HDE 100C MT 2

SST 3 presumptions

"social interaction is core to survival", people have and use human agency and base their behavior on efforts to reach their goals, since people sometimes have goals that oppose each other, goal selection precedes action toward reaching the goal

resilience

"successful adaptation or development during or following adverse conditions that challenge or threaten adaptive functioning or healthy development"

what process do older adults use when looking at negative picture?

"top-down" control processes to tell amygdala to pay less attention to negative stimuli

possibilities for different career interests

1- difference in work-related interests 2- men and women anticipate different career patterns 3- men and women have vocational interests for nontraditional jobs

two ways families affect occupational choice

1- effect on educational attainment 2- marital status of the parents

average number of jobs men and women have between 18-46 years of age is...

11

what percent of women and men hold part-time jobs?

26% of women, 13% of men

___% of adults in U.S. care for at least one adult family member

29

STEM jobs statistics

2x as many men work in mathematics and physical sciences, 4x as many men work in computer sciences, 5x as many men work in engineering

sources of income for retirees

37% Social Security, 30% earnings, 19% pensions, 11% asset income, 3% other

what percent of college students today are 25+

38%

Holmes and Rahe stimulus-oriented ratings

43 events rated on how stressful, increased points increased stress

what percent of older adults with dementia experience abuse?

50%

__% of married couples with children are considered "dual-career" families

59%

elder abuse prevalence

7.6-10% of older adults, increase in reported cases (293,000 -> 188,000 confirmed)

women's salaries average only ___% of men's

81

IQ score ranges

<100: below average, 100: average, >100: above-average,

friendship

a voluntary social relationship carried out within a social context

contextual perspective

adaptive nature of cognition and stereotype threat

social support

affect, affirmation, and aid from others, emotional, instrumental

separating age and time HIV study

affective potential was judged to be more important by those who were closer to end of life, behaved similarly to older age

exploration stage

age 15-24, crystallize career preference, specify and implement an occupational choice

establishment stage

age 25-44, stabilize in a job, consolidate job, advance in a job

growth stage

age 4-14, identify with significant others and develop self-concepts, spontaneously learn about the world, develop work-related attitudes, establishing control over life, developing sense of conviction and purpose

maintenance stage

age 45-65, hold achieved job, update and innovate tasks, perhaps reevaluate and renew

disengagement stage

age 65+, decelerate workloads and productivity, plan for and implement retirement, shift energy to other aspects of life

job expertise

aka job experience, high level of skill that results from years of experience at a certain job, increases with age

exhaustion

alarm-stage responses reappear, severe enough stressor: illness or death

General Adaptation Syndrome

alarm: flight or fight resistance: regain normal state exhaustion: some alarm-stages occur

primary appraisal

am I threatened? if so, how?

working memory

amount of information can hold in mind while performing operation on it

job insecurity

anticipation of job loss by currently employed workers

coping

antidote to stress; way to reduce stress

work engagement

approach to work that is active, positive, and characterized by vigor, dedication, and absorption

SST and positivity effect

as people approach the end of life, goals associated with emotional meaning and well-being become more salient whereas goals associated with acquiring knowledge for future use become less so. older adults' focus on regulating emotion is therefore likely to change what they pay attention to

attachment theory

attachment: strong affectional bond formed between infant and caregiver

resistance

attempt to gain normal state, thymus: decrease in size and function

Medicare

available at 65 years old

education affecting unemployment

bachelor's degree (4.5%), high school diploma (8.3%)

"they said, thought, or did something wise" older adults

balance and flexibility

fluid intelligence

basic adaptive abilities, biological processes

1st year of marriage

basic adjustments, wives especially may experience "marriage shock"

attachment relationships-attachment orientation

behavior that reflects internal working model, pattern of expectations, needs, emotions exhibited in relationships

attachment relationships-internal working model

beliefs and assumptions about nature of relationships

foreclosure stage

career is chosen without much thought and other options are closed off

retirement

career stage in which an older worker leaves full-time workforce to pursue other interests, such as part-time work, volunteer work, or leisure interests

appraisal of stress

categorizing encounter based on your well-being

g

central, general intellectual capacity

adolescents

challenges: parental divorce, unemployment, child exposure; reaction: press for autonomy

