HDE 100C MT 2
SST 3 presumptions
"social interaction is core to survival", people have and use human agency and base their behavior on efforts to reach their goals, since people sometimes have goals that oppose each other, goal selection precedes action toward reaching the goal
resilience
"successful adaptation or development during or following adverse conditions that challenge or threaten adaptive functioning or healthy development"
what process do older adults use when looking at negative picture?
"top-down" control processes to tell amygdala to pay less attention to negative stimuli
possibilities for different career interests
1- difference in work-related interests 2- men and women anticipate different career patterns 3- men and women have vocational interests for nontraditional jobs
two ways families affect occupational choice
1- effect on educational attainment 2- marital status of the parents
average number of jobs men and women have between 18-46 years of age is...
11
what percent of women and men hold part-time jobs?
26% of women, 13% of men
___% of adults in U.S. care for at least one adult family member
29
STEM jobs statistics
2x as many men work in mathematics and physical sciences, 4x as many men work in computer sciences, 5x as many men work in engineering
sources of income for retirees
37% Social Security, 30% earnings, 19% pensions, 11% asset income, 3% other
what percent of college students today are 25+
38%
Holmes and Rahe stimulus-oriented ratings
43 events rated on how stressful, increased points increased stress
what percent of older adults with dementia experience abuse?
50%
__% of married couples with children are considered "dual-career" families
59%
elder abuse prevalence
7.6-10% of older adults, increase in reported cases (293,000 -> 188,000 confirmed)
women's salaries average only ___% of men's
81
IQ score ranges
<100: below average, 100: average, >100: above-average,
friendship
a voluntary social relationship carried out within a social context
contextual perspective
adaptive nature of cognition and stereotype threat
social support
affect, affirmation, and aid from others, emotional, instrumental
separating age and time HIV study
affective potential was judged to be more important by those who were closer to end of life, behaved similarly to older age
exploration stage
age 15-24, crystallize career preference, specify and implement an occupational choice
establishment stage
age 25-44, stabilize in a job, consolidate job, advance in a job
growth stage
age 4-14, identify with significant others and develop self-concepts, spontaneously learn about the world, develop work-related attitudes, establishing control over life, developing sense of conviction and purpose
maintenance stage
age 45-65, hold achieved job, update and innovate tasks, perhaps reevaluate and renew
disengagement stage
age 65+, decelerate workloads and productivity, plan for and implement retirement, shift energy to other aspects of life
job expertise
aka job experience, high level of skill that results from years of experience at a certain job, increases with age
exhaustion
alarm-stage responses reappear, severe enough stressor: illness or death
General Adaptation Syndrome
alarm: flight or fight resistance: regain normal state exhaustion: some alarm-stages occur
primary appraisal
am I threatened? if so, how?
working memory
amount of information can hold in mind while performing operation on it
job insecurity
anticipation of job loss by currently employed workers
coping
antidote to stress; way to reduce stress
work engagement
approach to work that is active, positive, and characterized by vigor, dedication, and absorption
SST and positivity effect
as people approach the end of life, goals associated with emotional meaning and well-being become more salient whereas goals associated with acquiring knowledge for future use become less so. older adults' focus on regulating emotion is therefore likely to change what they pay attention to
attachment theory
attachment: strong affectional bond formed between infant and caregiver
resistance
attempt to gain normal state, thymus: decrease in size and function
Medicare
available at 65 years old
education affecting unemployment
bachelor's degree (4.5%), high school diploma (8.3%)
"they said, thought, or did something wise" older adults
balance and flexibility
fluid intelligence
basic adaptive abilities, biological processes
1st year of marriage
basic adjustments, wives especially may experience "marriage shock"
attachment relationships-attachment orientation
behavior that reflects internal working model, pattern of expectations, needs, emotions exhibited in relationships
attachment relationships-internal working model
beliefs and assumptions about nature of relationships
foreclosure stage
career is chosen without much thought and other options are closed off
retirement
career stage in which an older worker leaves full-time workforce to pursue other interests, such as part-time work, volunteer work, or leisure interests
appraisal of stress
categorizing encounter based on your well-being
g
central, general intellectual capacity
adolescents
challenges: parental divorce, unemployment, child exposure; reaction: press for autonomy
model of selection, optimization, and compensation (SOC)
changing external circumstances, increasingly scarce cognitive and emotional resources, selection, optimization, compensation
disruption in normal functioning after time has passed
chronic: 10-30%, delayed: 5-10%, recovery: 15-35%, resilience: 35-55%
techniques to relieve job burnout
combination of helping the individual with coping strategies and making changes within the organization
proximity
comfort that comes from the close physical or psychological presence of the attachment figure
sibling relationship: child-rearing years
concentrate on children and careers
chronic stressors
continuous and ongoing, most health problems, tend to erode relationships
episodic memory
declarative memory-ability to recall events
semantic memory
declarative memory-knowledge of language, rules, and concepts
why does working memory decline with age?
