HDFS 3010 Quiz Questions

Which statement about executive functioning is TRUE? A. Its quality in early childhood is highly predictive of occupational status in adulthood B. It is directly related to IQ and cannot be taught C. It is fully developed by approximately the age of 19 D. All of these statements are true

Its quality in early childhood is highly predictive of occupational status in adulthood.

As a young child, Riley exhibited intense negative emotions and had a great deal of trouble controlling them. Chris, on the other hand, was even-keeled and predictable. As adults, Riley is likely to be: A. less socially competent than is Chris B. more academically successful than is Chris C. more prone to phobias than is Chris D. similar to Chris, as the qualities exhibited in young childhood rarely carry over to adulthood

Less socially competent than Chris

A scientist is MOST likely to have a high level of __ intelligence A. musical B. logical-mathematical C. spatial D. linguistic

Logical-mathematical

Bergelson and Swingley demonstrated that when 6-month-old infants were shown pictures of common items and researchers names one item. infants: A. could point to the named item B. behaved the same whether the word was in their native language or not C. looked at the correct picture more often than at the other picture D. did not recognize the label

Looked at the correct picture more often than at the other picture

Which pattern of maternal alcohol consumption is considered acceptable in terms of avoiding harmful effects? A. There is no acceptable use of maternal alcohol consumption B. Drinking several drinks over a quick period of time, only a few times during pregnancy C. Drinking large amounts of alcohol on a frequent basis D. Drinking one and only one drink per day

There is no acceptable use of maternal alcohol consumption

Which statemtne about the effects of cigarette smoke on a fetus is TRUE? A. The amniotic sac prevents the fetus from being exposed to cancer-causing agents in tobacco B. None of these statements is true C. Exposure to secondhand smoke is unlikely affect the fetus D. The fetus gets less oxygen when its mother smokes.

The fetus gets less oxygen when its mother smokes

Which statement regarding children whose parents overregulate their eating behavior is TRUE? A. They are betteer at regulating their own food intake B. They are less likely to struggle with their weight as adults C. They are less likely to struggle with their weight as adults and are better their own food intake D. They are more likely to have a larger BMI and other risk factors for adult obseity

They are more likely to have a larger BMI and other risk factors for adult obesity

Children's semantic development refers to their learning of the: A. meaning system and words of their language B. rules for combining the words in their language C. sound system of their language D. cultural rules for how their language is used

Meaning system and words of their language

Practical intelligence refers to: A. mental abilities important for success in many situations and not measured on intelligence tests B. the part of intelligence that is common to all intellectual tasks C. the ability to draw inferences and understand relations between concepts not encountered previously D. factual knowledge about the world

Mental abilities imporatant for success in many situations and not measured on intelligence tests

The family is part of which level of the bioecological model? A. microsystem B. mesosystem C. chronosystem D. macrosystem

Microsystem

A structurd understanding of how desires, beliefs, perceptions, and emotions influence behavior is referred to as a theory of: A. psychology B. thought C. behavior D. mind

Mind

Judgments that pertain to issues of right and wrong are referred to as __ judgments A. personal B. moral C. prosocial D. social conventional

Moral

In regard to the influence of practical intelligence on occupational success, people high in practical intelligence tend to have: A. more occupational success than do others, and this effect ramains even once IQ score is taken into account B. less occupational success than do others C. There is no association between practical intelligence and occupational success D. more occupational success than do others, but this effect largely disappears once IQ score is taken into account

More occupational success than do others, and this effect remains even once IQ score is taken into account

Bree is an 11-month-old baby girl who insists on trying to walk in order to explore and navigate her environment. However, she is not very good at walking and does much better at crawling. Yet she refuses to crawl. This demonstrates the vital role of: A. perceptual skills B. posture control C. balance D. motivation

Motivation

In which data-gathering method do researchers try to remain unobtrusive? A. naturalistic observation B. naturalistic interview C. structured interview D. structured observation

Naturalistic observation

Which debate has been contentious within developmental psychology for at least 2,000 years? A. active versus passivity B. stability versus instability C. nature versus nurture D. continuity versus discontinuity

Nature versus nurture

Children who are NOT nominated by their peers either as being liked or as being disliked are categorized as: A. controversial B. neglected C. rejected D. average