model of selection, optimization, and compensation (SOC)

changing external circumstances, increasingly scarce cognitive and emotional resources, selection, optimization, compensation

disruption in normal functioning after time has passed

chronic: 10-30%, delayed: 5-10%, recovery: 15-35%, resilience: 35-55%

techniques to relieve job burnout

combination of helping the individual with coping strategies and making changes within the organization

proximity

comfort that comes from the close physical or psychological presence of the attachment figure

sibling relationship: child-rearing years

concentrate on children and careers

chronic stressors

continuous and ongoing, most health problems, tend to erode relationships

episodic memory

declarative memory-ability to recall events

semantic memory

declarative memory-knowledge of language, rules, and concepts

why does working memory decline with age?

decline in mental energy or attentional resources, inability to use appropriate strategies, decline in processing speed, less able to inhibit irrelevant/confusing information, inability to engage in necessary reflective processes

general ability

declines with age

grandparent-grandchild relationship

decreased number of children + increased health in middle age = closer, more active grand-parenting

short-term stress

definite beginning and end, immediate stressors

the score on an intelligence test is mean to...

describe g (general intellectual capacity)

four stages lead to career identity

diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, commitment

fluid intelligence is measured by

digit span, response speed, abstract reasoning

older adults are more likely than younger adults to...

direct attention away from negative stimuli, have greater working memory for positive than negative stimuli, are more satisfied with their decisions than younger adults

problem-focused coping

directly addresses the problem causing stress

age-integrated social structure

education, work, and leisure spread across the lifespan

"they said, thought, or did something wise" adolescents

empathy and perspective taking

validating marriages

enduring marriages: disagreements rarely escalate, express understanding and mutual respect despite disagreement

volatile marriages

enduring marriages: many squabbles and disagreements, lack of listening during arguments, laugh and show affection more than average couples, more passion in all interactions; more positive than negative overall

avoidant marriages

enduring marriages: partners are "conflict minimizers"; agree to disagree

alarm

energized and alert, prep for fight or flight

sibling relationships

especially important in adulthood because they can compensate for poor relationships with parents

declarative memory

explicit memory, knowledge that is available to conscious awareness, assessed by tests of recall or recognition memory

internal locus of control

fair amount of influence (I control my destiny)

characteristics of elder abuse

female, median age is 77, physical and psychological health problems that lead to disability

psychometrics

field that studies measurement of human abilities such as intelligence

acute stress response

fight or flight, blood pressure increases, get ready to fight or run for your life

older grandfathers

find more meaning

hardiness

finding meaning in life, have more internal locus, belief that experiences bring growth and knowledge, more support and coping skills

epistemic (or philosophical) theories of wisdom

full understanding of nature of relations between the individual and culture, treat wisdom as a kind of knowing that has to do with how to live a meaningful life

two factors make up job performance

general ability and job expertise

evolutionary psychology

genes --> descendants, universal need to belong

optimization main points:

goal-relevant means, attentional focus, seizing the right moments, persistence, acquiring new skills, resources allocation

knowledge acquisition

goals aimed at learning about the social and physical world, related to preparedness

selection main points:

goals and preferences, effective selection of goals, loss-based selection by focusing on most important goals, or selecting less difficult goals

positive emotion and laughter

gratitude, love, concern for others, positive responses from environment

longitudinal results for aging

greater decline in verbal working memory in group with ages 75-78 than from 65-68

older adults (60-74) stressors

greater proportion of network stressors, greater proportion of spouse-related stressors

proneness to resilience factors

hardiness, self-identity, positive emotion and laughter

job loss

having paid employment taken away from an individual

safe haven

help and support when a threat is present

young and middle age (25-59) stressors

higher frequency of stressors, felt stressors more severe, thought stressors were more likely to affect how others would feel about them, overloads and demands greater source of daily stressors

traditional male jobs...

higher in status and income, offer healthcare benefits and pensions

stress relates to...

