HDFS 2810

ch. 7 Children exhibit prosocial behavior as early as:

1 year of age

ch. 14 In a Canadian Study that followed 10,658 children from toddlerhood to preadolescence, how many of the children demonstrated a consistent pattern of high levels of aggression?

1/6

ch. 9 Language explosion or productive naming explosion occurs between:

12-18 months

ch. 5 By age three a baby's brain grows to about what percentage of its adult size?

90%

Which of the following factors has least contributed to increased knowledge about and emphasis on the early years as a critical time of development?

An increased understanding of modern life

Ch. 4 If a teacher wanted to know how the interests of the children in her room, she would most likely use which method of observation?

Anecdotal or running records

ch. 6 Myrna, Joey's teacher, realizes that Joey needs more time than other children before he will relax and smile in the morning after his Dad brings him into the center. She recognizes which of the following temperamental traits in Joey?

Approach/withdrawal and adaptability

Ch. 2/3 Dara's parents both work for a corporation that expects them to work 50 hours a week. Dara's child care center is close to her parents' worksite and now stays open longer each day to accommodate the needs of the families who work in the corporation. Because of the center's responsiveness to them, Dara's parents experience less stress and Dara has thrived. Which theory best explains why Dara has thrived?

Bioecological theory

ch. 12 How do responsive teachers plan a curriculum for infants and toddlers?

By reflecting on each child's needs, goals, and interests

Which of the following statements is the foundation of how infants and toddlers learn?

Children learn through social interactions with others.

ch.7 What does the term, "continuity of group" in an infant/toddler program mean?

Children remain with their group throughout their early years.

ch 7. Which of the following stages of peer play (Howe's, 1988) is the most advanced developmentally?

Complementary and reciprocal social play

ch. 7 The example of Jason distributing items demonstrates which of the following important principles for teachers to remember?

It is critically important to observe and reflect on children's goals

ch. 5 A fetus can make a fist, grasp, suck, and swallow by the end of the:

first trimester

Ch. 4 Event sampling:

focuses on a specific behavior as well as what happened before and after

ch. 7 Robin was very inhibited—shy, hesitant to interact, fearful with peers, and often anxious. A teacher can:

gently encourage her and help her interact with others

ch. 15 The Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP) describes:

goals for the child and the services needed

ch 7. Friendships between children can be enhanced by:

group continuity of care

ch 5. During the second trimester, the fetus:

grows rapidly in length and weight

ch. 10/11: The primary defense against illness in a program for children is:

handwashing

ch. 10/11: Postural reflexes:

help the baby resist gravity and develop posture, balance, and voluntary movements

ch. 16 The NAEYC Code of Ethical Conduct:

helps us choose among courses of action

ch. 13 The Reggio Emilia approach views the child as:

highly capable of learning

ch. 15 Child Find is the service that::

identifies, locates, and evaluates every child who may have a disability

ch. 13 Creativity begins:

in infancy

ch. 14 Cindy realized that George needed more space around him than other children or he becomes upset. She is respecting:

individual and cultural differences

ch. 14 When teachers consider a child's temperament, energy levels, style of approaching a situation, and sensory challenges while thinking about how to guide a child, the teacher is tuning into:

individual differences that affects the quality of relationships

ch. 7 Recent research on prosocial development demonstrates that:

infants and toddlers are capable of sophisticated social judgements

ch. 10/11; Continuity of care is an important practice because:

infants and toddlers feel stress when relationships are repeatedly disrupted

ch. 15 Metabolic disorders occur because of:

inherited deficiencies of particular enzymes

ch. 8 When Marisol picked up one rattle after another and shook them, listening to the noises that they made, but did not pick up the ball and shake it, she was using:

invisible information

ch. 6 A newer perspective on temperament has to do with how reactive or the level of vitality the child expresses in response to events. The child with high vitality can:

invite interactions but have strong, physiological reactions to frustration

ch. 9 When Mackenzie (11 months-old) pointed to the picture in the book, her teacher said, "That's a cow. That's a brown cow." Mackenzie's teacher knew about the importance of:

joint attention

ch. 12 Because Ron's teacher knows that infants are motivated to learn and communicate, she:

knows that he will become more capable if she is responsive

ch. 8 Cognitive development describes the learning a person does to:

learn language. participate in his or her own culture. learn about the objects in the world. (wrong) learn about numbers

ch. 8 A term that means that a child gives up easily or creates a situation so that she will fail is learned:

learned helplessness

ch. 13 Donald's teacher provided blocks of different colors to sort and use to build. She is primarily supporting Donald's:

literacy and math development

ch. 6 Regulation refers to the ability to:

manage one's reactions to internal and external events

ch. 9 The term "fast mapping" means that:

many toddlers can quickly learn new words

ch. 6 The term "working model" of relationships refers to the fact that:

mental models can change if circumstances change

ch. 10/11: An infant-toddler teacher of a group of boys and girls could expect that:

most girls and boys will be similar in activity

ch. 5. In the third trimester, the fetus is learning about:

movement and language

ch. 16 Infant-toddler teachers learn to become advocates because:

much of the field is determined by laws and policies

ch. 15 Central nervous system disorders may be caused by

natural or environmental factors

CH. 7 From engaging in conflicts with peers, children learn to:

negotiate and self-regulate

Ch. 4 The over-riding ethical principle of observing is to:

not harm children

ch. 8 When a child learns about how objects and people continue to exist despite changes in settings or emotional tone he is learning about:

object permanence

Ch. 4 Time sampling could be best used to:

observe where children are playing at particular times of the day

ch 10/11: Licensing of child care and learning programs:

often provides minimal requirements for safety

ch. 10/11: To be safe, infants should always sleep:

on their backs (supine)

ch. 5 Synapses form when:

one neuron's axon attaches to another neuron's dendrite

ch. 15 When we use a diagnosis to describe a disability it:

only tells us about some aspects of the child

ch.8 Mattie (2-years-old) struggled but continued to stack the blocks in a certain way. She is demonstrating:

persistence through frustration

ch. 10/11: When a child does not gain weight one of the possible factors that infant-toddler teachers need to consider is:

physical and emotional abuse

ch. 9 Amber listens intently when her mother talks to her. Then Amber takes a turn in the conversation. This is an example of:

pragmatics

ch. 8 Core Knowledge suggests that infants learn through:

predisposition to pay attention to aspects of the environment necessary for survival

ch 5. The term, "the womb as an environment for development" means that:

pregnant women must be aware of what can affect the fetus in the womb

ch. 10/11: Laney and the other infant-toddler teachers in the infant room decided that each child needed a special relationship with a caring teacher who tried to be the one to rock, feed, and diaper the baby. They were developing a system of:

primary care

ch. 16 Knowledge, skills, and dispositions make up:

professional standards

ch 10/11: To best support motor development and learning, an infant-toddler teacher should:

provide many opportunities for movement

ch. 6 A child who signals distress is:

providing an opportunity for the adult to help and become the infant's partner in learning about the world

ch. 10/11: A motor goal that serves the attachment relationship might be:

proximity to the infant-toddler teacher

ch. 8 Damika (12-months-old) watched as his infant-toddler teacher put two dolls in the box. The box had a hole in it so that he could pull out one doll at a time. We would expect him to:

reach in the box 2x and pull out one doll each time

ch. 15 Service Coordinators work with families whose children are eligible for Part C to:

receive their services and rights

ch 10/11: Benefits of outdoor play include:

reduced stress and stronger immune systems

ch. 10/11: Process variables that affect the quality of programs include:

responsive caregiving

Ch. 2/3 Maria usually chose to put together the puzzles with four pieces. One day she watched how her friend put an 8-piece puzzle together. After that she always chose the 8 piece puzzles and put them together successfully. This is an example of peer:

scaffolding

ch. 9 When Alan talked about the car going by, his teacher said, "Yes, a blue car." She was using:

semantic elaboration

ch. 6 Myrna, Joey's teacher, realizes that Joey needs more time than other children before he will relax and smile in the morning after his Dad brings him into the center. Joey's temperamental traits, if grouped, may be called:

slow-to-warm-up

ch. 6 Michael (8 months old) startled when Sara's father came in the door. He relaxed after he looked at his teacher's face and saw that she was smiling. He was judging the safety of the situation through:

social referencing

ch. 15 In adapting toys and materials, you should consider:

stability, usefulness of information, and achieving goals

ch. 14 The primary purpose of guidance is to:

support the child's competence and self-regulation

ch. 12 A primary goal of establishing relationships with families is to:

support the parent/child relationship

ch. 12 When a teacher scaffolds learning, he:

supports a child learning how to do a task

ch. 9 The term that refers to the rules governing the sequence of words and the relationships among part of a sentence is:

syntax

ch. 14 Bromwich's (1997) six-step approach to problem-solving is primarily a method for:

teacher-parent mutual investigation and brainstorming solutions

The attributes of a child, as defined in the text, include:

temperament and gender

ch. 12 Having a dialogue with a parent requires a belief:

that each person has reasons for what they do

ch. 16 Professional standards/competencies are most likely to ensure:

that there are high expectations for the professionals' performance

ch. 7 Social competence is:

the ability to engage in social interactions that are mutually satisfying

ch. 14 Relationship realignment times are times when:

the adult/child interactions change and grow

ch. 15 Inclusion works best when:

the adults involved are committed to making it work

ch. 12 Gonzalez-Mena (2001) recommends that:

the arguer tells; the person who dialogues asks

ch. 9 Early language experience affects:

the child's capacity to learn language

ch. 16 When an infant-toddler teacher advocates for young children they are usually advocating for:

the improvement of children's quality of life

ch. 12 A relationship-based curriculum has as its primary focus:

the mental health of children as a foundation for development

ch. 7 Infants' and toddlers' expectations for relationships are primarily due to

the quality of their first relationships with adults

Ch. 2/3 Sociocultural theory emphasizes:

the role of the adult in teaching or supporting the child's learning

ch. 9 Culture usually will not have an effect on:

the sequence of language development

It is important for teachers to understand the terms "risk" and "resilience" because:

they may need specialized training to provide responsive services

Ch. 2/3 Adoptive situations vary widely but many adoptive parents worry:

they may not love the adopted baby without a genetic connection

It is critical that teachers understand that there are many reasons why families choose different kinds of child care programs because:

they will understand the need for options for families

ch. 7 If Damon clenches his fist toward another toddler, he is using gestural language that communicates:

threatening

ch. 8 Infants are calmed through the sense of:

touch

ch. 13 Opportunities are:

toys, materials, experiences, and interactions for children to choose from

ch. 14 To reflect when you are providing guidance is to:

try to understand the situation from the child's perspective

ch. 14 When a teacher relates by using responsive interaction strategies, s/he is recognizing that children always need:

understanding and assistance to learn new behaviors

ch. 8 Because Hanna (an infant/toddler teacher) understood the concept of habituation she:

used different sounds when cooing with a baby

ch. 12 Caesar's toddler teacher knows that learning is integrated so she:

values whatever the child chooses to play with as having learning possibilities in all domains of development

Ch. 2/3 Home visiting is highly regarded as an effective support to families. It is characterized by:

warm relationships, child development information, and emotional support

A toddler feels contentment much of the time and often feels joy. This toddler has a sense of:

well-being

CH. 10/11: Diapers should be changed:

when children are wet or soiled

ch. 7 Culture probably will influence:

who parents want their children to socialize with

ch. 8 Executive function involves:

working memory, self-control, and mental flexibility

ch. 12 Which of the following best describes the meaning of the term "dancing the developmental ladder"?