Neglected

Reflexes are the primary manner of interacting with the world for children on what age? A. 12 months B. 9 months C. 6 months D. newborn

Newborn

Part of the definition of temperament is that individual difference are: A. biologically based B. environmentally based C. unrelated to genetics D. entirely genetic

NotEnvironmentally based

Which item would NOT be considered part of the sociocultural context involved in a child's language development? A. parental knowledge of child development B. how society values education C. number of words in a child's voabulary D. community resources for speech therapy

Number of words in a child's vocabulary

Which factor plays a central role in determining which of the brain's synapses will be eliminated and which will be maintained? A. sensitive periods B. the frequency with which they are activated C. their genetic potential D. random variability

The frequency with which they are activated

Which statement about the general intelligence of girls and boys is TRUE? A. The general intelligence of boys and girls tends to be equivalent B. Boys tend to score slightly lower in general intelligence C. Boys tend to score slightly higher in general intelligence D. Boys tend to score much higher in general intelligence

The general intelligence of boys and girls tends to be equivalent

Which statement BEST characterizes the results of research on children from Romanian orphanages? A. Positive experiences in later childhood cannot counteract the effect of negative early childhood experiences B. Positive experiences in later childhood counteract the effect of negative early childhood experiences C. The impact of positive experiences on children's resiliency depends on the timing and extent of the neglect D. Neglect in infancy always has severe and lasting consequences

The impact of positive experiences on children's resiliency depends on the timing and extent of the neglect

The __ reflex is NOT known to have any adaptive significance. A. grasping B. rooting C. tonic neck D. sucking

Tonic neck

Individuals who do not identify with the gender assigned at birth are considered: A. androgynous B. transgender C. cisgender D. gender dysphoria

Transgender

__ is NOT among the psychological concepts that emerge at the end of the 1st year and the beginning of the second. A. Understanding of other's beliefs B. Understanding of intention C. Joint attention D. Understanding of other's emotions

Understanding of other's beliefs

In which country are infants expected to sleep in their own bed, separate from their parents, by 6 months of age? A. Denmark B. United States C. Japan D. Mexico

United States

The term gender is conventionally used to refer to: A. behaviors associated with being male or female B. one's social categorization as male or femalt C. one's genetically specified category as male or female D. biological processes involving hormones

One's social categorization as male or female

The self-concept refers to: A. one's physical appearance B. one's personality and intelligence C. one's thoughts and attitudes about oneself D. one's comparison to others

One's thoughts and attitudes about oneself

Which statement about the effect of child care on parent-child attachment is TRUE? A. In terms of maternal attachment, infants tend to do better in center-based childcare than they do in other types of nonparental care B. Overall, children in child care tend to be less securely attached than children who are not in child care C. Overall, children in child care tend to be more securely attached than children who are not in childcare D. Only when there are other risk factors is extensive childcare associated with less secure attachments

Only when there are other risk factors is extensive childcare associated with less secure attachments

Eleven-year-old Shane is angry and defiant and looses his temper easily. He can be spiteful and vindictive, he actively defies adults, and he blames others for his misbehavior. Shane's behaviors are indicative of: A. a typical 11-year-old B. condut disorder C. oppositional defiant disorder D. ADHD

Oppositional defiant disorder

Before the age of 4 months, which type of exploration of the environment is MOST common? A. self-locomotive B. manual C. smell D. oral

Oral

Which statement about adolescents' involvement with romantic partners is TRUE? A. Over half of 15-year-olds have dated someone. B. The quality of adolescents' romantic relationships appears to be unassociated with the quality of their relationships with parents C. Older adolescents are more likely than younger adolescents to choose romantic partners on the basis of characteristics that bring status D. Having a romantic relationship, even one of the high quality, is associated with decreased feelings of self-competence

Over half of 15-year-olds have dated someone

Attachment theorists believe that the MOST important contributor to the development of a secure attachment is: A. physical contact between parent and child B. parental sensitivity C. continuous, uninterrupted attention by the parent D. infant temperament

Parental sensitivity

Which characteristic of families in the United States is NOT one that increased from the 1970s to the 2000s? A. percentage of mothers of school-aged children who work outside the home B. percentage of children living with two married parents C. percentage of children born to unwed mothers D. age at which women had children

