MKT 231- (quizzes for exam 1)

Affective

Emotional,Instantaneous

Cosmological

Emphasize that all components of the universe are part of a single picture.

We explicitly decide on ________ norms, such as the rule that a green traffic light means "go" and a red one means "stop."

Enacted

What do we call the learning process when we learn the beliefs and behaviors endorsed by our own culture?

Enculturation

Indulgence vs. restraint

Enjoying life and having fun/gratification of needs

________ are dimensions used to judge the merits of competing options.

Evaluative criteria

Chapter 2 Tomorrow, Lacey will be attending a party with a buffet. In anticipation of splurging on delicious food, she is eating very little today. Lacey is using a ________ to help her estimate consumption over time and regulate her behavior.

Mental Budget

The first stage in the cognitive decision-making process is ________.

problem recognition

More

A custom with a strong moral overtone and may often involve a taboo, or behavior that is considered forbidden.

Custom

A norm that controls basic behaviors, such as division of labor in a household or how we practice particular ceremonies.

Functional risk

A. Risk that the product may not operate as the consumer needs or expects.

Why do consumers sometimes replace a product that still functions?

A. desire for new features B. change in the environment C. change in person's role D. all of the above

Which of the following time periods is encompassed in the study of consumer behavior?

A. pre-purchase B. purchase C. post-purchase D. all of the above

People buy products for ________.

A. what they do B. what they mean C. the role the product plays in the consumer's life D. all of the above

Role Theory takes the view that much of consumer behavior resembles which of the following?

Actions in a Play

Human Ecology

Allocation of individual or family resources.

As a relationship grows and progresses, gift giving tends to become more ________.

Altruistic

Which of the following is an object that is admired strictly for its beauty or because it inspires an emotional reaction?

An art product

Ego Needs

Automobiles, furniture, credit cards, country club memberships, high end liquors

Social Psychology

Behavior of individuals as members of social groups.

Habitual

Behavioral, unconscious, automatic

Which of the following terms is used to describe the bond between product and consumer that is difficult for competitors to break?

Brand Loyalty

Rules of conduct that guide actions in the marketplace are known as ________.

Business Ethics

Belongingness

Clothing to match social groups and grooming products

A(n) ________ is a person who identifies a need or desire, makes a purchase, and then disposes of a product.

Consumer

_______________ is a physiological or psychological dependency on products or services.

Consumer addiction

Macroeconomics

Consumers' relations with the marketplace.

Which of the following is NOT one of the three distinct stages of gift-giving rituals?

Convention

The shoe company TOMS gives a pair of shoes to a needy child for every pair that it sells. This is an example of a company which has integrated ________ into its business model.

Corporate social responsibility

When a company must inform consumers that its previous advertising messages were wrong or misleading, the company uses ________.

Corrective Advertising

In the cultural production process, the people who control the flow of information between producers and customers are called ________.

Cultural Gatekeeper

Sam's Club tracks the habits of the 100 million customers who visit its stores each week and responds with products and services directed toward those customers' needs based on the information collected. This is an example of ________ marketing.

Database

The Japanese greatly value products that make efficient use of space because of the cramped conditions in urban areas in Japan. This is an example of ________ in Japan's cultural system.

Ecology

Researchers primarily see the gift-giving ritual as one of ________ exchange.

Economic

Coca-Cola is most likely an example of a(n) ________ product because it characterizes an entire category of soft drinks.

Exemplar

Which act makes it illegal for American executives to bribe foreigners to gain business?

Foreign Corrupt Practices Act

Brands that we closely link to our rituals are called ________ brands; once they become imbedded in our rituals we are unlikely to replace them.

Fortress

People often make decisions on the basis of mental accounting. One facet of this accounting is making a decision based on the way a problem was posed. This is called ________.

Framing

Johnson and Johnson sells a line of cleaning products which is made from environmentally-friendly ingredients. This is an example of _________________.

Green Marketing

When companies make false claims about how environmentally friendly their products are, ________ has occurred.

Greenwashing

When a person buys a product for emotional reasons, we can say that the need is ________.

Hedonic

Metaphysical

Help explain origins of existence.

Self-Actualization

Hobbies, travel, education

Power distance

How power is divided

Jack isn't motivated to spend time thinking about what his mom's birthday present could be so he just orders her flowers yet again. Jack is experiencing ________.

Inertia

________ is the process by which the consumer surveys the environment for appropriate data to make a reasonable decision.