Teachers observe and respond to children's individual skill differences.

Which of the following is not an aspect of mental health as defined in the chapter?

The ability of the child to think clearly.

ch. 7 A researcher (discussed in the chapter) observed two toddlers (13 and 14 months old). What did she conclude about these young toddlers' ability to demonstrate friendship?

The young toddlers demonstrated their friendship through expressions of joy and affection toward each other.

Ch. 4 What two things does your text recommend that teachers reflect on to prevent bias?

Their own cultural beliefs and the effect of their presence

ch 5. Which of the following would be important information to provide to families on nutrition during pregnancy?

There are certain nutrients that mothers need to be sure to get

ch. 13 When talking about creating a quality environment, Jim Greenman asked, "What do babies do for a living?" His answer included which of the following?

They explore, test, and discover.

ch. 15Programs, infant-toddler teachers, medical clinics, and professionals in other community programs may use assessments called screening tools with infants and toddlers. What is their primary purpose?

To determine if the child needs a full evaluation by a professional team to assess if the child has a disability

Which theory emphasizes how children's attributes and capacities influence the ongoing reciprocal nature of the child's relationships with others?

Transactional theory

ch. 5. The nucleus of each cell contains 6 feet of DNA packed into 46 chromosomes, 23 from each parent. The one set of sex chromosomes determine gender. Women have chromosomes:

XX

A relationship-based model recognizes that the quality of:

a child's network of relationships affects children's sense of self-worth and competence

ch. 15 Erin was diagnosed with Down Syndrome. She has:

a chromosomal abnormality

Ch. 4 The OUNCE Scale is an example of:

a developmental profile

ch. 8 Concepts are:

a generalized mental representation

ch. 7 Gender segregation is of concern when:

a group usually wants to play away from the care teacher

ch. 10/11: Cerebral Palsy is:

a non-progressive disorder of the motor control area of the brain

Ch. 2/3 Parent education is best described as:

a range of options from brochures to podcasts to one-on-one counseling

ch. 15 Infants and toddlers with disabilities have Individualized Family Service Plans which are developed together by the family and professionals. These plans include goals that the family has determined are important for their child. Most of these goals are met with which of the following?

a. Arranging the environment (wrong) b. Special equipment (wrong) c. Typical toys and materials d. Group affection activities

The teacher in a program noticed even young infants paid most attention to objects, people, and significantly differing amounts. What theory guided her thinking?

a. Constructionism b. Core knowledge c. Social/cognitive (wrong) d. Social cultural

Infants and toddlers are competent learners. Which of the following is an example of how competent they are?

a. Tia Marie began listening to sounds when she was two days old. b. Tia Marie began discerning patterns in language when she turned 2 years old. (WRONG) c. Tia Marie became stressed because of her mother's depression. d. Tia Marie's brain was totally structured at birth.

A teacher applying Maslow's hierarchy of human needs will be concerned first about:

a. a child's sense of trust and mistrust b. whether children have a sense of belonging (wrong) c. a child's ego-integrity d. a child's sense of safety

An infant-toddler teacher wanted to stay true to her principles concerning the rights of children. Her mentor most likely encouraged her to write:

a. a philosophy b. a Code of Ethics c. a vision statement d. professional standards (wrong)

ch. 6 Adults teach gender roles by:

a. dressing girls in pink b. encouraging boys to express sadness and fear c. talking to girls more about feelings d. giving girls dolls and kitchen sets (wrong)

ch. 16 In a mentoring or reflective supervision relationship the mentor usually does not:

a. establish expectations for who is in charge (wrong) b. engage in active listening and thoughtful questions c. share power with the mentee d. establish expectations for the relationship