Percentage of children living with two married parents

The understanding that objests continue to exist even when they are out of view is referred to as object: A. existence B. recollection C. permanence D. stability

Permanence

Eight-year-old Trina does not want to do her homework and would rather watch TV. Her parents think that Trina can make her own decision about her schoolwork, and thus they do not get involved. They are affectionate with Trina in other situations, but they do little to try to regulate their daughter's behavior. Trina's parents would likely be classified as: A. authoritarian B. uninvolved C. authoritative D. permissive

Permissive

The observable expression of an individual's genetic material is referred to as the individual's: A. environment B. genome C. phenotype D. genotype

Phenotype

Which theorist developed one of the best known stage theories of cognitive development? A. Scarr B. Freud C. Erikson D. Piaget

Piaget

The capacity of the brain to be shaped by experience is referred to as: A. neurogenesis B. synaptic pruning C. myelination D. plasticity

Plasticity

Which list presents Bowlby's phases in the CORRECT developmental sequence? A. reciprocal relationships, attachment-in-the-making, preattachment, clear-cut attachment B. attachment-in-the-making, preattachment, clear-cut attachment, reciprocal relationships C. preattachment, reciprocal relationships, attachment-in-the-making, clear-cut attachment D. preattachment, attachment-in-the-making, clear-cut attachment, reciprocal relationships

Preattachment, attachment-in-the-making, clear-cut attachment, reciprocal relationships

A study examining infants' response to a breast pad worn by their own mother versus one worn by another woman demonstrated that 2-week-old infants: A. prefer the scent of another woman to that of their mother B. cannot distinguish between the scent of their mother and the scent of another woman C. prefer their own mother's scent to that of another woman D. can distinguish between the scent of their mother and the scent of another woman but do not show a preference

Prefer their own mother's scent to that of another woman

To examine whether infants can perceive a difference between a square of uniform color and a square with a pattern on it, a researcher displays the two squares side by side. The researcher records the number of seconds infants look at each square. This method is called the __ technique. A. contrast-sensitivity B. pattern-recognition C. habituation D. preferential-looking

Preferential-looking

Which statement about the voalizations and babbling of deaf infants is TRUE? A. Deaf infants do not engage in vocal babbling. B. Deaf infants exposed to ASL begin babbling manually at about 12 months of age. C. The vocal babbling of deaf infants begins at the same time as that of hearing babies D. Until approximately 6 months of age, deaf infants produce vocalizations similar to those of hearing infants.

Until approximately 6 months of age, deaf infants produce vocalizations similar to those of hearing infants.

__ is NOT considered to be part of emotional intelligence A. ability to delay gratification B. empathy C. persistance D. verbal fluency

Verbal fluency

The sharpness of visual discrimination is called: A. contract sensitivity B. habituation C. visual scanning D. visual acuity

Visual acuity

Devon has just begun to use objects to stand for other objects. For instance, his current favorite game is to pretend to play guitar on a toy golf club. Devon is probably in Piaget's _____ stage. A. concrete operational B. sensorimotor C. preoperational D. formal operations

Preoperional

Children's preference for same-sex friends emerges in: A. preschool B. middle school C. elementary school D. toddlerhood

Preschool

During which period does gender segregation appear? A. early childhood B. toddlerhood C. preschool years D. middle childhood

Preschool years

Make-believe activities in which children create new symbolic relations, such as if they were in a situation different from their actual one is called: A. sociodramatic play B. pretend play C. object substitution D. theory of mind

Pretend play

Which list places the types of play in a typical developmental progression? A. object substitution, sociodramatic play, pretend play B. pretend play, object substitution, sociodramatic play C. object substitution, pretend play, sociodramatic play D. sociodramatic play, object substitution, pretend play

Pretend play, object substitution, sociodramatic play

The overlapping-waves theory is a perspective on the development of: A. problem solving B. planning C. content knowledge D. memory strategies

Problem solving

Avie is 13-months-old and has a large vocabulary for her age. The words she can say are referred to as her: A. distributional properties B. word segmentation C. categorical perception D. productive vocabulary

Productive vocabulary

Theorists who take a functionalist approach to understanding emotional development propose that emotions: A. promote action toward a goal B. do not emerge until a child has a sense of self C. are innate and thus are unaffected by socialization D. have little impact on cognition

