydrates/Starches

Carbohydrates such as starches and sugars are major source of energy. Simple sugars are found in sweets and fruits. Starches are found in potatoes, cereal, pasta, flour, and other plant products.

What are the 4 major biomolecules that make up all of life?

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

What three types of molecules is most food composed of?

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids

What are chemicals that make up each biomolecule?

Carbohydrates: CHO (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen) Lipids: CHO (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen) Amino Acids: CHON (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen) Nucleic Acids: CHONP (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus)

What are the different types/components of carbohydrates? (Not the type of food)

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

What are the different types/components of carbohydrates? (not the type of food)

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

Nutrients

Components in food that the body needs to grow, develop, and repair itself.

Organic Molecules

Describes a molecule with a carbon based backbone and at least one carbon-hydrogen bond.

How is each nutrient unique?

Each nutrient is unique. Certain foods are good sources of individual nutrients. Each nutrient has unique chemical and physiological properties, so that if we consume too little or too much of the nutrient, specific deficiency or toxicity symptoms can occur in the body. Certain diseases of affluence, such as coronary heart disease, obesity, and hypertension, are also thought to be related to specific nutrient intakes.

How does energy play a role in chemical reactions?

Energy plays a large role in whether or not chemical reactions occur. For many chemical reactions to occur, energy must first be added to start the reaction. This energy is referred to as activation energy because it activates the chemical reaction.

What is the enzyme and substrate pair called after they've come together?

Enzyme/substrate complex

Enzymes

Enzymes are responsible for thousands of chemical processes that sustain life. Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts, meaning that they are able to speed up, or make possible, chemical reactions. Without enzymes, organisms wouldn't be able to digest food, build proteins, or copy DNA. The vast majority of enzymes are proteins, but a few enzymatic RNA have been discovered.

How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions?

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering the amount of activation energy needed for the reaction to happen

What is the Benedict's test testing?

For Monosaccharides, simple sugars like glucose or fructose (fruit sugar). In contact with monosaccharides, the benedict solution turns from blue to green to orange

Phospholipids

Phospholipids have two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol molecule. Phospholipids are an important component of cell membranes.

Proteins (Gizmo Info)

Proteins are used in body structures such as muscles, skin, and hair. Rich sources of proteins include meats, dairy products, and beans.

Folded, Three-Dimensional Protein

Proteins do not function properly until they fold into their unique, three-dimensional shape

What does the Lugol test testing?

The Lugol test uses iodine to test for starch, a polysaccharide (complex sugar). Iodine turns dark purple in the presence of starch.

Are disaccharides more complex than monosaccharides?

disaccharides, such as sucrose (table sugar) and lactose (milk sugar) are more complex than monosaccharides. The benedict test does not detect disaccharides directly.

Most nutritionists recommend that ____, ____, and ____ ____ make up the largest portion of our diet.

fruits, vegetables, whole grains

Digestion breaks down ____ into smaller ____, which are then used by cells to build cell structures and carry out ____ ____.

macromolecules, subunits, cell functions

Malnutrition results when adequate ____ and ____ are lacking in the diet.

macronutrients, micronutrients

Nutrients required in large amounts are called ____; nutrients required in smaller amounts are called ____. Both are essential for ____ ____.

macronutrients, micronutrients, good health