HDFS 2810
ch. 7 Children exhibit prosocial behavior as early as:
1 year of age
ch. 14 In a Canadian Study that followed 10,658 children from toddlerhood to preadolescence, how many of the children demonstrated a consistent pattern of high levels of aggression?
1/6
ch. 9 Language explosion or productive naming explosion occurs between:
12-18 months
ch. 5 By age three a baby's brain grows to about what percentage of its adult size?
90%
Which of the following factors has least contributed to increased knowledge about and emphasis on the early years as a critical time of development?
An increased understanding of modern life
Ch. 4 If a teacher wanted to know how the interests of the children in her room, she would most likely use which method of observation?
Anecdotal or running records
ch. 6 Myrna, Joey's teacher, realizes that Joey needs more time than other children before he will relax and smile in the morning after his Dad brings him into the center. She recognizes which of the following temperamental traits in Joey?
Approach/withdrawal and adaptability
Ch. 2/3 Dara's parents both work for a corporation that expects them to work 50 hours a week. Dara's child care center is close to her parents' worksite and now stays open longer each day to accommodate the needs of the families who work in the corporation. Because of the center's responsiveness to them, Dara's parents experience less stress and Dara has thrived. Which theory best explains why Dara has thrived?
Bioecological theory
ch. 12 How do responsive teachers plan a curriculum for infants and toddlers?
By reflecting on each child's needs, goals, and interests
Which of the following statements is the foundation of how infants and toddlers learn?
Children learn through social interactions with others.
ch.7 What does the term, "continuity of group" in an infant/toddler program mean?
Children remain with their group throughout their early years.
ch 7. Which of the following stages of peer play (Howe's, 1988) is the most advanced developmentally?
Complementary and reciprocal social play
ch. 7 The example of Jason distributing items demonstrates which of the following important principles for teachers to remember?
It is critically important to observe and reflect on children's goals
ch. 5 A fetus can make a fist, grasp, suck, and swallow by the end of the:
first trimester
Ch. 4 Event sampling:
focuses on a specific behavior as well as what happened before and after
ch. 7 Robin was very inhibited—shy, hesitant to interact, fearful with peers, and often anxious. A teacher can:
gently encourage her and help her interact with others
ch. 15 The Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP) describes:
goals for the child and the services needed
ch 7. Friendships between children can be enhanced by:
group continuity of care
ch 5. During the second trimester, the fetus:
grows rapidly in length and weight
ch. 10/11: The primary defense against illness in a program for children is:
handwashing
ch. 10/11: Postural reflexes:
help the baby resist gravity and develop posture, balance, and voluntary movements
ch. 16 The NAEYC Code of Ethical Conduct:
helps us choose among courses of action
ch. 13 The Reggio Emilia approach views the child as:
highly capable of learning
ch. 15 Child Find is the service that::
identifies, locates, and evaluates every child who may have a disability
ch. 13 Creativity begins:
in infancy
ch. 14 Cindy realized that George needed more space around him than other children or he becomes upset. She is respecting:
individual and cultural differences
ch. 14 When teachers consider a child's temperament, energy levels, style of approaching a situation, and sensory challenges while thinking about how to guide a child, the teacher is tuning into:
individual differences that affects the quality of relationships
ch. 7 Recent research on prosocial development demonstrates that:
infants and toddlers are capable of sophisticated social judgements
ch. 10/11; Continuity of care is an important practice because:
infants and toddlers feel stress when relationships are repeatedly disrupted
ch. 15 Metabolic disorders occur because of:
inherited deficiencies of particular enzymes
ch. 8 When Marisol picked up one rattle after another and shook them, listening to the noises that they made, but did not pick up the ball and shake it, she was using:
invisible information
ch. 6 A newer perspective on temperament has to do with how reactive or the level of vitality the child expresses in response to events. The child with high vitality can:
invite interactions but have strong, physiological reactions to frustration
