MKT 231- (quizzes for exam 1)
Affective
Emotional,Instantaneous
Cosmological
Emphasize that all components of the universe are part of a single picture.
We explicitly decide on ________ norms, such as the rule that a green traffic light means "go" and a red one means "stop."
Enacted
What do we call the learning process when we learn the beliefs and behaviors endorsed by our own culture?
Enculturation
Indulgence vs. restraint
Enjoying life and having fun/gratification of needs
________ are dimensions used to judge the merits of competing options.
Evaluative criteria
Chapter 2 Tomorrow, Lacey will be attending a party with a buffet. In anticipation of splurging on delicious food, she is eating very little today. Lacey is using a ________ to help her estimate consumption over time and regulate her behavior.
Mental Budget
The first stage in the cognitive decision-making process is ________.
problem recognition
More
A custom with a strong moral overtone and may often involve a taboo, or behavior that is considered forbidden.
Custom
A norm that controls basic behaviors, such as division of labor in a household or how we practice particular ceremonies.
Functional risk
A. Risk that the product may not operate as the consumer needs or expects.
Why do consumers sometimes replace a product that still functions?
A. desire for new features B. change in the environment C. change in person's role D. all of the above
Which of the following time periods is encompassed in the study of consumer behavior?
A. pre-purchase B. purchase C. post-purchase D. all of the above
People buy products for ________.
A. what they do B. what they mean C. the role the product plays in the consumer's life D. all of the above
Role Theory takes the view that much of consumer behavior resembles which of the following?
Actions in a Play
Human Ecology
Allocation of individual or family resources.
As a relationship grows and progresses, gift giving tends to become more ________.
Altruistic
Which of the following is an object that is admired strictly for its beauty or because it inspires an emotional reaction?
An art product
Ego Needs
Automobiles, furniture, credit cards, country club memberships, high end liquors
Social Psychology
Behavior of individuals as members of social groups.
Habitual
Behavioral, unconscious, automatic
Which of the following terms is used to describe the bond between product and consumer that is difficult for competitors to break?
Brand Loyalty
Rules of conduct that guide actions in the marketplace are known as ________.
Business Ethics
Belongingness
Clothing to match social groups and grooming products
A(n) ________ is a person who identifies a need or desire, makes a purchase, and then disposes of a product.
Consumer
_______________ is a physiological or psychological dependency on products or services.
Consumer addiction
Macroeconomics
Consumers' relations with the marketplace.
Which of the following is NOT one of the three distinct stages of gift-giving rituals?
Convention
The shoe company TOMS gives a pair of shoes to a needy child for every pair that it sells. This is an example of a company which has integrated ________ into its business model.
Corporate social responsibility
When a company must inform consumers that its previous advertising messages were wrong or misleading, the company uses ________.
Corrective Advertising
In the cultural production process, the people who control the flow of information between producers and customers are called ________.
Cultural Gatekeeper
Sam's Club tracks the habits of the 100 million customers who visit its stores each week and responds with products and services directed toward those customers' needs based on the information collected. This is an example of ________ marketing.
Database
The Japanese greatly value products that make efficient use of space because of the cramped conditions in urban areas in Japan. This is an example of ________ in Japan's cultural system.
Ecology
Researchers primarily see the gift-giving ritual as one of ________ exchange.
Economic
Coca-Cola is most likely an example of a(n) ________ product because it characterizes an entire category of soft drinks.
Exemplar
Which act makes it illegal for American executives to bribe foreigners to gain business?
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
Brands that we closely link to our rituals are called ________ brands; once they become imbedded in our rituals we are unlikely to replace them.
Fortress
People often make decisions on the basis of mental accounting. One facet of this accounting is making a decision based on the way a problem was posed. This is called ________.
Framing
Johnson and Johnson sells a line of cleaning products which is made from environmentally-friendly ingredients. This is an example of _________________.
Green Marketing
When companies make false claims about how environmentally friendly their products are, ________ has occurred.
Greenwashing
When a person buys a product for emotional reasons, we can say that the need is ________.
Hedonic
Metaphysical
Help explain origins of existence.
Self-Actualization
Hobbies, travel, education
Power distance
How power is divided
Jack isn't motivated to spend time thinking about what his mom's birthday present could be so he just orders her flowers yet again. Jack is experiencing ________.
Inertia
________ is the process by which the consumer surveys the environment for appropriate data to make a reasonable decision.
