HD: Chapter 5

The disease marked by retina deterioration is called

macular degeneration.

Research indicates that babies are first able to use their sense of taste _____ birth.

before

In order for David to realize that he heard the train approaching fast, it has to involve the process(es) of

both sensation and perception.

Ilene has difficulty negotiating steps and street curbs. She is having a problem with

depth perception.

Rachel Clifton and colleagues (1993) demonstrated that infants

do not have to see their own hands in order to reach for an object.

According to Esther Thelen, motor behaviors are assembled for perceiving and acting. Her theory is called the _____ theory.

dynamic systems

Dr. Dre is interested in how people assemble motor behaviors for perceiving and acting. He is taking a _____ in perceptual development.

dynamic systems approach

Dr. McDreamy is interested in how perception guides action and how action guides perception. He is taking a ______ in perceptual development.

ecological approach

The "sticky mittens" studies found that

experience plays a role in the development of reaching and grasping.

Many preschool children are _____, and first graders ______.

farsighted; can focus their eyes and sustain their attention on close-up objects

Kyle has progressive presbyopia. What is likely to help correct this condition?

intraocular glasses laser surgery bifocal glasses *All of these answers are correct.*

Allan is having laser surgery to repair the deterioration of his retina. He has:

macular degeneration

Two-year-old Saunder rubs his eyes, squints, tilts his head, and blinks excessively. Saunder's parents should

make an appointment with an ophthalmologist.

Dr. Smith believes that the ability to perceive the world in a competent, organized way is innate. Dr. Smith seems to uphold the

nativist view

In the Gibson-Walk experiment, most of the babies who were encouraged to crawl across the glass over the visual cliff would

not crawl across it.

Infants start to be able to walk

only after they are able to balance on one leg long enough to swing the other leg forward and shift their weight without falling.

A significant achievement in an infant's interactions with the environment is the

onset of reaching and grasping.

Baby Ty reaches and grips a toy using his whole hand. This ability is called the

palmer grasp.

Six-day-old Shayli who has been breast fed is presented with two nursing pads. One is soaked with her mother's breast milk and the other is clean. Shayli will MOST likely

prefer to smell her mother's nursing pad

Fifty-two-year-old Curtis is beginning to lose his ability to focus and maintain images on his retina. This condition is known as

presbyopia

Forty-seven-year-old Dixie is able to read better when she holds the book further from her face. The recent decline in her visual acuity is common among individuals her age and is known as

presbyopia.

What mechanisms help infants survive before they have an opportunity to learn adaptive behavior?

reflexes

Adaptive, built-in reactions to stimuli are called

reflexes.

Shawn is 5 years old and sucks his thumb. His mother is worried that thumb sucking will become a lifelong habit. A developmental psychologist would MOST likely advise Shawn's mother to:

relax because the behavior will most likely remit on its own.

Tom wants to attend his son's little league game. His son is embarrassed by Tom's loud cheering, though, and asks Tom not to come. What should Tom do?

respect his son's wishes and stay home

Janice strokes the cheek of newborn Robby. He turns his head toward that cheek and opens his mouth. This is an example of the _____ reflex

rooting

Which taste preference develops at about 4 months of age?

salty

How long does it take for most infants to establish a sucking style that matches how mothers hold them, how the milk is coming out of the bottle or breast, and the infant's temperament?

several weeks

Baby Mary recognizes the table as in the same shape, even though the table appears in different shapes depending on the angle from which it is observed. This is an example of

shape constancy.

Compared to younger drivers, older drivers

show a decline in motion sensitivity. overestimate the time needed for an approaching vehicle to reach its location. need to expend more cognitive effort when driving. *All of these answers are correct*

We know that fetuses can hear before birth because newborns

show preferences for sounds presented repeatedly before birth

Which of the following reasons BEST explains why 4-year-old Tanisha might knock over a tower of blocks she is building and start again?

She tries too hard to place every block perfectly.

According to the ecological view of sensory-perceptual development, how do we perceive and eventually represent objects in our minds?

We directly and accurately perceive information that exists in the world around us, known as affordances, which guide the way we interact and adapt to the world.

Infants root in order to

find something to suck.

About _____ newborns are deaf, and ______ newborns have some level of hearing problems.