decline in mental energy or attentional resources, inability to use appropriate strategies, decline in processing speed, less able to inhibit irrelevant/confusing information, inability to engage in necessary reflective processes
general ability
declines with age
grandparent-grandchild relationship
decreased number of children + increased health in middle age = closer, more active grand-parenting
short-term stress
definite beginning and end, immediate stressors
the score on an intelligence test is mean to...
describe g (general intellectual capacity)
four stages lead to career identity
diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, commitment
fluid intelligence is measured by
digit span, response speed, abstract reasoning
older adults are more likely than younger adults to...
direct attention away from negative stimuli, have greater working memory for positive than negative stimuli, are more satisfied with their decisions than younger adults
problem-focused coping
directly addresses the problem causing stress
age-integrated social structure
education, work, and leisure spread across the lifespan
"they said, thought, or did something wise" adolescents
empathy and perspective taking
validating marriages
enduring marriages: disagreements rarely escalate, express understanding and mutual respect despite disagreement
volatile marriages
enduring marriages: many squabbles and disagreements, lack of listening during arguments, laugh and show affection more than average couples, more passion in all interactions; more positive than negative overall
avoidant marriages
enduring marriages: partners are "conflict minimizers"; agree to disagree
alarm
energized and alert, prep for fight or flight
sibling relationships
especially important in adulthood because they can compensate for poor relationships with parents
declarative memory
explicit memory, knowledge that is available to conscious awareness, assessed by tests of recall or recognition memory
internal locus of control
fair amount of influence (I control my destiny)
characteristics of elder abuse
female, median age is 77, physical and psychological health problems that lead to disability
psychometrics
field that studies measurement of human abilities such as intelligence
acute stress response
fight or flight, blood pressure increases, get ready to fight or run for your life
older grandfathers
find more meaning
hardiness
finding meaning in life, have more internal locus, belief that experiences bring growth and knowledge, more support and coping skills
epistemic (or philosophical) theories of wisdom
full understanding of nature of relations between the individual and culture, treat wisdom as a kind of knowing that has to do with how to live a meaningful life
two factors make up job performance
general ability and job expertise
evolutionary psychology
genes --> descendants, universal need to belong
optimization main points:
goal-relevant means, attentional focus, seizing the right moments, persistence, acquiring new skills, resources allocation
knowledge acquisition
goals aimed at learning about the social and physical world, related to preparedness
selection main points:
goals and preferences, effective selection of goals, loss-based selection by focusing on most important goals, or selecting less difficult goals
positive emotion and laughter
gratitude, love, concern for others, positive responses from environment
longitudinal results for aging
greater decline in verbal working memory in group with ages 75-78 than from 65-68
older adults (60-74) stressors
greater proportion of network stressors, greater proportion of spouse-related stressors
proneness to resilience factors
hardiness, self-identity, positive emotion and laughter
job loss
having paid employment taken away from an individual
safe haven
help and support when a threat is present
young and middle age (25-59) stressors
higher frequency of stressors, felt stressors more severe, thought stressors were more likely to affect how others would feel about them, overloads and demands greater source of daily stressors
traditional male jobs...
higher in status and income, offer healthcare benefits and pensions
stress relates to...