ch. 9 When Mackenzie (11 months-old) pointed to the picture in the book, her teacher said, "That's a cow. That's a brown cow." Mackenzie's teacher knew about the importance of:
joint attention
ch. 12 Because Ron's teacher knows that infants are motivated to learn and communicate, she:
knows that he will become more capable if she is responsive
ch. 8 Cognitive development describes the learning a person does to:
learn language. participate in his or her own culture. learn about the objects in the world. (wrong) learn about numbers
ch. 8 A term that means that a child gives up easily or creates a situation so that she will fail is learned:
learned helplessness
ch. 13 Donald's teacher provided blocks of different colors to sort and use to build. She is primarily supporting Donald's:
literacy and math development
ch. 6 Regulation refers to the ability to:
manage one's reactions to internal and external events
ch. 9 The term "fast mapping" means that:
many toddlers can quickly learn new words
ch. 6 The term "working model" of relationships refers to the fact that:
mental models can change if circumstances change
ch. 10/11: An infant-toddler teacher of a group of boys and girls could expect that:
most girls and boys will be similar in activity
ch. 5. In the third trimester, the fetus is learning about:
movement and language
ch. 16 Infant-toddler teachers learn to become advocates because:
much of the field is determined by laws and policies
ch. 15 Central nervous system disorders may be caused by
natural or environmental factors
CH. 7 From engaging in conflicts with peers, children learn to:
negotiate and self-regulate
Ch. 4 The over-riding ethical principle of observing is to:
not harm children
ch. 8 When a child learns about how objects and people continue to exist despite changes in settings or emotional tone he is learning about:
object permanence
Ch. 4 Time sampling could be best used to:
observe where children are playing at particular times of the day
ch 10/11: Licensing of child care and learning programs:
often provides minimal requirements for safety
ch. 10/11: To be safe, infants should always sleep:
on their backs (supine)
ch. 5 Synapses form when:
one neuron's axon attaches to another neuron's dendrite
ch. 15 When we use a diagnosis to describe a disability it:
only tells us about some aspects of the child
ch.8 Mattie (2-years-old) struggled but continued to stack the blocks in a certain way. She is demonstrating:
persistence through frustration
ch. 10/11: When a child does not gain weight one of the possible factors that infant-toddler teachers need to consider is:
physical and emotional abuse
ch. 9 Amber listens intently when her mother talks to her. Then Amber takes a turn in the conversation. This is an example of:
pragmatics
ch. 8 Core Knowledge suggests that infants learn through:
predisposition to pay attention to aspects of the environment necessary for survival
ch 5. The term, "the womb as an environment for development" means that:
pregnant women must be aware of what can affect the fetus in the womb
ch. 10/11: Laney and the other infant-toddler teachers in the infant room decided that each child needed a special relationship with a caring teacher who tried to be the one to rock, feed, and diaper the baby. They were developing a system of:
primary care
ch. 16 Knowledge, skills, and dispositions make up:
professional standards
ch 10/11: To best support motor development and learning, an infant-toddler teacher should:
provide many opportunities for movement
ch. 6 A child who signals distress is:
providing an opportunity for the adult to help and become the infant's partner in learning about the world
ch. 10/11: A motor goal that serves the attachment relationship might be:
proximity to the infant-toddler teacher
ch. 8 Damika (12-months-old) watched as his infant-toddler teacher put two dolls in the box. The box had a hole in it so that he could pull out one doll at a time. We would expect him to:
reach in the box 2x and pull out one doll each time
ch. 15 Service Coordinators work with families whose children are eligible for Part C to:
receive their services and rights
ch 10/11: Benefits of outdoor play include:
reduced stress and stronger immune systems
ch. 10/11: Process variables that affect the quality of programs include:
responsive caregiving
Ch. 2/3 Maria usually chose to put together the puzzles with four pieces. One day she watched how her friend put an 8-piece puzzle together. After that she always chose the 8 piece puzzles and put them together successfully. This is an example of peer:
scaffolding