1 in 1,000; 6 in 1,000

Miri can walk quickly and run stiffly for a short distance. She loves to stand and kick her soccer ball. Miri is likely between the ages of _____ months.

18-24 months

As measured on the Snellen chart, a newborn's vision is estimated to be

20/240.

At what age is an infant able to distinguish male from female faces, discriminate between ethnic groups, and match grandma's voice to her face?

3 months

Brent's biological functions are beginning to decline. How old is he?

30

Baby Karyn has just learned to sit independently. Approximately how old is she?

6 months

What percentage of adults over 70 years of age has some type of hearing problem?

63%

Which of the following is an example of intermodal perception?

A child hears the sound of the movement of an object, and turns her head in the rough direction to where the object is moving.

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding gross motor activity during middle and late childhood?

Elementary-aged boys usually outperform girls in large-muscle activities.

Which of the following statements is TRUE of fine motor skill development during middle and late childhood?

Girls usually outperform boys in fine motor skills.

Kate, a 12-year-old, and her granddaughter, Pamela, are taking a crocheting class together. Which of the following is a likely outcome?

Kate is more likely to outperform Pamela

Which of the following statements is true regarding smell and taste in the elderly?

Healthy elderly adults are less likely to experience a decline in both smell and taste than unhealthy elderly adults. - smell declines more than taste.

Which of the following is TRUE of infants' auditory development?

Immediately after birth, infants cannot hear soft sounds as well as adults.

According to the dynamic systems theory, how do infants develop motor skills?

Infants perceive something new in the environment that motivates them to act. They use their perceptions to fine-tune their movements.

Baby Chloe startles when she hears a loud sound. She arches her back, throws back her head, and flings out her arms. Which reflex is she demonstrating?

Moro

Which reflex involves many responses from the whole body?

Moro

What are the current findings of intermodal perception?

Newborns are born with some intermodal capabilities, but they improve through experience.

Which of the following is true of older adults' experience of touch and pain?

Older adults detect touch less in their ankles than their shoulders.

Which of the following BEST describes the relationship between sensation and perception?

Perception cannot occur unless sensation takes place first.

Which statement BEST describes the relationship between the rooting and sucking reflexes?

Rooting involves locating food; sucking involves eating food.

William James said that the newborn's perceptual world is "a blooming, buzzing confusion." What did he mean?

The newborn lacks the perceptual skills to make sense of the surrounding stimuli.

Su-Fang would like to hang one picture above her baby's crib. Which of the following would attract the MOST attention from the infant?

a drawing of a face

Tammy is middle-aged and walks daily with her friends. Research shows that she can expect which of the following in older adulthood?

a lower level of motor ability loss

Infant boys often drift into a deep sleep after circumcision. This is most likely

a mechanism to cope with the pain.

Thora's grandson has noticed that Thora uses increasingly brighter colors in her paintings. Thora may be compensating for

a reduction in the quality or intensity of light reaching the retina.

Sound waves transmitted to David's auditory nerve create _____. David's reinterpretation of the sound waves as the school bell is _____

a sensation; perception

Sound waves transmitted to David's auditory nerve create _____. David's reinterpretation of the sound waves as the school bell is _____.

a sensation; perception

Infants are likely to reach motor milestones at different ages depending on the culture. This is probably due to

activity opportunities.

Eighteen-month-old Bridger is running in the park when he reaches a steep embankment. He stops, looks up, and then drops to his hands and knees and begins crawling up. This illustrates the concept of

affordances.

Eleanor and James Gibson purport that all objects and surfaces offer opportunities for people to perform activities on them. They refer to such opportunities as

affordances.

Eleanor and James Gibson purport that all objects and surfaces offer opportunities for people to perform activities on them. They refer to such opportunities as Question options:

affordances.

Well-developed gross motor skills allow infants to become more independent. Independence is important because it:

allows infants to strenghtne the bonds with their primary caregivers

When a 2-day-old infant consistently shows a visual preference for a bull's-eye pattern over a checkerboard pattern, we know that the infant

can see the difference between the two patterns.

Stella has just returned from the doctor and was told she has cloudy areas in the lenses of her eyes. Stella has

cataracts.

