Gurnick EMB-Lecture 3 (#4 in Moodle)

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Etiology

Cause of disease

Pandemic

Infectious over large regions

Epidemic

Many people acquire certain disease at same time

Define Mutations and Point Mutations

Mutations: spontaneous changes in DNA Point mutations: changes in single nucleotides in DNA sequence

Incidence

New cases of disease

Monomers for nucleic acids

Nucleotides in a chain making up polymers that are either RNA or DNA

Stages of Cancer

Stage 0: carcinoma In Situ-Early form Stage 1: localized Stage 2: Early locally advanced Stage 3: Late locally advanced Stage 4: Metastasized

What is Gene Expression?

The entire process that occurs from activating gene transcription to translation

What is Transcription

The process of Copying a gene to make 1 mRNA Transcription means "rewrite"

What is ADP?

"Adenosine Diphosphate" -Adenosine with 2 phosphate groups to adenosine

What is AMP?

"Adenosine Monophosphate" -Adenosine with 1 phosphate group + ribose molecule

What is ATP?

"Adenosine Triphosphate" -3 phosphate group with adenosine

Where can ATP be "recharged"?

-Easily stored and recharged by reattaching to ADP molecule -Eating! Food molecules will become chemical energy

What are chromosomes?

-Nucleus or the DNA are divided into chromosomes -Human DNA includes 46 chromosomes -Each contains genes

What are the complimentary strands of DNA?

-This is the second strand of DNA that attaches to primary one A---T (Makes 2 hydrogen bonds) C---G( Makes 3 hydrogen bonds)

What are Ribosomes?

-tiny little organelles that catch the mRNA -ribosomes read mRNA and translate it into amino acid sequence by way of Translation

What are the 4 types of nucleic bases that DNA has?

1. Adenine 2. Guanine 3. Cytosine 4. Thyamine

What are the 4 types of nucleic bases that RNA has?

1. Adenine 2. Guanine 3. Cytosine 4. Uracil

Modes of Transmision

1. Direct contact: touching, kissing etc 2. Indirect contact: -airborne (droplets) -fomite (object like toys, bedding) -vector(insect or animal) 3. Portals of entry or exit -skin -respiratory tract -digestive tract -urinary tract -reproductive tract

What are the types of diseases?

1. Heredity or genetic 2. Degenerative: break down of tissues 3. Nutritional 4. Metabolic 5. Immune system disorders 6. Cancers/tumors

What are the 3 parts that RNA monomers are made of?

1. Phosphate group 2. Ribose (monosaccharide) 3. Nucleic acid

What are the 3 parts that DNA is composed of?

1. phosphate 2. deoxyribose (the central sugar instead of the ribose) 3. nucleic base

Where does the high energy bond in ATP happen?

2nd and 3rd phosphate groups in ATP molecule Happens with chemical form All cells make ATP

Iatrogenic

Adverse affects of treatment

Biopsy

Doctor takes an aspiration of mass from suspicious cells

Steps of Gene Expression

Find recipe coding for protein--->Transcription Process: Copying 1 (DNA) into 1 mRNA---> Copy gene (1 RNA) leaves nucleus as mRNA---> Ribosomes read mRNA and translate --->Once completed structure becomes Alpha Helix and Beta pleated 3D by protein activation Golgi Apparatus

Prevalence

Portion of population already affected by disease

What some differences of RNA and DNA?

RNA has Ribose, Uracil, and is a copy of dna, and only has a single strand. DNA has Deoxyribose, Thymine, Original copy, has 2 strands.

Signs and Symptoms

Signs: Objective, can be observed by others -Ex: jaundice, fever Symptoms: Subjective, only patient can feel it -Ex: unobservable pain, nausea

communicabale disease

Transmit-able between people

Define Gene

a portion of a chromosome, contains recipe for making specific type of protein

Nosocomial

acquired in hospital or clinic

Dysplasia

defines how abnormal cells appear -the more differentiated the more dysplasia the more normal

Definition of DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid -This is the original code which ALWAYS stays in the cell's nucleus.

Idopathic

disease of unknown origin

Chronic

more than 3 months

What is a genetic disorder?

passing a mutation to offspring

Apoptosis

programmed cell death

Definition of RNA

ribonucleic acid -RNA is the copy of the genetic code

Acute

sudden, less than 3 months


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