ch. 9 When Alan talked about the car going by, his teacher said, "Yes, a blue car." She was using:
semantic elaboration
ch. 6 Myrna, Joey's teacher, realizes that Joey needs more time than other children before he will relax and smile in the morning after his Dad brings him into the center. Joey's temperamental traits, if grouped, may be called:
slow-to-warm-up
ch. 6 Michael (8 months old) startled when Sara's father came in the door. He relaxed after he looked at his teacher's face and saw that she was smiling. He was judging the safety of the situation through:
social referencing
ch. 15 In adapting toys and materials, you should consider:
stability, usefulness of information, and achieving goals
ch. 14 The primary purpose of guidance is to:
support the child's competence and self-regulation
ch. 12 A primary goal of establishing relationships with families is to:
support the parent/child relationship
ch. 12 When a teacher scaffolds learning, he:
supports a child learning how to do a task
ch. 9 The term that refers to the rules governing the sequence of words and the relationships among part of a sentence is:
syntax
ch. 14 Bromwich's (1997) six-step approach to problem-solving is primarily a method for:
teacher-parent mutual investigation and brainstorming solutions
The attributes of a child, as defined in the text, include:
temperament and gender
ch. 12 Having a dialogue with a parent requires a belief:
that each person has reasons for what they do
ch. 16 Professional standards/competencies are most likely to ensure:
that there are high expectations for the professionals' performance
ch. 7 Social competence is:
the ability to engage in social interactions that are mutually satisfying
ch. 14 Relationship realignment times are times when:
the adult/child interactions change and grow
ch. 15 Inclusion works best when:
the adults involved are committed to making it work
ch. 12 Gonzalez-Mena (2001) recommends that:
the arguer tells; the person who dialogues asks
ch. 9 Early language experience affects:
the child's capacity to learn language
ch. 16 When an infant-toddler teacher advocates for young children they are usually advocating for:
the improvement of children's quality of life
ch. 12 A relationship-based curriculum has as its primary focus:
the mental health of children as a foundation for development
ch. 7 Infants' and toddlers' expectations for relationships are primarily due to
the quality of their first relationships with adults
Ch. 2/3 Sociocultural theory emphasizes:
the role of the adult in teaching or supporting the child's learning
ch. 9 Culture usually will not have an effect on:
the sequence of language development
It is important for teachers to understand the terms "risk" and "resilience" because:
they may need specialized training to provide responsive services
Ch. 2/3 Adoptive situations vary widely but many adoptive parents worry:
they may not love the adopted baby without a genetic connection
It is critical that teachers understand that there are many reasons why families choose different kinds of child care programs because:
they will understand the need for options for families
ch. 7 If Damon clenches his fist toward another toddler, he is using gestural language that communicates:
threatening
ch. 8 Infants are calmed through the sense of:
touch
ch. 13 Opportunities are:
toys, materials, experiences, and interactions for children to choose from
ch. 14 To reflect when you are providing guidance is to:
try to understand the situation from the child's perspective
ch. 14 When a teacher relates by using responsive interaction strategies, s/he is recognizing that children always need:
understanding and assistance to learn new behaviors
ch. 8 Because Hanna (an infant/toddler teacher) understood the concept of habituation she:
used different sounds when cooing with a baby
ch. 12 Caesar's toddler teacher knows that learning is integrated so she:
values whatever the child chooses to play with as having learning possibilities in all domains of development
Ch. 2/3 Home visiting is highly regarded as an effective support to families. It is characterized by:
warm relationships, child development information, and emotional support
A toddler feels contentment much of the time and often feels joy. This toddler has a sense of:
well-being
CH. 10/11: Diapers should be changed:
when children are wet or soiled
ch. 7 Culture probably will influence:
who parents want their children to socialize with
ch. 8 Executive function involves:
working memory, self-control, and mental flexibility
ch. 12 Which of the following best describes the meaning of the term "dancing the developmental ladder"?