hypertension, atherosclerosis, cancer, immune function, hippocampal neuronal loss, telomere shortening, depression

compensation

implementation of strategies to reach the selected goals within the limits of personal and external resources

life space component

importance of school, work, home, family, community and leisure

short-term/primary memory

important for performing nearly all other cognitive tasks, ability to hold information in mind for brief period of time

nontraditional student

in college, a student who is older than 25

positivity bias

in general, older adults are more emotionally positive than younger adults, older adults show better cognitive performance for emotional than for nonemotional information, age differences are most apparent for positive emotions

life-span/life-space theory

in vocational psychology, Super's theory that career develop in stages and cannot be studied in isolation from other aspects of a person's life

vocational interests

in vocational psychology, personal attitudes, competencies, and values a person has relating to his or her career; basis of Holland's theory of career selection

career recycling

in vocational psychology, the notion that people may go back and revisit earlier stages of career development

socio-emotional selectivity theory (SST)

increasing age, increasing preference for meaningful social relationships; younger people focus on time spent on Earth, old people focus on time left on Earth

long-term store

information can remain for years, includes declarative memory and non-declarative memory

short-term store

information held for several seconds, discarded or encoded for storage in long-term store

sensory store

information picked up by senses, processed briefly by perceptual system

sibling relationship: later on

intensify bonds, offer support, middle adulthood events are thought to bring siblings together

elder abuse

intentional or neglectful acts by a caregiver or :trusted" individual that lead to, or may lead to, harm of a vulnerable elder

marriage at midlife

intergenerational ties, relationship with in-laws, the "empty nest syndrome", the boomerang generation

top sources of stressors for 25-74 year olds

interpersonal tensions, network, work/school, home, health care, other

optimization

investment of resources in strategies to attain the selected goals

social coping

involves seeking instrumental and emotional support from others

elder abuse risk factors

isolation, depression, medication/substance abuse, dementia, mental health problems, substance abuse

shift work

job with nonstandard work schedules, including evening shifts, night shifts, and rotating shifts, 15% of workforce

job burnout

job-related condition that is a combination of exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced effectiveness

two categories of social motives

knowledge acquisition and emotion regulation, not mutually exclusive

moratorium stage

large amount of exploration of possible careers with no commitment to a particular one

crystallized intelligence

learned abilities based on education and experience

opposite-sex long-term relationships

less autonomy and equality, worse at resolving conflicts, more social support from families

friendship changing with age

less central, interaction with best friends decrease but closeness increases

retirement for women

less likely to plan for retirement, less likely to participate in employer-sponsored pension plans and cash out when they change jobs, 2x likely to have no retirement except SS

external locus of control

little or no influence (they control my destiny)

intelligence predicts...

longevity and health

traits/coping styles related to job stress and burnout

low levels of hardiness, external locus of control, avoidant coping style

women' career discontinuities result in...

lower salaries and lack of job advancement

selection

making choices about personal goals and life situations

young children

marital satisfaction goes down after birth of first child, challenge to socialize children

compensation main points:

means of counteracting of losses and roadblocks to goals, using alternative strategies, using external aids, changing resource allocation, enlisting help

second major difference in career paths of men and women

men stay in full-time jobs longer than women do

younger grandparents

more active

same-sex long-term relationships

more autonomy and equality, better at resolving conflicts, less social support from families

younger grandmothers

more direct instrumental and social support

first major difference in career paths of men and women

more men work full time than women (70% men, 57% women)

what is the connection between SST and positivity effect?

negative material is richer in information than positive material, which often soothes instead of arouses. if value placed on learning new information changes with shrinking time horizons, however, this preference should dissipate across adulthood

characteristics of elder abuse perpetrators

negligible sex differences, mental health problems and/or substance abuse, family members

why Rahe and Holmes were questioned?

not all life changes produce stress in same ways, positive in one situation but negative in another, positive and negative events should not be in same category

intelligence

observable indicator of efficiency of various cognitive processes that work together behind the scenes to process information in various ways

ability/expertise trade-off

observation that as general ability declines with age, expertise increases

age-differentiated social structures

old: leisure, middle: work, young: education

positivity effect underlying mechanism

older adults are more likely than younger adults to ignore negative information, since this is goal-directed selective attention-control processes needed

wisdom and aging changes with age

older adults performed better when the dilemma involved an elderly woman, younger and older adults performed identically when the problem focused on a young woman, performance on standardized measures of fluid and crystallized intelligence accounted for little of performance on life review tasks

choice board studies found decision making skills varied with age

older people used less information and took less time than younger people, no difference in choices made by the two groups

settling in (1st couple years)

parents as role models: responsiveness to each other's needs, resolving financial issues

physical exercise randomized trial

participants randomly assigned to education care group or 24-week home-based physical activity, 6 month program of activity showed improvement in cognition at follow-up

career

pattern and sequences of occupations or related roles held by people across their working lives and into retirement