Promote action toward a goal

Which element is a key factor in preschoolers' choices of friends? A. proximity B. race of child C. similarity of interests D. popularity

Proximity

Which activity is NOT throught to be a contributor to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)? A. Putting baby to sleep on its back B. Smoking near an infant C. Dressing baby too warmly during sleep D. Putting baby to sleep on its tummy

Putting baby to sleep on its back

Baby Sam is holding a new toy. As he holds it, his father says "ball," repeatedly. Sam must figure out whether the word "ball" describes the object he is holding, the color of the object, the sound the object makes when it is squeezed, or the way the object moves on and off the floor when he drops it. Baby Sam is encountering the problem of: A. orientation B. reference C. intersubjectivity D. prosody

Reference

The concept of the personal fable refers to adolescents' inclination to: A. lie to their parents B. regard their feelings as unique and special C. believe they are invincible D. boast about their abilities

Regard their feelings as unique and special

The process of initiating, inhibiting, or modulating emotions in order to accomplish one's goals is referred to as emotional: A. repression B. regulation C. constriction D. restriction

Regulation

Developmental changes such as puberty, graying hair, and the reduced organ capapacity that comes with age are caused in part by: A. regulator genes B. norm of reaction C. homozygous alleles D. polygenic inheritance

Regulator genes

The children in Gavin's class are asked to name the children they like the most and the children they like the least. Many of Gavin's classmates list him as one of the children they like the least, and few list him as one of the children they like the most. Gavin would be classified as: A. controversial B. neglected C. rejected D. popular

Rejected

Encoding refers to: A. generalizing from one event to another B. representing features of objects in memory C. recognizing objects D. goal-directed behavior

Representing features of objects in memory

Which statement is NOT one of the primary reasons to learn about child development, as outlined in the text? A. Research on child development can assist court orders regarding child custody B. Knowledge of child development can provide a more thorough understand of human nature C. Research on child development can aid social policy development and adoption D. Knowledge regarding child development can help caregivers raise children

Research on child development can assist court orders regarding child custody

According to Erikson, if adolescents do not successfully develop a core sense of identity, they will experience: A. isolation B. mistrust C. role confusion D. shame and doubt

Role confusion

__ is NOT an example of a way in which adults help toddlers learn words. A. Repeating new words B. Putting vocal stress on new words C. Saying new words in the first position in a sentence D. Labeling objects when the child is attending to them

Saying new words in the first position in a sentence

Mental representations incorporating everything children know about gender are referred to as gender: A. schemas B. identities C. systems D. socializations

Schemas

In the Strange Situation, baby Jacob plays actively with the toys in the room, occasionally looking back to check on his mother, and is mildly distressed when his mother leaves the room, but her is easily comforted by her return. Jacob falls into which attachment category? A. insecure/avoidant B. disorganized/disoriented C. secure D. insecure/resistant

Secure

When the presence of a trusted caregiver provides an infant or toddler with th eability to explore the environment, the child is using the caregiver as a: A. working model B. secure base C. security object D. dependent attachment figure

Secure base

A strategy for promoting positive youth development that integrates school-based instruction with community involvement in order to promote civic responsibility and enhance learning is known as: A. positive youth intervention B. service youth development C. youth intervention D. service learning

Service learning

The biological process involved in differences between males and females are referred to as relating to: A. gender roles B. gender typing C. sex D. gender

Sex

The FIRST clear sign of happiness in infants is: A. laughter B. smiling C. social smile D. expression of love toward the mother

Smiling

A set of skills that help individuals achieve their goals in interpersonal interactions while maintaining positive relations with others is referred to as: A. intelligence B. delay of gratification C. emotional regulation D. social competence

Social competence

Judgments that pertain to societal customs are referred to as: __ judgments A. moral B. personal C. prosocial D. social conventional

Social conventional

The process through which children acquire the values, standards, skills, knowledge, and behaviors that are necessary for their role in their culture is referred to as: A. family dynamics B. evolution C. socialization D. bioecology

Socialization

The parents of 2-year-old Jackson are frustrated with his screaming when he wants something. Which scenario is an example of intermittent reinforcement? A. His parents always give Jackson what he wants whether or not he screams B. Sometimes his parents give Jackson what he wants when he screams, and sometimes they refuse to give him what he wants when he screams C. His parents never give Jackson what he wants when he screams D. His parents always give Jackson what he wants only when he screams