hypertension, atherosclerosis, cancer, immune function, hippocampal neuronal loss, telomere shortening, depression
compensation
implementation of strategies to reach the selected goals within the limits of personal and external resources
life space component
importance of school, work, home, family, community and leisure
short-term/primary memory
important for performing nearly all other cognitive tasks, ability to hold information in mind for brief period of time
nontraditional student
in college, a student who is older than 25
positivity bias
in general, older adults are more emotionally positive than younger adults, older adults show better cognitive performance for emotional than for nonemotional information, age differences are most apparent for positive emotions
life-span/life-space theory
in vocational psychology, Super's theory that career develop in stages and cannot be studied in isolation from other aspects of a person's life
vocational interests
in vocational psychology, personal attitudes, competencies, and values a person has relating to his or her career; basis of Holland's theory of career selection
career recycling
in vocational psychology, the notion that people may go back and revisit earlier stages of career development
socio-emotional selectivity theory (SST)
increasing age, increasing preference for meaningful social relationships; younger people focus on time spent on Earth, old people focus on time left on Earth
long-term store
information can remain for years, includes declarative memory and non-declarative memory
short-term store
information held for several seconds, discarded or encoded for storage in long-term store
sensory store
information picked up by senses, processed briefly by perceptual system
sibling relationship: later on
intensify bonds, offer support, middle adulthood events are thought to bring siblings together
elder abuse
intentional or neglectful acts by a caregiver or :trusted" individual that lead to, or may lead to, harm of a vulnerable elder
marriage at midlife
intergenerational ties, relationship with in-laws, the "empty nest syndrome", the boomerang generation
top sources of stressors for 25-74 year olds
interpersonal tensions, network, work/school, home, health care, other
optimization
investment of resources in strategies to attain the selected goals
social coping
involves seeking instrumental and emotional support from others
elder abuse risk factors
isolation, depression, medication/substance abuse, dementia, mental health problems, substance abuse
shift work
job with nonstandard work schedules, including evening shifts, night shifts, and rotating shifts, 15% of workforce
job burnout
job-related condition that is a combination of exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced effectiveness
two categories of social motives
knowledge acquisition and emotion regulation, not mutually exclusive
moratorium stage
large amount of exploration of possible careers with no commitment to a particular one
crystallized intelligence
learned abilities based on education and experience
opposite-sex long-term relationships
less autonomy and equality, worse at resolving conflicts, more social support from families
friendship changing with age
less central, interaction with best friends decrease but closeness increases
retirement for women
less likely to plan for retirement, less likely to participate in employer-sponsored pension plans and cash out when they change jobs, 2x likely to have no retirement except SS
external locus of control
little or no influence (they control my destiny)
intelligence predicts...
longevity and health
traits/coping styles related to job stress and burnout
low levels of hardiness, external locus of control, avoidant coping style
women' career discontinuities result in...
lower salaries and lack of job advancement
selection
making choices about personal goals and life situations
young children
marital satisfaction goes down after birth of first child, challenge to socialize children
compensation main points:
means of counteracting of losses and roadblocks to goals, using alternative strategies, using external aids, changing resource allocation, enlisting help
second major difference in career paths of men and women
men stay in full-time jobs longer than women do
younger grandparents
more active
same-sex long-term relationships
more autonomy and equality, better at resolving conflicts, less social support from families
younger grandmothers
more direct instrumental and social support
first major difference in career paths of men and women
more men work full time than women (70% men, 57% women)
what is the connection between SST and positivity effect?
negative material is richer in information than positive material, which often soothes instead of arouses. if value placed on learning new information changes with shrinking time horizons, however, this preference should dissipate across adulthood
characteristics of elder abuse perpetrators
negligible sex differences, mental health problems and/or substance abuse, family members
why Rahe and Holmes were questioned?
not all life changes produce stress in same ways, positive in one situation but negative in another, positive and negative events should not be in same category
intelligence
observable indicator of efficiency of various cognitive processes that work together behind the scenes to process information in various ways
ability/expertise trade-off
observation that as general ability declines with age, expertise increases
age-differentiated social structures
old: leisure, middle: work, young: education
positivity effect underlying mechanism
older adults are more likely than younger adults to ignore negative information, since this is goal-directed selective attention-control processes needed
wisdom and aging changes with age
older adults performed better when the dilemma involved an elderly woman, younger and older adults performed identically when the problem focused on a young woman, performance on standardized measures of fluid and crystallized intelligence accounted for little of performance on life review tasks
choice board studies found decision making skills varied with age
older people used less information and took less time than younger people, no difference in choices made by the two groups
settling in (1st couple years)
parents as role models: responsiveness to each other's needs, resolving financial issues
physical exercise randomized trial
participants randomly assigned to education care group or 24-week home-based physical activity, 6 month program of activity showed improvement in cognition at follow-up
career
pattern and sequences of occupations or related roles held by people across their working lives and into retirement
What does the SST predict?