Information search
Purchase issue
Is acquiring a product a stressful or pleasant experience? What does the purchase say about the consumer?
As a customer's product knowledge increases, what typically happens to the amount of search conducted by the consumer?
It will increase, and then decrease as the customer becomes more knowledgeable.
________ postulated that myths involve binary opposition, in which two opposing ends of some dimension are represented (such as good versus evil).
Levi-Strauss
When the ________ rule of decision-making is used, the brand that is the best on the most important attribute is the one selected.
Lexicographic
The way consumers feel about themselves, the things they value, and the things they like to do in their spare time are part of how marketers segment using ________.
Lifestyle
The importance people attach to worldly possessions is known as ________.
Materialism
A story containing symbolic elements that express the shared emotions and ideals of a culture is called a ________.
Myth
A ________ creates a state of tension that drives the consumer to attempt to reduce or eliminate it.
Needs
________ usually dictate what is right or wrong, acceptable or unacceptable.
Norms
Conventions
Norms that regulate how we conduct our everyday lives; these rules often deal with the subtleties of consumer behavior and may involve the "correct" way to furnish a home, wear one's clothes, or host a dinner party.
Promoters attempt to have their products shown prominently in full-length films. This type of promotion is referred to as ________.
Product Placement
Psychological
Provide models for personal conduct.
A consumer researcher who examines consumers' lifestyles and personalities is studying ________.
Psychographics
A hot and thirsty customer buys a cool drink and finds it very satisfying. He then buys another drink even though he had not initially planned on buying two and even though he is no longer thirsty. This is an example of ________.
Purchase Momentum
Which of the following marketing philosophies emphasizes interacting with customers on a regular basis and giving them reasons to maintain a bond with a company's brands over time?
Relationship Marketing
Which of the following is NOT one of the consumer rights established in President John F. Kennedy's Declaration of Consumer Rights in 1962?
Right to desire more
Monetary risk
Risk that occurs when making a poor choice will have a financial consequence. Any purchase that costs a lot is subject to this risk.
Psychological risk
Risk that one may lose self-respect due to making a bad decision. For instance, expensive luxury goods could cause the consumer to feel extensive guilt
Social risk
Risk that the product choice will reflect poorly on the consumer and damage his or her self-esteem or confidence
Physical risk
Risk that the product may physically threaten or harm the consumer.
A set of multiple symbolic behaviors that occur in a fixed sequence and tend to be repeated is called a ________.
Ritual
Pavel was an inventor. He read that there were several million people who could not sleep at night until they looked under the bed. He invented a light that could be put under a bed and went on automatically when someone looked there. Pavel's product is designed to help people perform a ________.
Ritual
According to the basic marketing concept, a firm exists to: ________.
Satisfy Needs
Advertisements reminding people to stay focused while driving and to avoid texting while driving are examples of ________.
Social Marketing
Sociology
Social institutions and group relationships.
History
Societal changes over time.
Which of the following values is most associated with materialists?
Status
Crescive
Subtle rules discovered as we interact with others
Which of the following best explains how a minority of a product's users make up a majority of sales of that product?
The 80/20 rule
Reformulation
The giver and receiver redefine the bond between them (either looser or tighter) to reflect their new relationship after the exchange.
Gestation
The giver procures an item to mark some event.
Ideology
The mental characteristics of a people and the way they relate to their environment and social groups.
Nostalgic attachment
The product serves as a link to the consumer's past.
Ecology
The way a system adapts to its habits
When consumers are unhappy with a product, they may file a complaint in the form of legal action, Better Business Bureau complaint, or publishing a negative review. This is called a ________ response.
Third-Party
Long-term orientation
Thrift and perseverance vs. fulfilling social obligations
Participatory action research (PAR) is also known as ________.
Transformative consumer research
When a transaction occurs between two or more organizations or people who give and receive something of value, an exchange has taken place.
True
Honesty, trustworthiness, fairness, and justice are all ________ with which people in a culture judge what is right and what is wrong.
Universal Values
When consumers are unhappy with a product, they may use a ________ response, which means they respond directly to the retailer for redress.
Voice
Pre-purchase issues
What are the best sources of information to learn more about alternative choices?
