Chapter 19: The Expansion of Europe in the Eighteenth Century

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The British focused their attention on

India

. In Paris, Jean-Baptiste Colbert granted seamstresses

a new all-female guild

open-field system

a system of village farming developed by peasants where the land was divided into large fields which were in turn cut into strips. There were no divided fences or hedges and it was farmed as a community

One important Dutch advantage

a very dense population

Guild masters were

at the top of the world of work

English exports were increasingly

balanced and diversified

Economic liberalism

based on the writings of Adam Smith, it is the belief in free trade and competition. Smith argued that the invisible hand of free competition would benefit all individuals, rich and poor

By the early 1800s, the British had gained

economic and political dominance over much of the subcontinent

Jethro Tull

gained fame in experimental agriculture and animal husbandry, was enthusiastic about using horses rather than oxen. He advocated sowing seed with drilling equipment rather than scattering it by hand. he was an important English innovator

Three field rotations

helped keep fields fertile

By the mid-eighteenth century, English agriculture was

in the process of a radical transformation

enclosure movement

meant an end to common lands and to the independence of the rural poor who relied on them to survive

Creole estate owners dominated

much of the peasant population through debt peonage, really a form of serfdom

Creole

people of Spanish blood born in America

The Dutch replaced the Portuguese as ________,transforming Asian business partners into dependents.

the dominant European power in the Indian Ocean trade world

Enclosure marked

the emergence of market-oriented estate agriculture and of a landless rural proletariat

The large middle group in the Spanish colonies were

the mestizos

mestizos

the offspring of Spanish men and Indian women

common lands

the open meadows maintained by villages for public use

Agricultural revolution

the period from the mid-seventh century on ib Europe during which great agricultural process was made and the fallow was gradual eliminated

Europe's guild system reached its highest point in

the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries

Crop rotation

the system by which farmers would rotate the types of crops grown in each field as to not deplete the soil of its natural resources

The forced migration of millions of Africans

was a key element in the Atlantic system and western European economic expansion.

The English

were adept at learning from the Dutch.

Grain crops

were alternated with nitrogen-storing crops

Peasants

were exploited in a number of ways, with those in Eastern Europe generally the worst off

The two main participants in the putting-out system

were the merchant capitalist and the rural worker

The Wealth of Nations [1776]

written by Adam Smith

Half of all English land was enclosed by

1700

______ participated in the slave trade

Africans

Limitations on Population Growth

Famine, disease, and war were the usual checks on growth. Europe's population growth was kept fairly low.

The New Pattern of the Eighteenth Century

Fewer deaths occurred, in part due to the disappearance of the plague.Advances in medicine did little to decrease the death rate.Improved sanitation promoted better public health. An increase in the food supply meant fewer famines and epidemics.

In Britain's North American colonies cheap land and scarce labor resulted in the following:

Rapid increase in the colonial population in the eighteenth century. Import of African slaves to tobacco plantations in southern colonies.Growing prosperity for British colonists.

The use of more complex systems of crop rotation

The use of more complex systems of crop rotation

After defeating the Dutch, England fought a series of wars with France for maritime domination of the world

War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713), War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748), The Seven Years' War (1756-1763)

Debt peonage

a system which allowed a planter or rancher to keep his workers/slaves in perpetual debt bondage by periodically advancing food, shelter, and a little money; it is a form of serfdom

Industrious revolution

a term used to describe the burst of major inventions and technical changes they witnessed in certain industries

Colonial populations provided

an expanding market for English manufactured goods

Cottage industry

domestic industry, a stage of rural industrial development with wage workers and hand tools that necessarily preceded the emeragence of large-scale factory industry

statements regarding membership of women in guilds

during the 18th century, some guilds grew more accessible to women. women were often hired as skilled workers by male guilds, often in defiance of official statues

The Seven Years' War (1756-1763)

ended with British winning full control over India and North America.

Cottage industry was a

family enterprise

Altantice slave trade

forced migration of millions of Africans to work in servitude during the 18th century. By the peak of the 1780s, shipments of black men and women averaged about 80,000 per year

gulid system

found in most of Europe in the 17th and the 18th centuries, and were used as a means to encourage high quality production and collect taxes

Despite their losses, the French profited enormously

from colonial trade

Mercantilism in other European countries

generally served only state interests

English mercantilism was characterized by

government regulations that served the interests both of the state and of private individuals

Over the course of the eighteenth century, some guilds

grew more accessible to women

Rising silver exports in the eighteenth century

helped create a class of wealthy Creole merchants

Economic and social change in the eighteenth century

laid the foundation for the Industrial Revolution

Northern European households

made new choices about the allocation of time and resources

At the end of the sixteenth century, the Dutch became

major players in the Asian spice trade

Relations between workers and employers were

often marked by conflict

Adam Smith

one of the Enlightenment's most original thinkers, challenged mercantilist ideas with his defense of free trade and his argument for keeping government interference in the economy to a minimum (The Wealth of Nations [1776])

Treaty of Paris

ratified British victory on all colonial fronts in 1763

Under Philip V (r. 1700-1746) Spain _________________

recovered economically and successfully defended her American colonies

Traditional village rights

reinforced traditional patterns of farming

Guilds jealously

restricted their membership

the biggest problem encountered in medieval agriculture was

soil exhaustion

mercantilism

system of economic regulations aimed at increasing the power of the state

putting-out system

term used to describe the 18th century rural industry

Most participants in cottage industry worked in

textiles

In the eighteenth century, the Dutch faced fierce from

the English East India Company

until the end of the 18th century, crop rotation was extensively adopted only in

the Low Countries and England

Adam Smith's work became

the basis of the classic argument for economic liberalism

The Navigation Acts of 1651-1663

the result of the English desire to increase both military and private wealth, required that goods imported from Europe into England and Scotland be carried on British-owned ships with British crews or on ships of the country producing the article etc

Throughout most of Europe's history,_______ has employed more people than any other industry

the textile industry

proletarianization

the transformation of large numbers of samll peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners

cottage workers in putting-out system typically made these types of cloth

woolen, cotton, and linen

Merchants loaned, or "put out," raw materials to

workers who processed the raw materials and returned finished goods to the merchant

the high point of the guild system in most of Europe was during the

17th Century

Britain's great rival in India was

France


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