people of different ages prioritize different types of goals, as people age and increasingly perceive time as infinite, they attach less importance to goals that expand their horizons and greater importance to goals from which they derive emotional meaning
SST main points:
people's choices in pursuing and deciding on social goals is heavily influenced by their perception of time, there will be differences in goal emphases across different ages, focus on how goals influence behavior, not which goals are important
stress
physical, cognitive, and emotional responses that organisms display in reaction to environmental demands
response-oriented viewpoints
physiological reaction from individual that take place as reaction to stressor itself
mandatory retirement for...
pilots, police, firefighters, air traffic control
job loss is related to...
poor physical health, mental health problems like anxiety, depression, alcoholism, increase the longer one is unemployed
grandmother effect
presence of grandmothers-predictor of children's survival throughout recorded history
warning signs of neglect
pressure ulcers, filth, lack of medical care, malnutrition or dehydration
non-declarative memory
procedural memory, responsible for skill learning and retention, skills that depend on this system include motor skills, skills involve mental processes not available to conscious awareness
executive function
processes involved in regulating attention and in determining what to do with information just gathered or retrieved from long-term memory, includes ability to inhibit responding and resist interference
emotion regulation
regulation of emotion through contact with others, related to "satisfaction in the moment"
amygdala function in older adults
relatively well-maintained amygdala function, older adults show much increase in amygdala activation as younger adults when viewing positive pictures and not as much of an increase when viewing negative pictures
training
reversing declines in intellectual abilities, subjects: 64-69, 5 hours of training, half showed decline in last 14 years
benefits to grandparents and grandchildren
safety net, adult grandchildren represent the future, grandparents are ties to history and identity
work-related value
salary increases, pensions and social security benefits increase the longer you work
retirement-related value
savings, investments, home equity, assets increase the longer you work
IQ (intelligence quotient)
score on an intelligence test
connection between SST and SOC
select social partners that will optimize emotional experience, choose to have social interactions that will make their life balanced and meaningful
nursing home SOC example:
selection: become responsible for a few, but important aspects of daily life, optimization: get extensive practice in the selected domains, compensation: use technological aids and medical interventions that support functions affected by diminished reserve capacities
Arthur Rubenstein SOC example
selection: fewer piano pieces played, optimization: practiced more often, compensation: impression management
"they said, thought, or did something wise" young adults
self-determination and assertion
self-identity
sense of self, do not question yourself
occupational gender segregation
separation of jobs into stereotypical male and female categories
health and well-being
sexual expression still important, those who feel valued are happier and live longer than unhappy older couples, decline in health usually leads to decreased marital quality
what do women show in painful stimulation?
show similar pain responses regardless of whether they are experiencing painful stimulation or their romantic partners are experiencing painful stimulation
situationist model of stress and coping
situation factors/person factors --> appraisal of stress --> coping --> outcome
warning signs of physical abuse
slap marks, unexplained bruises, most pressure marks, types of burns/blisters
short-term/primary memory changes with age
small declines with age through 70-80s and stable through mid-90s
in SST, social networks become...
