Chapter 19: The Expansion of Europe in the Eighteenth Century
The British focused their attention on
India
. In Paris, Jean-Baptiste Colbert granted seamstresses
a new all-female guild
open-field system
a system of village farming developed by peasants where the land was divided into large fields which were in turn cut into strips. There were no divided fences or hedges and it was farmed as a community
One important Dutch advantage
a very dense population
Guild masters were
at the top of the world of work
English exports were increasingly
balanced and diversified
Economic liberalism
based on the writings of Adam Smith, it is the belief in free trade and competition. Smith argued that the invisible hand of free competition would benefit all individuals, rich and poor
By the early 1800s, the British had gained
economic and political dominance over much of the subcontinent
Jethro Tull
gained fame in experimental agriculture and animal husbandry, was enthusiastic about using horses rather than oxen. He advocated sowing seed with drilling equipment rather than scattering it by hand. he was an important English innovator
Three field rotations
helped keep fields fertile
By the mid-eighteenth century, English agriculture was
in the process of a radical transformation
enclosure movement
meant an end to common lands and to the independence of the rural poor who relied on them to survive
Creole estate owners dominated
much of the peasant population through debt peonage, really a form of serfdom
Creole
people of Spanish blood born in America
The Dutch replaced the Portuguese as ________,transforming Asian business partners into dependents.
the dominant European power in the Indian Ocean trade world
Enclosure marked
the emergence of market-oriented estate agriculture and of a landless rural proletariat
The large middle group in the Spanish colonies were
the mestizos
mestizos
the offspring of Spanish men and Indian women
common lands
the open meadows maintained by villages for public use
Agricultural revolution
the period from the mid-seventh century on ib Europe during which great agricultural process was made and the fallow was gradual eliminated
Europe's guild system reached its highest point in
the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
Crop rotation
the system by which farmers would rotate the types of crops grown in each field as to not deplete the soil of its natural resources
The forced migration of millions of Africans
was a key element in the Atlantic system and western European economic expansion.
The English
were adept at learning from the Dutch.
Grain crops
were alternated with nitrogen-storing crops
Peasants
were exploited in a number of ways, with those in Eastern Europe generally the worst off
The two main participants in the putting-out system
were the merchant capitalist and the rural worker
The Wealth of Nations [1776]
written by Adam Smith
Half of all English land was enclosed by
1700
______ participated in the slave trade
Africans
Limitations on Population Growth
Famine, disease, and war were the usual checks on growth. Europe's population growth was kept fairly low.
The New Pattern of the Eighteenth Century
Fewer deaths occurred, in part due to the disappearance of the plague.Advances in medicine did little to decrease the death rate.Improved sanitation promoted better public health. An increase in the food supply meant fewer famines and epidemics.
In Britain's North American colonies cheap land and scarce labor resulted in the following:
Rapid increase in the colonial population in the eighteenth century. Import of African slaves to tobacco plantations in southern colonies.Growing prosperity for British colonists.
The use of more complex systems of crop rotation
The use of more complex systems of crop rotation
After defeating the Dutch, England fought a series of wars with France for maritime domination of the world
War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713), War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748), The Seven Years' War (1756-1763)
Debt peonage
a system which allowed a planter or rancher to keep his workers/slaves in perpetual debt bondage by periodically advancing food, shelter, and a little money; it is a form of serfdom
Industrious revolution
a term used to describe the burst of major inventions and technical changes they witnessed in certain industries
Colonial populations provided
an expanding market for English manufactured goods
Cottage industry
domestic industry, a stage of rural industrial development with wage workers and hand tools that necessarily preceded the emeragence of large-scale factory industry
statements regarding membership of women in guilds
during the 18th century, some guilds grew more accessible to women. women were often hired as skilled workers by male guilds, often in defiance of official statues
The Seven Years' War (1756-1763)
ended with British winning full control over India and North America.
Cottage industry was a
family enterprise
Altantice slave trade
forced migration of millions of Africans to work in servitude during the 18th century. By the peak of the 1780s, shipments of black men and women averaged about 80,000 per year
gulid system
found in most of Europe in the 17th and the 18th centuries, and were used as a means to encourage high quality production and collect taxes
Despite their losses, the French profited enormously
from colonial trade
Mercantilism in other European countries
generally served only state interests
English mercantilism was characterized by
government regulations that served the interests both of the state and of private individuals
Over the course of the eighteenth century, some guilds
grew more accessible to women
Rising silver exports in the eighteenth century
helped create a class of wealthy Creole merchants
Economic and social change in the eighteenth century
laid the foundation for the Industrial Revolution
Northern European households
made new choices about the allocation of time and resources
At the end of the sixteenth century, the Dutch became
major players in the Asian spice trade
Relations between workers and employers were
often marked by conflict
Adam Smith
one of the Enlightenment's most original thinkers, challenged mercantilist ideas with his defense of free trade and his argument for keeping government interference in the economy to a minimum (The Wealth of Nations [1776])
Treaty of Paris
ratified British victory on all colonial fronts in 1763
Under Philip V (r. 1700-1746) Spain _________________
recovered economically and successfully defended her American colonies
Traditional village rights
reinforced traditional patterns of farming
Guilds jealously
restricted their membership
the biggest problem encountered in medieval agriculture was
soil exhaustion
mercantilism
system of economic regulations aimed at increasing the power of the state
putting-out system
term used to describe the 18th century rural industry
Most participants in cottage industry worked in
textiles
In the eighteenth century, the Dutch faced fierce from
the English East India Company
until the end of the 18th century, crop rotation was extensively adopted only in
the Low Countries and England
Adam Smith's work became
the basis of the classic argument for economic liberalism
The Navigation Acts of 1651-1663
the result of the English desire to increase both military and private wealth, required that goods imported from Europe into England and Scotland be carried on British-owned ships with British crews or on ships of the country producing the article etc
Throughout most of Europe's history,_______ has employed more people than any other industry
the textile industry
proletarianization
the transformation of large numbers of samll peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners
cottage workers in putting-out system typically made these types of cloth
woolen, cotton, and linen
Merchants loaned, or "put out," raw materials to
workers who processed the raw materials and returned finished goods to the merchant
the high point of the guild system in most of Europe was during the
17th Century
Britain's great rival in India was
France