HDE 12: Chpt. 10 - Sexual Orientation

Klein

The scale elaborates on the Kinsey scale by also examining how sexual orientation changes over time.

stigma

The social unacceptability of being an LGBTQ person leads individuals to experience ______ regarding their orientation.

Obergefell v. Hodges

What Supreme Court ruling confirmed the legality of same-gender marriage rights in the US?

They should take their time.

What advice does the organization Parents, Families, and Friends of Lesbians and Gays (PFLAG) offer to those considering expressing their sexual orientation?

There is no ideal time; it is an intensely personal decision.

What is the ideal time of life to come out?

imprinting

When newborns establish ingrained patterns by watching an adult, it is called _____.

human

When serving as US Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton famously stated that gay rights are _____ rights.

role

Actors in traditional Japanese plays or during the Shakespearean era often defined same sex-sexual relationships in terms of _____ differences.

age?

Ancient Greece defined same sex, sexual relationships in terms of _____ differences.

70%

Given the results of twin studies, approximately what percentage of sexual orientation do researchers believe is from social sources?

During WWII, gay men and lesbian women met others during war mobilization and realized they were not alone.

How did the LGBTQ population come to be centralized in big cities?

negatively, primarily because of machismo culture

How do Spanish-speaking cultures typically perceive male bisexuality?

People who do not identify with heterosexuality may feel that they are coerced into living a secret life.

How do most people react to compulsory heterosexuality?

Parents' sexual orientation is not related to children's sexual orientation.

How is a child's sexual orientation related to their parents' sexual orientation?

gender

In cultures that use _____ differences to contextualize same-sex sexual relationships, it is typical to see biological males taking on the gender role of women.

age

In cultures that use ______ differences to contextualize same sex sexual relationships, it is typical to see older men closely mentoring young men.

33

In one research study, students were asked to chart their future. Straight students could do so up to age 55. Openly gay and lesbian students could chart their futures to what age?

role

In the Netherlands in the modern period, the variety of ______-defined same-sex practices seemed to explode.

9 or 10.

In the US and across cultures, research shows that most individuals begin to become aware of sexual attractions and interests by age...

bisexuals

In the past (and to a lesser degree today), both straight and gay people perceived _____ with suspicion, labeling them as fence-sitters, disloyal, or attempting to have the best of both worlds.

late 1950s and early 1960s

In what era did LGBTQ advocates, along with doctors and researchers, begin to work to reform the mental health view that same-gender sexuality was a disease?

rural or conservative areas

In which of the following areas of the US are hate crimes more often perpetrated?

homophobia

Irrational fear and hatred that is particularly directed at people who identify as LGBTQIA+ is called _____.

a majority had been bullied, harassed or assaulted because of their gender identity expression.

The 2007 National School Climate Survey of 6,209 LGBT youth found that...

queer

What word used to be used in a derogatory way but has since be reclaimed as a positive term in the LGBTQI+ community?

minority stress.

When victims of homophobia and homonegativity develop feelings of distress, poor self-esteem, and alienation from society, their health and well-being may suffer greatly. When this occurs, the condition is known as...

society religion beliefs and social beliefs family

Which of the following are among the factors that influence how people learn social prejudice? (Select all that apply.)

decreased physical health; decreased sexual health; denial of association with LGBTQ communities

Which of the following are ways that the stigma around LGBTQ sexual orientations affects individuals within these communities?

Mark is romantically attracted to men and sexually attracted to women.

Which of the following descriptions references an individual's sexual orientation?

movies and television

Which of the following factors have NOT contributed to the culture of being on the down low?

gay men

Which of the following is most likely to be the victim of a hate crime?

Even among the largest cities, there are differences in the percentage of the population that identifies as LGBTQ.

Which of the following is true about the percentage of LGBTQ individuals in big cities? (Select all that apply.)

Compulsory heterosexuality was originally viewed by feminists as a way that society controls women and their bodies.

Which of the following is true of compulsory heterosexuality?