Information search

Purchase issue

Is acquiring a product a stressful or pleasant experience? What does the purchase say about the consumer?

As a customer's product knowledge increases, what typically happens to the amount of search conducted by the consumer?

It will increase, and then decrease as the customer becomes more knowledgeable.

________ postulated that myths involve binary opposition, in which two opposing ends of some dimension are represented (such as good versus evil).

Levi-Strauss

When the ________ rule of decision-making is used, the brand that is the best on the most important attribute is the one selected.

Lexicographic

The way consumers feel about themselves, the things they value, and the things they like to do in their spare time are part of how marketers segment using ________.

Lifestyle

The importance people attach to worldly possessions is known as ________.

Materialism

A story containing symbolic elements that express the shared emotions and ideals of a culture is called a ________.

Myth

A ________ creates a state of tension that drives the consumer to attempt to reduce or eliminate it.

Needs

________ usually dictate what is right or wrong, acceptable or unacceptable.

Norms

Conventions

Norms that regulate how we conduct our everyday lives; these rules often deal with the subtleties of consumer behavior and may involve the "correct" way to furnish a home, wear one's clothes, or host a dinner party.

Promoters attempt to have their products shown prominently in full-length films. This type of promotion is referred to as ________.

Product Placement

Psychological

Provide models for personal conduct.

A consumer researcher who examines consumers' lifestyles and personalities is studying ________.

Psychographics

A hot and thirsty customer buys a cool drink and finds it very satisfying. He then buys another drink even though he had not initially planned on buying two and even though he is no longer thirsty. This is an example of ________.

Purchase Momentum

Which of the following marketing philosophies emphasizes interacting with customers on a regular basis and giving them reasons to maintain a bond with a company's brands over time?

Relationship Marketing

Which of the following is NOT one of the consumer rights established in President John F. Kennedy's Declaration of Consumer Rights in 1962?

Right to desire more

Monetary risk

Risk that occurs when making a poor choice will have a financial consequence. Any purchase that costs a lot is subject to this risk.

Psychological risk

Risk that one may lose self-respect due to making a bad decision. For instance, expensive luxury goods could cause the consumer to feel extensive guilt

Social risk

Risk that the product choice will reflect poorly on the consumer and damage his or her self-esteem or confidence

Physical risk

Risk that the product may physically threaten or harm the consumer.

A set of multiple symbolic behaviors that occur in a fixed sequence and tend to be repeated is called a ________.

Ritual

Pavel was an inventor. He read that there were several million people who could not sleep at night until they looked under the bed. He invented a light that could be put under a bed and went on automatically when someone looked there. Pavel's product is designed to help people perform a ________.

Ritual

According to the basic marketing concept, a firm exists to: ________.

Satisfy Needs

Advertisements reminding people to stay focused while driving and to avoid texting while driving are examples of ________.

Social Marketing

Sociology

Social institutions and group relationships.

History

Societal changes over time.

Which of the following values is most associated with materialists?

Status

Crescive

Subtle rules discovered as we interact with others

Which of the following best explains how a minority of a product's users make up a majority of sales of that product?

The 80/20 rule

Reformulation

The giver and receiver redefine the bond between them (either looser or tighter) to reflect their new relationship after the exchange.

Gestation

The giver procures an item to mark some event.

Ideology

The mental characteristics of a people and the way they relate to their environment and social groups.

Nostalgic attachment

The product serves as a link to the consumer's past.

Ecology

The way a system adapts to its habits

When consumers are unhappy with a product, they may file a complaint in the form of legal action, Better Business Bureau complaint, or publishing a negative review. This is called a ________ response.

Third-Party

Long-term orientation

Thrift and perseverance vs. fulfilling social obligations

Participatory action research (PAR) is also known as ________.

Transformative consumer research

When a transaction occurs between two or more organizations or people who give and receive something of value, an exchange has taken place.

True

Honesty, trustworthiness, fairness, and justice are all ________ with which people in a culture judge what is right and what is wrong.

Universal Values

When consumers are unhappy with a product, they may use a ________ response, which means they respond directly to the retailer for redress.

Voice

Pre-purchase issues

What are the best sources of information to learn more about alternative choices?

