Gurnick EMB-Lecture 3 (#4 in Moodle)
Etiology
Cause of disease
Pandemic
Infectious over large regions
Epidemic
Many people acquire certain disease at same time
Define Mutations and Point Mutations
Mutations: spontaneous changes in DNA Point mutations: changes in single nucleotides in DNA sequence
Incidence
New cases of disease
Monomers for nucleic acids
Nucleotides in a chain making up polymers that are either RNA or DNA
Stages of Cancer
Stage 0: carcinoma In Situ-Early form Stage 1: localized Stage 2: Early locally advanced Stage 3: Late locally advanced Stage 4: Metastasized
What is Gene Expression?
The entire process that occurs from activating gene transcription to translation
What is Transcription
The process of Copying a gene to make 1 mRNA Transcription means "rewrite"
What is ADP?
"Adenosine Diphosphate" -Adenosine with 2 phosphate groups to adenosine
What is AMP?
"Adenosine Monophosphate" -Adenosine with 1 phosphate group + ribose molecule
What is ATP?
"Adenosine Triphosphate" -3 phosphate group with adenosine
Where can ATP be "recharged"?
-Easily stored and recharged by reattaching to ADP molecule -Eating! Food molecules will become chemical energy
What are chromosomes?
-Nucleus or the DNA are divided into chromosomes -Human DNA includes 46 chromosomes -Each contains genes
What are the complimentary strands of DNA?
-This is the second strand of DNA that attaches to primary one A---T (Makes 2 hydrogen bonds) C---G( Makes 3 hydrogen bonds)
What are Ribosomes?
-tiny little organelles that catch the mRNA -ribosomes read mRNA and translate it into amino acid sequence by way of Translation
What are the 4 types of nucleic bases that DNA has?
1. Adenine 2. Guanine 3. Cytosine 4. Thyamine
What are the 4 types of nucleic bases that RNA has?
1. Adenine 2. Guanine 3. Cytosine 4. Uracil
Modes of Transmision
1. Direct contact: touching, kissing etc 2. Indirect contact: -airborne (droplets) -fomite (object like toys, bedding) -vector(insect or animal) 3. Portals of entry or exit -skin -respiratory tract -digestive tract -urinary tract -reproductive tract
What are the types of diseases?
1. Heredity or genetic 2. Degenerative: break down of tissues 3. Nutritional 4. Metabolic 5. Immune system disorders 6. Cancers/tumors
What are the 3 parts that RNA monomers are made of?
1. Phosphate group 2. Ribose (monosaccharide) 3. Nucleic acid
What are the 3 parts that DNA is composed of?
1. phosphate 2. deoxyribose (the central sugar instead of the ribose) 3. nucleic base
Where does the high energy bond in ATP happen?
2nd and 3rd phosphate groups in ATP molecule Happens with chemical form All cells make ATP
Iatrogenic
Adverse affects of treatment
Biopsy
Doctor takes an aspiration of mass from suspicious cells
Steps of Gene Expression
Find recipe coding for protein--->Transcription Process: Copying 1 (DNA) into 1 mRNA---> Copy gene (1 RNA) leaves nucleus as mRNA---> Ribosomes read mRNA and translate --->Once completed structure becomes Alpha Helix and Beta pleated 3D by protein activation Golgi Apparatus
Prevalence
Portion of population already affected by disease
What some differences of RNA and DNA?
RNA has Ribose, Uracil, and is a copy of dna, and only has a single strand. DNA has Deoxyribose, Thymine, Original copy, has 2 strands.
Signs and Symptoms
Signs: Objective, can be observed by others -Ex: jaundice, fever Symptoms: Subjective, only patient can feel it -Ex: unobservable pain, nausea
communicabale disease
Transmit-able between people
Define Gene
a portion of a chromosome, contains recipe for making specific type of protein
Nosocomial
acquired in hospital or clinic
Dysplasia
defines how abnormal cells appear -the more differentiated the more dysplasia the more normal
Definition of DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid -This is the original code which ALWAYS stays in the cell's nucleus.
Idopathic
disease of unknown origin
Chronic
more than 3 months
What is a genetic disorder?
passing a mutation to offspring
Apoptosis
programmed cell death
Definition of RNA
ribonucleic acid -RNA is the copy of the genetic code
Acute
sudden, less than 3 months