Sexual orientation is dependent on context and purpose.

Which of the following is true of sexual orientation?

Genetic, prenatal, postnatal, and interactive biopsychosocial factors interact to form the basis of sexual orientation.

Which of the following is true regarding the foundations of sexual orientation?

Men are more likely to integrate desire, behavior, and identity than women are.

Which of the following statements about sexual desire, sexual behavior, and sexual identity is true?

heterosexual.

Globally, MSM identify as...

straight

People that are strictly attracted to the opposite sex are _____ , which is another term for heterosexual.

kinsey

The _____ scale places sexual orientation on a spectrum from 0 to 6.

62%

In a 2017 Pew Foundation poll, what percentage of the American public supports same-gender marriage rights?

queer

Many young people are referring to themselves as _____ rather than gay, lesbian, bisexual, or straight.

friendships among women who lived and slept together.

"Boston marriages" or "Wellesley marriages" were terms used to describe...

10 or ten

About _____% of the population in big cities identify as LGBTQ, whereas a lot less identify as such in small towns.

stigmatized

Generally, in the US and other advanced industrialized countries, all nonheterosexual orientations are _____ to some degree.

Gay couples could be arrested for dancing or holding hands. Electric shock treatments to "change" LGBTQ people's orientation was common. Police harassment of LGBTQ people was routine.

Before the modern LGBTQ movement, which of the following was common in the US? (Select all that apply.)

microaggressions.

Behaviors and statements that convey derogatory messages to a sexual minority group, which may be unintentional or unconscious but are nevertheless detrimental to the sexual minority group, are termed...

down; low

Being on the _____ _____ is a phrase in African American communities that refers to a man who hides his sexual orientation.

late childhood to early adolescence

By what age have most people become socially sexualized into their community's norms, which are usual heterosexual?

a normal and healthy expression of human sexuality.

Current sexologists believe bisexuality to be...

choice

Families of _____ are formed when LGBTQ people who are rejected by their biological families compose their own groups of intimate partners or spouses, close friends, and other loved ones who are so close to each other that they celebrate holidays and birthdays together.

women.

Generally, recent studies have found evidence of a trend that may allow for more sexual fluidity in...

cultural tag.

Men who have sex with men (MSM) is a...

a form of mental and physical disease similar to being gay.

Nineteenth-century medical sexologists believed bisexuality to be...

androgen

One theory regarding the origins of sexual orientation suggests that prenatal _____ hormones circulating in the mother's body may correlate with the tendency for one of her offspring to be LGB.

bisexuality

Regardless of past negative perspectives, it is becoming increasingly clear that _____ , which is attraction to both sexes, is a normal human expression of sexual orientation.

all people.

Researchers argue that compulsory heterosexuality may be socially and sexually oppressive to...

that people's sexual orientation develops in adolescence, at which point it becomes stable

What historical notion does Lisa Diamond's study of women's sexual fluidity challenge?

genetic

Researchers have determined that sexual orientation is born out of _____ , prenatal, postnatal, and interactive biosocial factors.

increases

Researchers have found that birth order can affect sexual orientation, suggesting that each older brother _____ a younger brother's odds of developing a same-gender orientation by 28-48%.

fluidity

Sexual _____ describes a form of sexual expression that is more situation-dependent and perhaps more open to the characteristics of the individual rather than focusing so much on a person's anatomy.

increases

Social acceptance _____ the likelihood that people will openly express their sexual orientation.

heterosexual or straight

Someone who is _____ is romantically or sexually attracted to the other sex.

identical, MZ, or monozygotic; fraternal, DZ, dizygotic, nonidentical, or unidentical

Studies have shown that 30% of _____ twins share a gay or bisexual orientation with their twin, whereas only 8% of _____ twins share a gay or bisexual orientation.

began a radical reconceptualization of sexual orientation from black and white to a spectrum.