What does the SST predict?

people of different ages prioritize different types of goals, as people age and increasingly perceive time as infinite, they attach less importance to goals that expand their horizons and greater importance to goals from which they derive emotional meaning

SST main points:

people's choices in pursuing and deciding on social goals is heavily influenced by their perception of time, there will be differences in goal emphases across different ages, focus on how goals influence behavior, not which goals are important

stress

physical, cognitive, and emotional responses that organisms display in reaction to environmental demands

response-oriented viewpoints

physiological reaction from individual that take place as reaction to stressor itself

mandatory retirement for...

pilots, police, firefighters, air traffic control

job loss is related to...

poor physical health, mental health problems like anxiety, depression, alcoholism, increase the longer one is unemployed

grandmother effect

presence of grandmothers-predictor of children's survival throughout recorded history

warning signs of neglect

pressure ulcers, filth, lack of medical care, malnutrition or dehydration

non-declarative memory

procedural memory, responsible for skill learning and retention, skills that depend on this system include motor skills, skills involve mental processes not available to conscious awareness

executive function

processes involved in regulating attention and in determining what to do with information just gathered or retrieved from long-term memory, includes ability to inhibit responding and resist interference

emotion regulation

regulation of emotion through contact with others, related to "satisfaction in the moment"

amygdala function in older adults

relatively well-maintained amygdala function, older adults show much increase in amygdala activation as younger adults when viewing positive pictures and not as much of an increase when viewing negative pictures

training

reversing declines in intellectual abilities, subjects: 64-69, 5 hours of training, half showed decline in last 14 years

benefits to grandparents and grandchildren

safety net, adult grandchildren represent the future, grandparents are ties to history and identity

work-related value

salary increases, pensions and social security benefits increase the longer you work

retirement-related value

savings, investments, home equity, assets increase the longer you work

IQ (intelligence quotient)

score on an intelligence test

connection between SST and SOC

select social partners that will optimize emotional experience, choose to have social interactions that will make their life balanced and meaningful

nursing home SOC example:

selection: become responsible for a few, but important aspects of daily life, optimization: get extensive practice in the selected domains, compensation: use technological aids and medical interventions that support functions affected by diminished reserve capacities

Arthur Rubenstein SOC example

selection: fewer piano pieces played, optimization: practiced more often, compensation: impression management

"they said, thought, or did something wise" young adults

self-determination and assertion

self-identity

sense of self, do not question yourself

occupational gender segregation

separation of jobs into stereotypical male and female categories

health and well-being

sexual expression still important, those who feel valued are happier and live longer than unhappy older couples, decline in health usually leads to decreased marital quality

what do women show in painful stimulation?

show similar pain responses regardless of whether they are experiencing painful stimulation or their romantic partners are experiencing painful stimulation

situationist model of stress and coping

situation factors/person factors --> appraisal of stress --> coping --> outcome

warning signs of physical abuse

slap marks, unexplained bruises, most pressure marks, types of burns/blisters

short-term/primary memory changes with age

small declines with age through 70-80s and stable through mid-90s

in SST, social networks become...