A customer buying an unfamiliar product that carries a fair degree of risk would most likely engage in what type of decision-making?
cognitive decision-making
When using the ________ rule of decision-making, a consumer evaluates brands on the most important attribute, but specific cutoffs are imposed.
conjunctive
The alternatives actively considered during a consumer's choice process are the ________ set.
consideration
The tendency for people to prefer products from their own culture rather than those of another culture is called ________.
ethnocentrism
Which theory suggests that consumer expectations of achieving desirable outcomes motivate behavior?
expectancy theory
The belief that meaning is not fixed but is instead constructed by each individual is part of the ________ paradigm.
interpretivist
A marketer uses ________ to target a brand only to specific groups of consumers who are most likely to be heavy users of the marketer's brand.
market segmentation strategies
At M&Ms.com, you can upload a photo and order a batch of M&Ms with a face and personal message printed on the candy shell. This is an example of ________.
mass customization
If a consumer's ideal state is very near or identical to his or her actual state, which of the following best describes the type of problem recognition the consumer would most likely have?
no problem recognized
Which of the following is a benefit organizations receive when customers complain?
opportunity to correct the situation
Social Structure
The way people maintain an orderly social life
The systematic acquisition of a particular object or set of objects is called ________.
Collecting
Individualism
Degree to which individuals are integrated into groups
Cognitive
Deliberate, rational, sequential
A marketer who segments a population by age, race, and/or gender is using ________ to categorize consumers.
Demographics
Masculinity
Distribution of roles between the genders
Post-purchase issue
Does the product provide pleasure or perform its intended function? What are the environmental consequences of disposing of this purchase?
__________ is brand choice model that represents the ultimate selection decision as a series of eliminations. Each alternative available for choice is viewed as having some set of aspects (e.g., product features). At each stage of the choice process an aspect is selected (with probability proportional to that aspect's importance for this consumer), and all alternatives still being considered that do not possess the selected aspect are eliminated.
Elimination-by-Aspects rule
According to the Federal Trade Commission, the most common consumer complaint, accounting for nearly 20% of all problems reported, is ________.
Identity theft
Which functional area of culture is most closely related to the idea of a common worldview?
Ideology
Safety
Insurance, alarm systems, investments, retirement
Sociological
Maintain social order by authorizing a social code to be followed by members of a culture.
Demography
Measurable characteristics of a population.
The ability for a consumer to assess, analyze, evaluate, and communicate information in a variety of forms including print and non-print messages is known as ________.
Media literacy
Physiological
Medicine, food, staple items, generics
Aaron purchased a Coca-Cola collectible Polar Bear because it reminded him of positive memories of his youth. Aaron has a ________ type of relationship with the product.
Nostalgic Attachment
Experimental psychology
Perception, learning, and memory processes.
Chapter 3 Culture is best described as society's
Personality
Jack has received an email that asks him to help a distant relative in Kenya by sending his bank account information to transfer a small amount of funds. Jack is the victim of a(n) ________ scam.
Phishing
Jeff is tired of the numerous breakdowns and peeling paint on his old car. When Jeff begins to think actively about his car in this way, which of the following cognitive decision-making process steps is Jeff going through?
Problem recognition
Which of the following terms refers to the online means of communication, conveyance, and collaboration among interdependent and interconnected networks of people, communities, and organizations?
Social Media
Cultural Anthropology
Society's beliefs and practices.
Uncertainty avoidance
Society's tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity
Match the following stages in the consumer decision making model with their corresponding step numbers.
Step 1 Problem Recognition Step 2 Information Search Step 3 Evaluation of alternatives Step 4 Product choice Step 5 consumer Outcomes.
Presentation
The process of gift exchange. The recipient responds to the gift and the donor evaluates this response.
Love
The product elicits emotional bonds of warmth, passion, or other strong emotion.
Self-concept
The product helps to establish the user's identity.
Interdependence
The product is a part of the user's daily routine.
In a thought process called ________, we evaluate the effort we'll need to make a particular choice and then we tailor the amount of cognitive "effort" we expend to make that choice.
constructive processing
Which of the following is the study of the processes involved when individuals or groups select, purchase, use, or dispose of products, services, ideas, or experiences to satisfy needs and desires?
consumer behavior
All of the following are relevant to a triple bottom-line orientation EXCEPT ________.
growth bottom line
A consumer who uses a few simple decision rules to arrive at a purchase decision is using which of the following?
habitual decision making
Interest in the occult is most likely to increase in a society when ________.
people feel overwhelmed or powerless
The higher the ________, the higher the level of product involvement as the consumer makes the decision.
perceived risk
A consumer researcher who believes in the paradigm of ________ believes that human reason is supreme and that there is a single, objective truth that can be discovered by science.
positivism