smaller but more selective
what do women use as a buffer in effects of stress
social support is a buffer
six basic vocational interests
social, investigative, realistic, enterprising, artistic, and conventional
Social Security
started during Great Depression so younger adults could work, men over 60 and women over 63 had to retire, 90% of workers were covered, based off of work put in, current workers pay for retirees
unemployment
state of being without a paid job when you are willing to work
stimulus-oriented viewpoint
stressor/stimulus itself, things that trigger reactions
physical exercise
studies comparing mental performance scored for highly physically active and sedentary older adults consistently find that the more active people have higher scores, aerobic exercise targeted because promotes cell growth in hippocampus and other brain structures important for memory
working memory changes with age
substantial decline with age when compared to short-term memory
adaptive nature of cognition
successful aging depends on how we adapt our cognitive styles to fit our lives as our lives change
secure base
support in pursuing personal goals
attachment relationships-caregiving orientation
system activated in adults upon interaction with infants and young children, use in relationships with adult friends, romantic partners, and elderly parents
pragmatic (or practical) theories of wisdom
tendency to make good judgement with regard to real-life matters
memory
the ability to retain or store information and retrieve it when needed, information processing perspective's distinction between memory stores
role salience
the degree of one's participation, commitment, and value expectation in the roles in each of these five areas
in a threatening situation, what happens to adults?
they react more quickly upon hearing relationship partners' name
coping behaviors
thoughts, feelings, and actions that reduce the effects of stressful events
separating age and time
time as opposed to age, seems to be the driving force behind observed age differences in social patterns
investigative
traits: analytical, independent, curious, precise
conventional
traits: conscientious, orderly, self-controlled
social
traits: cooperative, understanding, helpful, tactful, sociable, ethical
artistic
traits: imaginative, idealistic, original, intuitive, expressive
enterprising
traits: persuasive, domineering, energetic, ambitious, flirtatious
realistic
traits: stable, materialistic, frank, practical, self-reliant
household labor
unpaid work done in the home for oneself and family that includes meal preparation and cleanup, grocery shopping, laundry, and housecleaning
hostile negative marriages
unsuccessful marriages: high levels of anger, likely to divorce early (~7 years)
emotionally unexpressive marriages
unsuccessful marriages: show lack of emotion, high levels of skin conductivity, like to divorce at midlife
during retirement does your annual income increase or drop?
usually drop
components of intellectual capacity
verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, processing speed
socioemotional selective theory (younger adults)
view time as expansive, focus on future, invest time in new activities, expanding horizons
socioemotional selective theory (older adults)
view time as limited, focus on meaningful aspects of life, emphasize positive aspects of experiences, directing more cognitive effort to them
crystallized experience is measured by
vocabulary and verbal comprehension
emotion-focused coping
ways that people try to improve negative emotions associated with a stressful situation
meaning-focused coping
ways that people use to manage the meaning of a stressful situation
secondary appraisal
what can be done about it (if anything)?
stereotype threat
when members of a group are aware of a negative stereotype widely held, can experience anxiety when put in position that may confirm the stereotype
when does General Adaptation Syndrome end?
when stressor ends
marital satisfaction
whether a spouse sees the marriage as good
marital stability
whether marriage is intact, whether spouses have ever suggested divorce to one another
race and gender affecting unemployment
white people (6.1%), black people (11.5%), black men (12.3%), black women (10.6%)
wisdom and aging idea
wisdom does not appear to develop automatically as an individual ages, it is "the outcome of a dialogue between life experiences, culture, and cognitive emotional resources of the individual"
positivity effect
with age, experience fewer negative emotions, older adults show more emotionally gratifying memory distortion
how do younger people think of social partners?
with reference to knowledge they may gain from them
how do older people think about social partners?
with reference to their emotional/affective value
warning signs of emotional abuse
withdrawal from normal activities, unexplained changes in alertness
third major difference in career paths of men and women
women are more apt to work in part-time jobs than men
scores on six vocational interests
women scored higher in S, A, and C factors and men scored higher in R, I, and E factors
gender differences in social support
women: giving, men: receiving
parts of semantic memory that do not remain stable
word-finding, name-retrieval
effects of caregiving for adult family members
work hours/salaries cut, more hours/second job, lost jobs, increased costs
financial reasons for retirement
work-related value, retirement-related value, medicare
achievement stage
young people have explored many possibilities for careers and has made a commitment to one
diffusion stage
young people have not decided on a future career and are not interested in thinking about it
wisdom and aging
younger adults performed better on measure of fluid intelligence, participants presented with life review problem, responses scored based on Baltes and colleagues' five dimensions of wisdom, one problem involved a younger woman making a decision about a dilemma, and the other problem involved an elderly woman making a decision about a dilemma