smaller but more selective

what do women use as a buffer in effects of stress

social support is a buffer

six basic vocational interests

social, investigative, realistic, enterprising, artistic, and conventional

Social Security

started during Great Depression so younger adults could work, men over 60 and women over 63 had to retire, 90% of workers were covered, based off of work put in, current workers pay for retirees

unemployment

state of being without a paid job when you are willing to work

stimulus-oriented viewpoint

stressor/stimulus itself, things that trigger reactions

physical exercise

studies comparing mental performance scored for highly physically active and sedentary older adults consistently find that the more active people have higher scores, aerobic exercise targeted because promotes cell growth in hippocampus and other brain structures important for memory

working memory changes with age

substantial decline with age when compared to short-term memory

adaptive nature of cognition

successful aging depends on how we adapt our cognitive styles to fit our lives as our lives change

secure base

support in pursuing personal goals

attachment relationships-caregiving orientation

system activated in adults upon interaction with infants and young children, use in relationships with adult friends, romantic partners, and elderly parents

pragmatic (or practical) theories of wisdom

tendency to make good judgement with regard to real-life matters

memory

the ability to retain or store information and retrieve it when needed, information processing perspective's distinction between memory stores

role salience

the degree of one's participation, commitment, and value expectation in the roles in each of these five areas

in a threatening situation, what happens to adults?

they react more quickly upon hearing relationship partners' name

coping behaviors

thoughts, feelings, and actions that reduce the effects of stressful events

separating age and time

time as opposed to age, seems to be the driving force behind observed age differences in social patterns

investigative

traits: analytical, independent, curious, precise

conventional

traits: conscientious, orderly, self-controlled

social

traits: cooperative, understanding, helpful, tactful, sociable, ethical

artistic

traits: imaginative, idealistic, original, intuitive, expressive

enterprising

traits: persuasive, domineering, energetic, ambitious, flirtatious

realistic

traits: stable, materialistic, frank, practical, self-reliant

household labor

unpaid work done in the home for oneself and family that includes meal preparation and cleanup, grocery shopping, laundry, and housecleaning

hostile negative marriages

unsuccessful marriages: high levels of anger, likely to divorce early (~7 years)

emotionally unexpressive marriages

unsuccessful marriages: show lack of emotion, high levels of skin conductivity, like to divorce at midlife

during retirement does your annual income increase or drop?

usually drop

components of intellectual capacity

verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, processing speed

socioemotional selective theory (younger adults)

view time as expansive, focus on future, invest time in new activities, expanding horizons

socioemotional selective theory (older adults)

view time as limited, focus on meaningful aspects of life, emphasize positive aspects of experiences, directing more cognitive effort to them

crystallized experience is measured by

vocabulary and verbal comprehension

emotion-focused coping

ways that people try to improve negative emotions associated with a stressful situation

meaning-focused coping

ways that people use to manage the meaning of a stressful situation

secondary appraisal

what can be done about it (if anything)?

stereotype threat

when members of a group are aware of a negative stereotype widely held, can experience anxiety when put in position that may confirm the stereotype

when does General Adaptation Syndrome end?

when stressor ends

marital satisfaction

whether a spouse sees the marriage as good

marital stability

whether marriage is intact, whether spouses have ever suggested divorce to one another

race and gender affecting unemployment

white people (6.1%), black people (11.5%), black men (12.3%), black women (10.6%)

wisdom and aging idea

wisdom does not appear to develop automatically as an individual ages, it is "the outcome of a dialogue between life experiences, culture, and cognitive emotional resources of the individual"

positivity effect

with age, experience fewer negative emotions, older adults show more emotionally gratifying memory distortion

how do younger people think of social partners?

with reference to knowledge they may gain from them

how do older people think about social partners?

with reference to their emotional/affective value

warning signs of emotional abuse

withdrawal from normal activities, unexplained changes in alertness

third major difference in career paths of men and women

women are more apt to work in part-time jobs than men

scores on six vocational interests

women scored higher in S, A, and C factors and men scored higher in R, I, and E factors

gender differences in social support

women: giving, men: receiving

parts of semantic memory that do not remain stable

word-finding, name-retrieval

effects of caregiving for adult family members

work hours/salaries cut, more hours/second job, lost jobs, increased costs

financial reasons for retirement

work-related value, retirement-related value, medicare

achievement stage

young people have explored many possibilities for careers and has made a commitment to one

diffusion stage

young people have not decided on a future career and are not interested in thinking about it

wisdom and aging

younger adults performed better on measure of fluid intelligence, participants presented with life review problem, responses scored based on Baltes and colleagues' five dimensions of wisdom, one problem involved a younger woman making a decision about a dilemma, and the other problem involved an elderly woman making a decision about a dilemma