A customer buying an unfamiliar product that carries a fair degree of risk would most likely engage in what type of decision-making?

cognitive decision-making

When using the ________ rule of decision-making, a consumer evaluates brands on the most important attribute, but specific cutoffs are imposed.

conjunctive

The alternatives actively considered during a consumer's choice process are the ________ set.

consideration

The tendency for people to prefer products from their own culture rather than those of another culture is called ________.

ethnocentrism

Which theory suggests that consumer expectations of achieving desirable outcomes motivate behavior?

expectancy theory

The belief that meaning is not fixed but is instead constructed by each individual is part of the ________ paradigm.

interpretivist

A marketer uses ________ to target a brand only to specific groups of consumers who are most likely to be heavy users of the marketer's brand.

market segmentation strategies

At M&Ms.com, you can upload a photo and order a batch of M&Ms with a face and personal message printed on the candy shell. This is an example of ________.

mass customization

If a consumer's ideal state is very near or identical to his or her actual state, which of the following best describes the type of problem recognition the consumer would most likely have?

no problem recognized

Which of the following is a benefit organizations receive when customers complain?

opportunity to correct the situation

Social Structure

The way people maintain an orderly social life

The systematic acquisition of a particular object or set of objects is called ________.

Collecting

Individualism

Degree to which individuals are integrated into groups

Cognitive

Deliberate, rational, sequential

A marketer who segments a population by age, race, and/or gender is using ________ to categorize consumers.

Demographics

Masculinity

Distribution of roles between the genders

Post-purchase issue

Does the product provide pleasure or perform its intended function? What are the environmental consequences of disposing of this purchase?

__________ is brand choice model that represents the ultimate selection decision as a series of eliminations. Each alternative available for choice is viewed as having some set of aspects (e.g., product features). At each stage of the choice process an aspect is selected (with probability proportional to that aspect's importance for this consumer), and all alternatives still being considered that do not possess the selected aspect are eliminated.

Elimination-by-Aspects rule

According to the Federal Trade Commission, the most common consumer complaint, accounting for nearly 20% of all problems reported, is ________.

Identity theft

Which functional area of culture is most closely related to the idea of a common worldview?

Ideology

Safety

Insurance, alarm systems, investments, retirement

Sociological

Maintain social order by authorizing a social code to be followed by members of a culture.

Demography

Measurable characteristics of a population.

The ability for a consumer to assess, analyze, evaluate, and communicate information in a variety of forms including print and non-print messages is known as ________.

Media literacy

Physiological

Medicine, food, staple items, generics

Aaron purchased a Coca-Cola collectible Polar Bear because it reminded him of positive memories of his youth. Aaron has a ________ type of relationship with the product.

Nostalgic Attachment

Experimental psychology

Perception, learning, and memory processes.

Chapter 3 Culture is best described as society's

Personality

Jack has received an email that asks him to help a distant relative in Kenya by sending his bank account information to transfer a small amount of funds. Jack is the victim of a(n) ________ scam.

Phishing

Jeff is tired of the numerous breakdowns and peeling paint on his old car. When Jeff begins to think actively about his car in this way, which of the following cognitive decision-making process steps is Jeff going through?

Problem recognition

Which of the following terms refers to the online means of communication, conveyance, and collaboration among interdependent and interconnected networks of people, communities, and organizations?

Social Media

Cultural Anthropology

Society's beliefs and practices.

Uncertainty avoidance

Society's tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity

Match the following stages in the consumer decision making model with their corresponding step numbers.

Step 1 Problem Recognition Step 2 Information Search Step 3 Evaluation of alternatives Step 4 Product choice Step 5 consumer Outcomes.

Presentation

The process of gift exchange. The recipient responds to the gift and the donor evaluates this response.

Love

The product elicits emotional bonds of warmth, passion, or other strong emotion.

Self-concept

The product helps to establish the user's identity.

Interdependence

The product is a part of the user's daily routine.

In a thought process called ________, we evaluate the effort we'll need to make a particular choice and then we tailor the amount of cognitive "effort" we expend to make that choice.

constructive processing

Which of the following is the study of the processes involved when individuals or groups select, purchase, use, or dispose of products, services, ideas, or experiences to satisfy needs and desires?

consumer behavior

All of the following are relevant to a triple bottom-line orientation EXCEPT ________.

growth bottom line

A consumer who uses a few simple decision rules to arrive at a purchase decision is using which of the following?

habitual decision making

Interest in the occult is most likely to increase in a society when ________.

people feel overwhelmed or powerless

The higher the ________, the higher the level of product involvement as the consumer makes the decision.

perceived risk

A consumer researcher who believes in the paradigm of ________ believes that human reason is supreme and that there is a single, objective truth that can be discovered by science.

positivism