The Kinsey scale...

ideal

The Klein scale includes three distinct time periods: the present (most recent 12 months), the past (more than 12 months ago), and the _____ , which represents the future.

gender

The Polynesian role of Fafafina is an example of one way that a culture might define same sex sexual relationships in terms of ______ differences.

Sexual orientation is a biological process that expresses itself and is influenced by psychology and sociology.

The biopsychosocial theoretical approach on the origins of sexual orientations suggests which of the following?

stig

The capacity for some individuals to have context-dependent changes in their erotic response, in Lisa Diamond's research is termed _____.

death.

The harshest penalty in the world for expressing non-heterosexual behaviors is...

Matthew Shepard

The horrific murder of _____ led to hate crimes becoming a recognized category of crime.

biological or biology

The interactive biopsychosocial approach to understanding sexual orientation suggests that _____ , psychological, and social factors come together to form an individual's sexual orientation.

questioning

The term _____ can suggest that someone wants to explore their sexual attractions and feelings for the same gender without abandoning the social identity as being heterosexual or bisexual.

men who have sex with men (MSM)

What term describes men who are married or date women and also have sex with other men?

Few studies have verified this relationship.

To what degree has research identified a relationship between imprinting and sexual orientation?

growing.

Today, support for LGBTQIA+ rights is...

hetero-flexible.

Today, younger MSM have started to use what term to describe their sexuality?

False

True or false: Epigenetics has finally provided the answers to explain a person's sexual orientation in regard to the human genome.

True

True or false: Growing up in a household headed by LGBTQ parents does not impact a child's sexual orientation.

False

True or false: Homophobia is based in logic and is an appropriate response to individuals in the LGBTQ communities.

False

True or false: Recent research has actually resulted in a diminished spectrum of sexual orientation than previously indicated.

False

True or false: The terms asexuality, celibacy, and abstinence are all interchangeable.

Over time, new opportunities for sexual expression may emerge to allow for expansion of individual sexuality.

What best explains why some individuals may experience a shift in their attractions or behaviors long after they have socially adapted to living up the heterosexual norm, such as someone in late adulthood who comes out as gay?

the modern LGBTQ movement

With which of the following movements is the Stonewall Tavern riot associated?

lesbians

Women who are attracted to other women are called _____ , although they can also be called gay or homosexual.

women; men

Young _____ (women/men) are more likely to experience opposite-sex attraction first followed by same-sex attraction, whereas young _____ (women/men) are more likely to experience same-sex attraction, then opposite-sex attraction, and then return to same-sex attraction.

Sexual prejudice

_____ _____ is irrational hatred directed toward people because of their sexual orientation or sexual behavior.

Compulsory heterosexuality

_____ _____ is the condition of being socially compelled to have sexual relationships with the other gender, be married, and have children, regardless of sexual orientation.

Sexual geography

_____ _____ refers to idea that people with different sexual orientations live in particular cities and even distinct neighborhoods or social spaces that are "safe" and gay-friendlier.

Hate

_____ crimes are a severe form of homophobia where people inflict violence on gay men and lesbian women or other minorities.

Epigenetics

_____ describes the process in which the fetal environment can change the expression of genes, and this environmental influence can be inherited across generations.

Internalized homophobia

_____ is defined as negative stereotypes or beliefs about LGBTQIA+ people that a person may absorb from societal hostility toward LGBTQIA+ people.

Homonegativity

_____ is defined as subtle negative social perceptions and behaviors against LGBTQIA+ people or those suspected of same-gender sexuality.

Habitualization

_____ is the term used to describe actions repeated frequently enough to be cast into a pattern so that they seem natural.

Asexual

_____ people do not feel any noteworthy sexual attraction to other people, but some might have romantic relationships.

Pansexuality

_____ refers to a person who is attracted sexually, emotionally, romantically, or spiritually to others regardless of their biological sex, gender, or orientation.

Minority

_____ stress occurs when one feels alienated from society has chronic physical and mental health stress.

Twin

_____ studies are the most effective way of examining how genes influence sexual orientation.