Will is going to have surgery to remove a thick layer on his eye that is causing cloudy vision. He has

cataracts.

Evangeline is 80 years old and is involved in a program designed to enhance speed of processing in an effort to reduce her risk of crashing while driving. This program involves:

cognitive training

A program that has been shown to reduce at-fault accidents in older adults by more than 40 percent is:

cognitive training.

Gross motor skills include activities such as running, whereas fine motor skills include activities such as

cutting with scissors.

Al avoids driving at night because it is difficult for his eyes to adjust after he passes oncoming cars. Al is having a problem with

dark adaptation.

What skills involve movements such as buttoning a shirt or typing?

fine motor

Three-year-olds scribble all over the page, but 4-year-olds can make more precise drawings because 4-year-olds have more developed

fine motor skills

Marta is developing new abilities, such as sitting and standing, but is not yet able to climb or ride on riding toys. Marta is in her

first year.

To foster infants' motor development, which of the follow practices would be effective?

frequently exercising the babies' trunk and pelvic muscles giving infants opportunities for exercise stroking, massaging, or stretching the babies *All of these answers are correct.*

Eyedrops are used to treat

glaucoma.

Harley's ophthalmologist is glad he came in. She gives him eye drops to treat a buildup of fluid that can destroy his vision if it goes untreated. Harley has

glaucoma.

Activities that use large muscles develop:

gross motor skills.

What is the name given to decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus?

habituation

Which of the following methods should Dr. Kim use if she wants to determine whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another?

habituation-dishabituation visual preference high-amplitude sucking *All of these answers are correct.*

Brenda's grandmother is 83 years old. She most likely doesn't show much interest in her food because

her sense of smell has declined.

Which sound is an infant most likely to hear?

high-pitched, conversational volume

Research shows that infants occasionally take a few large steps when walking. These large steps indicate which of the following?

increased balance and strength

Third-grader Thania forms her cursive letters in small even rows. What BEST accounts for her improving dexterity?

increased myelination

If infants are able to engage in intermodal perception, this means they are able to

integrate information across different senses into one unified piece of information.

Sensation occurs when information

interacts with sensory receptors, such as the eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin.

A 3-month-old infant will look more at his mother when he also hears her voice. This is an example of

intermodal perception

Christopher knows that the ball he is holding is smaller than the dog across the street, even though the retinal image of the dog is actually smaller than that of the ball. This is an example of

size constancy.

From the top of the Ferris wheel, the people on the ground look small, but Allison knows they are regular-sized humans. This is an example of

size constancy.

The Moro reflex is a response to _____, whereas the grasping reflex is a response to _____.

sound or movement; touch

Which reflex enables an infant to obtain nourishment?

sucking

Which of the following athletes would MOST likely show peak performance during adolescence?

swimmer

Peak physical performance usually occurs during

the 20s.

Fifteen percent of people over 65 are legally deaf usually due to degeneration of the primary neural receptor for hearing in the inner ear, referred to as

the cochlea.

Baby Jacci, who is 2 days old, is shown four drawings: a blue square, a white oval, a drawing of a face, and a bright red circle. Based on Fantz's work, which will she probably prefer to look at?

the face

DeCasper and Spence (1986) measured babies' sucking rates as they listened to a story they had heard in the womb (The Cat in the Hat) and to a story they had not heard (The King, the Mice, and the Cheese). The study concluded that

the fetus could learn even before birth.

Which of the following is used in habituation studies?

the length of time an infant looks at an object sucking behavior heart and respiration rates *All of these answers are correct.*

Baby Jasmina is sitting in her high chair and picks up Cheerios using her thumb and forefinger. This newfound ability is due to the development of

the pincer grip.

Playing organized sports can have which of the following negative effects on a child?

undue pressure and stress to achieve and win

Joey is the best batter on his little league team. Which of the following is a consequence of playing organized sports that Joey may encounter?

unrealistic expectations for success as an athlete

Robert's teacher notices that he keeps blinking his eyes and squinting to see the board. These are signs that Robert may have

vision problems.

Dr. Jackson measures how long an infant looks at different visual stimuli. Which experimental method is this?

visual preference

Infants normally are able to sit, stand, and walk ______, and climb and balance their feet in a squatting position _________.

within the first year; within the second year