When Dawson's wise infant-toddler teacher sat with the toddlers, talked with them, and helped them serve themselves more food, she was primarily thinking about:

a. good nutrition b. the social environment of feeding c. the safety of the children d. the safe handling of food and utensils (wrong)

ch. 10/11: A child with a motor disorder may:

a. not like seeing other children free to move b. find it difficult to express feelings and thoughts c. never experience attachment (WRONG) d. not be interested in learning

ch. 8 Infants pay attention to:

a. the brightest lights in a room (wrong) b. the frequency and patterns of events c. objects that are painted red d. language used on television

ch. 9 Research on children learning sign language found that the children's :

a. underperformed in learning to speak words b. a bilingual environment is a necessity, not a choice (WRONG) c. minds were more open to their parents' minds d. vocabulary was higher than children not learning sign language

ch. 6 If adults are not sensitive to a child's expression of emotions the child may learn to:

a. use aversion and dissociate when fearful (WRONG) b. ignore distress c. engage in social referencing d. cling to adults

Ch. 2/3 Programs for parents of infants and toddlers with disabilities offer:

advocacy and information

ch. 7 Exuberant children are outgoing and demonstrative. Researchers also found that these children may demonstrate more:

aggression with peers

An example of a type of program that serves primarily children with disabilities in a variety of settings is:

an early intervention program

ch. 16 Coaching is an important part of professional development because:

applying new skills needs support beyond training

ch. 15 Lena doesn't feel that she has the education to serve a child with a disability in her program. She may ethically and legally:

ask her local Child Find Office for assistance

Ch. 2/3 Paul knew what a bird and a squirrel was. Then he saw a flying squirrel for the first time in his life. He yelled, "look at that bird." This is an example of:

assimilation

ch. 10/11: Which of the following is most accurate? Children will learn to walk:

at different times in order to live effectively in their own culture

ch. 10/11: The American Academy of Pediatrics strongly recommends that parents not take their child to a program that uses:

baby walkers

ch. 9 For maximum benefit treatment for a child with hearing impairment should be started:

before 6 months of age

ch. 13 Responsive routines are important because they:

begin the formation of a child's identity

ch. 16 Karen analyzed why she reacted so strongly when parents brought their children to her family child care program when the parents obviously had a day off. She was:

being self-reflective

ch. 15 National early childhood agencies and associations believe inclusion:

benefits all children

Ch. 2/3 Parents must care for their newborn children because humans are born with large but not fully developed brains. This is an example of:

biological effects on parenting

ch. 6 Which of the following best describes an anxious-ambivalent attachment? The child:

both requests and resists comforting

ch. 10/11: The ratios required by licensing may vary:

by state

ch. 6 Which of the following best describes a secure attachment? The child:

can be comforted fairly easily when distressed

ch. 8 Marisol picked up one rattle after another and shook them, listening to the noises that they made. However, she didn't pick up the ball and shake it. She is demonstrating her ability to:

categorize

ch. 8 Contingency is an important aspect of the child's learning about:

cause and effect

ch. 10/11: The term used to indicate that voluntary muscle control progresses from the head down is:

cephalocaudal

ch. 16 Bill and Thomas, two toddler teachers, had different opinions about whether toddlers should put toys away immediately after their use or only at the end of indoor play time. They each expressed what they wanted and why they wanted it. They acknowledged what the other person was thinking and needing. Next they need to:

check for any areas of agreement

ch. 13 PITC, High/Scope, the Creative Curriculum for Infants and Toddlers, and Reggio Emilia all emphasize:

children's capabilities as active learners

ch. 9 As Robin was playing with Koby she asked him, "What is that?" "What are you pushing?" and "What color is the car?" She is asking a type of question that may feel intrusive to Koby and limits conversation with him. She is asking what the chapter refers to as:

closed questions

Ch.4 Anecdotal records and running records are designed to primarily:

describe what happened in an objective, factual way

ch. 14 Respecting the power of development means that:

development contributes to times of disquiet

ch 5. In the first trimester, the cells:

differentiate and become blood cells, liver cells, bone cells, etc.