Teachers observe and respond to children's individual skill differences.
Which of the following is not an aspect of mental health as defined in the chapter?
The ability of the child to think clearly.
ch. 7 A researcher (discussed in the chapter) observed two toddlers (13 and 14 months old). What did she conclude about these young toddlers' ability to demonstrate friendship?
The young toddlers demonstrated their friendship through expressions of joy and affection toward each other.
Ch. 4 What two things does your text recommend that teachers reflect on to prevent bias?
Their own cultural beliefs and the effect of their presence
ch 5. Which of the following would be important information to provide to families on nutrition during pregnancy?
There are certain nutrients that mothers need to be sure to get
ch. 13 When talking about creating a quality environment, Jim Greenman asked, "What do babies do for a living?" His answer included which of the following?
They explore, test, and discover.
ch. 15Programs, infant-toddler teachers, medical clinics, and professionals in other community programs may use assessments called screening tools with infants and toddlers. What is their primary purpose?
To determine if the child needs a full evaluation by a professional team to assess if the child has a disability
Which theory emphasizes how children's attributes and capacities influence the ongoing reciprocal nature of the child's relationships with others?
Transactional theory
ch. 5. The nucleus of each cell contains 6 feet of DNA packed into 46 chromosomes, 23 from each parent. The one set of sex chromosomes determine gender. Women have chromosomes:
XX
A relationship-based model recognizes that the quality of:
a child's network of relationships affects children's sense of self-worth and competence
ch. 15 Erin was diagnosed with Down Syndrome. She has:
a chromosomal abnormality
Ch. 4 The OUNCE Scale is an example of:
a developmental profile
ch. 8 Concepts are:
a generalized mental representation
ch. 7 Gender segregation is of concern when:
a group usually wants to play away from the care teacher
ch. 10/11: Cerebral Palsy is:
a non-progressive disorder of the motor control area of the brain
Ch. 2/3 Parent education is best described as:
a range of options from brochures to podcasts to one-on-one counseling
ch. 15 Infants and toddlers with disabilities have Individualized Family Service Plans which are developed together by the family and professionals. These plans include goals that the family has determined are important for their child. Most of these goals are met with which of the following?
a. Arranging the environment (wrong) b. Special equipment (wrong) c. Typical toys and materials d. Group affection activities
The teacher in a program noticed even young infants paid most attention to objects, people, and significantly differing amounts. What theory guided her thinking?
a. Constructionism b. Core knowledge c. Social/cognitive (wrong) d. Social cultural
Infants and toddlers are competent learners. Which of the following is an example of how competent they are?
a. Tia Marie began listening to sounds when she was two days old. b. Tia Marie began discerning patterns in language when she turned 2 years old. (WRONG) c. Tia Marie became stressed because of her mother's depression. d. Tia Marie's brain was totally structured at birth.