ch. 6 Which of the following best describes an anxious-avoidant attachment? The child:

doesn't show his distress to others but stays in proximity to his parent

ch. 6 Cultural beliefs may influence children's behavior because of the culture's:

emotional display rules

ch. 15 The primary purpose of the Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA) is:

ensure that children with disabilities receive intervention services

ch. 6 Which of the following is most correct? Attachment between a child and parent occurs to:

ensure that the child feels safe

ch. 9 Carmen continued saying "da, da" as she looked at her teacher. Her teacher would look at Carmen, smile, and repeat the sounds each time Carmen said them. Carmen's primary purpose is to:

establish human connection

ch. 16 Mentors are different than supervisors because, in addition to fulfilling many of the same roles as the mentors, the supervisors also:

evaluate the teacher's job performance

ch. 8 In regard to sensory experience infants

expect that their senses will provide coherent information

ch. 6 Knowing about attachment helps teachers understand the child's:

expectations for relationships

ch. 12 Strategies—A mobile infant or toddler will let you know that you and he have a strong, positive relationship by:

exploring and then returning to you for emotional energy

ch. 16 A reflective practice model has two major characteristics. Which of the following is one of the two characteristics?

A supervisor is always involved to help the teachers make decisions.

ch.13 Malaguzzi reminds us that when we are thinking about how to set a responsive environment:

"no space is marginal, no corner unimportant"

Ch. 4 What do teachers and families observe?

Depends on the questions that they ask.

ch. 16 Which of these is not one of the questions that can help infant-toddler teachers reflect on their responding habits?

Do you begin your response with objections first and agreement second?

Which of the following three characteristics does research support as the key characteristics of adults that influence children's sense of security and ability to engage in thriving relationships?

Emotional availability, responsiveness, and sensitivity

ch. 9 Which of the following is most likely to contribute to children having lower language scores at age 3 than many other children?

Living in a high-risk environment

ch.13 When the older toddler put one doll in each doll bed, which math concept was she demonstrating?

One-to one correspondence

Juanita's parents, whose family's home was ruined in a hurricane, are living in a shelter. Which of the following irreducible needs, although challenging to do, are Juanita's parents most likely to be able to meet?

Ongoing nurturing relationships

Which of the following represents the most important reason why infant and toddler professionals should care about reducing poverty?

Poverty affects the quality of life that a child experiences.

ch. 16 What is the first step to a win-win conflict management strategy?

Prepare powerfully

Ch. 4 Milo, a toddler teacher talked about a child's development to a parent of another child. Which ethical consideration was Milo violating?

Protecting the confidentiality of children and families

ch. 13 The term "responsive opportunities" has which of the following meaning for teachers creating an environment for young children?

Provide experiences that take into account each child's interests and development.

ch 5. Premature babies are at risk for:

Respiratory Distress Syndrome

CH. 7 One of the three temperamental dimensions is more likely to affect social development by influencing the other two. Which one is it?

Self-regulation

Ch. 2/3 A teacher is trying to apply Erikson's theory to her organization of her toddler classroom. While she will do all of the following to meet the needs of the children, which of the following is an application of Erikson's theory?

She first develops trust and then supports autonomy.

ch. 9 What does the term "communicative-linguistic parameters" refer to?

The language, communication patterns, and values underlying those patterns used in the home

Ch.4 What is the most critical part of assessment?

The use of extensive observation to support the items on assessments

ch. 14 Hank (a toddler) started biting frequently in the program. Siri, his teacher, decided to meet Hank each morning and spent 5 minutes with him. What was her philosophy related to guidance?

When guiding children, it is crucial to develop a warm relationship with them.

Which of the following is an example of contingent responsiveness?

When the baby sneezed, the teacher said, "Wow, that was a big sneeze."

ch. 8 Zoe picked up the toy cup and pretended to give her doll a drink. She was engaged in:

decentered symbolic play