A teacher applying Maslow's hierarchy of human needs will be concerned first about:
a. a child's sense of trust and mistrust b. whether children have a sense of belonging (wrong) c. a child's ego-integrity d. a child's sense of safety
An infant-toddler teacher wanted to stay true to her principles concerning the rights of children. Her mentor most likely encouraged her to write:
a. a philosophy b. a Code of Ethics c. a vision statement d. professional standards (wrong)
ch. 6 Adults teach gender roles by:
a. dressing girls in pink b. encouraging boys to express sadness and fear c. talking to girls more about feelings d. giving girls dolls and kitchen sets (wrong)
ch. 16 In a mentoring or reflective supervision relationship the mentor usually does not:
a. establish expectations for who is in charge (wrong) b. engage in active listening and thoughtful questions c. share power with the mentee d. establish expectations for the relationship
When Dawson's wise infant-toddler teacher sat with the toddlers, talked with them, and helped them serve themselves more food, she was primarily thinking about:
a. good nutrition b. the social environment of feeding c. the safety of the children d. the safe handling of food and utensils (wrong)
ch. 10/11: A child with a motor disorder may:
a. not like seeing other children free to move b. find it difficult to express feelings and thoughts c. never experience attachment (WRONG) d. not be interested in learning
ch. 8 Infants pay attention to:
a. the brightest lights in a room (wrong) b. the frequency and patterns of events c. objects that are painted red d. language used on television
ch. 9 Research on children learning sign language found that the children's :
a. underperformed in learning to speak words b. a bilingual environment is a necessity, not a choice (WRONG) c. minds were more open to their parents' minds d. vocabulary was higher than children not learning sign language
ch. 6 If adults are not sensitive to a child's expression of emotions the child may learn to:
a. use aversion and dissociate when fearful (WRONG) b. ignore distress c. engage in social referencing d. cling to adults
Ch. 2/3 Programs for parents of infants and toddlers with disabilities offer:
advocacy and information
ch. 7 Exuberant children are outgoing and demonstrative. Researchers also found that these children may demonstrate more:
aggression with peers
An example of a type of program that serves primarily children with disabilities in a variety of settings is:
an early intervention program
ch. 16 Coaching is an important part of professional development because:
applying new skills needs support beyond training
ch. 15 Lena doesn't feel that she has the education to serve a child with a disability in her program. She may ethically and legally:
ask her local Child Find Office for assistance
Ch. 2/3 Paul knew what a bird and a squirrel was. Then he saw a flying squirrel for the first time in his life. He yelled, "look at that bird." This is an example of:
assimilation
ch. 10/11: Which of the following is most accurate? Children will learn to walk:
at different times in order to live effectively in their own culture
ch. 10/11: The American Academy of Pediatrics strongly recommends that parents not take their child to a program that uses:
baby walkers
ch. 9 For maximum benefit treatment for a child with hearing impairment should be started:
before 6 months of age
ch. 13 Responsive routines are important because they:
begin the formation of a child's identity
ch. 16 Karen analyzed why she reacted so strongly when parents brought their children to her family child care program when the parents obviously had a day off. She was:
being self-reflective
ch. 15 National early childhood agencies and associations believe inclusion:
benefits all children
Ch. 2/3 Parents must care for their newborn children because humans are born with large but not fully developed brains. This is an example of:
biological effects on parenting
ch. 6 Which of the following best describes an anxious-ambivalent attachment? The child:
both requests and resists comforting
ch. 10/11: The ratios required by licensing may vary:
by state
ch. 6 Which of the following best describes a secure attachment? The child:
can be comforted fairly easily when distressed
ch. 8 Marisol picked up one rattle after another and shook them, listening to the noises that they made. However, she didn't pick up the ball and shake it. She is demonstrating her ability to:
categorize
ch. 8 Contingency is an important aspect of the child's learning about:
cause and effect
ch. 10/11: The term used to indicate that voluntary muscle control progresses from the head down is:
cephalocaudal
ch. 16 Bill and Thomas, two toddler teachers, had different opinions about whether toddlers should put toys away immediately after their use or only at the end of indoor play time. They each expressed what they wanted and why they wanted it. They acknowledged what the other person was thinking and needing. Next they need to:
check for any areas of agreement
ch. 13 PITC, High/Scope, the Creative Curriculum for Infants and Toddlers, and Reggio Emilia all emphasize:
children's capabilities as active learners
ch. 9 As Robin was playing with Koby she asked him, "What is that?" "What are you pushing?" and "What color is the car?" She is asking a type of question that may feel intrusive to Koby and limits conversation with him. She is asking what the chapter refers to as:
closed questions
Ch.4 Anecdotal records and running records are designed to primarily:
describe what happened in an objective, factual way
ch. 14 Respecting the power of development means that:
development contributes to times of disquiet
ch 5. In the first trimester, the cells:
differentiate and become blood cells, liver cells, bone cells, etc.
ch. 6 Which of the following best describes an anxious-avoidant attachment? The child:
doesn't show his distress to others but stays in proximity to his parent
ch. 6 Cultural beliefs may influence children's behavior because of the culture's:
emotional display rules
ch. 15 The primary purpose of the Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA) is:
ensure that children with disabilities receive intervention services
ch. 6 Which of the following is most correct? Attachment between a child and parent occurs to:
ensure that the child feels safe
ch. 9 Carmen continued saying "da, da" as she looked at her teacher. Her teacher would look at Carmen, smile, and repeat the sounds each time Carmen said them. Carmen's primary purpose is to:
establish human connection
ch. 16 Mentors are different than supervisors because, in addition to fulfilling many of the same roles as the mentors, the supervisors also:
evaluate the teacher's job performance
ch. 8 In regard to sensory experience infants
expect that their senses will provide coherent information
ch. 6 Knowing about attachment helps teachers understand the child's:
expectations for relationships
ch. 12 Strategies—A mobile infant or toddler will let you know that you and he have a strong, positive relationship by:
exploring and then returning to you for emotional energy
ch. 16 A reflective practice model has two major characteristics. Which of the following is one of the two characteristics?
A supervisor is always involved to help the teachers make decisions.
ch.13 Malaguzzi reminds us that when we are thinking about how to set a responsive environment:
"no space is marginal, no corner unimportant"
Ch. 4 What do teachers and families observe?
Depends on the questions that they ask.
ch. 16 Which of these is not one of the questions that can help infant-toddler teachers reflect on their responding habits?
Do you begin your response with objections first and agreement second?
Which of the following three characteristics does research support as the key characteristics of adults that influence children's sense of security and ability to engage in thriving relationships?
Emotional availability, responsiveness, and sensitivity
ch. 9 Which of the following is most likely to contribute to children having lower language scores at age 3 than many other children?
Living in a high-risk environment
ch.13 When the older toddler put one doll in each doll bed, which math concept was she demonstrating?
One-to one correspondence
Juanita's parents, whose family's home was ruined in a hurricane, are living in a shelter. Which of the following irreducible needs, although challenging to do, are Juanita's parents most likely to be able to meet?
Ongoing nurturing relationships
Which of the following represents the most important reason why infant and toddler professionals should care about reducing poverty?
Poverty affects the quality of life that a child experiences.
ch. 16 What is the first step to a win-win conflict management strategy?
Prepare powerfully
Ch. 4 Milo, a toddler teacher talked about a child's development to a parent of another child. Which ethical consideration was Milo violating?
Protecting the confidentiality of children and families
ch. 13 The term "responsive opportunities" has which of the following meaning for teachers creating an environment for young children?
Provide experiences that take into account each child's interests and development.
ch 5. Premature babies are at risk for:
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
CH. 7 One of the three temperamental dimensions is more likely to affect social development by influencing the other two. Which one is it?
Self-regulation
Ch. 2/3 A teacher is trying to apply Erikson's theory to her organization of her toddler classroom. While she will do all of the following to meet the needs of the children, which of the following is an application of Erikson's theory?
She first develops trust and then supports autonomy.
ch. 9 What does the term "communicative-linguistic parameters" refer to?
The language, communication patterns, and values underlying those patterns used in the home
Ch.4 What is the most critical part of assessment?
The use of extensive observation to support the items on assessments
ch. 14 Hank (a toddler) started biting frequently in the program. Siri, his teacher, decided to meet Hank each morning and spent 5 minutes with him. What was her philosophy related to guidance?
When guiding children, it is crucial to develop a warm relationship with them.
Which of the following is an example of contingent responsiveness?
When the baby sneezed, the teacher said, "Wow, that was a big sneeze."
ch. 8 Zoe picked up the toy cup and pretended to give her doll a drink. She was engaged in:
decentered symbolic play