Sometimes his parents give Jackson what he wants when he screams, and sometimes they refuse to give him what he wants when he screams

Children's phonological development refers to their learning of the: A. rules for combining the words in their language B. meaning system and words of their language C. sound system of their language D. cultural rules for how their language is used

Sound system of their language

According to the "social dosage effect": A. neither of these predictions would hold B. both of these predictions would hold C. increases in gender-typed behavior predict increases in amount of time spent with same-gender peers D. spending more time with same-gender peers predicts increases in gender-typed behavior

Spending more time with same-gender peers predicts increases in gender-typed behavior

Which form of cyberbullying is the MOST common? A. rejection B. spreading rumors C. informing adults of previous actions D. isolation

Spreading rumors

Awareness that gender remains that same over time is called gender: A. identity B. constancy C. stability D. schema

Stability

Mary Ainsworth's laboratory test used for measuring infants' attachment to their caregivers is referred to as the: A. Strange Situation B. Stranger Interaction test C. Internal working model D. Reciprocity test

Strange Situation

What does a meta-analysis do? A. examines the size of an effect in a large sample B. determine if there are significant differences between groups C. summarizes the average effect size across studies D. uses a long-term longitudinal study to determine the strength of effects

Summarizes the average effect size across studies

Newborns prefer which taste? A. sour B. spicy C. sweet D. salty

Sweet

Casey hears that her friend has forgotten her homework and is afraid that the teacher is going to be upset with her. In response, Casey is concerned for her friend and worries about how her friend is going to handle the situation. Casey is experiencing: A. sympathy B. conscience C. altruism D. empathy

Sympathy

Which statement about synapses is TRUE? A. Synapses conduct electrical signals away from the cell body B. Synapses are the connections between neurons C. Synapses contain DNA D. SYnapses keep the neuron functioning

Synapses are the connections between neurons

The MOST basic sense of time is: A. event duration B. ratio of duration of events C. temporal order D. timing of future events

Temporal order

Operant conditiong relies on the expectation that individuals: A. tend to repeat behaviors that lead to favorable outcomes and stop behaviors that result in unfavorable outcomes B. are programmed to imitate others' behaviors and reactions C. are able to think and reason about their behaviors D. can reduce their fear of objects or experiences if they are repeatedly exposed to them

Tend to repeat behaviors that lead to favorable outcomes and stop behaviors that result in unfavorable outcomes

Environmental agents that have the potential to cause harm during prenatal development are referred to as: A. Teratogens B. Dermatogens C. Illegal drugs D. Pollutants

Teratogens

What is the MOST common method of communication with friends used by those ages 12 to 17 years? A. social media B. email C. phone calls D. texting

Texting

Children who fail at false-belief problems do NOT understand: A. that others can hold an incorrect belief when they themselves know the truth B. the difference between what is true and what is false C. the relation between beliefs and actions D. how other people's desires can be different from their own

That others can hold an incorrect belief when they themselves know the truth

Bronfenbrenner was the founder of: A. behaviorism B. the theory of social cognition C. the psychosexual perspective D. the bioecological model

The bioecological model

Polygenic inheritance refers to: A. The blending of genes in heterozygous indivuals B. The combined action of multiple genes C. Dominant-recessive patterns of inheritance D. A single gene affecting multiple traits

The combined action of multiple genes

The internal regulatory system that increases an individual's ability to conform with socially approved standards of behavior is referred to as: A. prosocial behavior B. altruism C. the conscience D. consciousness

The conscience

Sociometric status refers to how: A. well accepted a child is by the peer group B. many best friends a child has C. many friends a child has D. wealthy a child's family is

Well accepted a child is by the peer group

Which statement about media and children is TRUE? A. The evidence is clear that media violence has an immediate but not long-term effect on children's aggressive behavior B. The evidence is clear that media violence has both an immediate effect and a lot-term effect on children's aggressive behavior C. It is still unclear whether media violence has an impact on children's aggressive behavior D. Media violence has been found to have little impact on children's aggressive behavior

The evidence is clear that media violence has both an immediate effect and a long-term effect on children's aggressive behavior

A 6-month-old infant is trying very hard to reach a colorful rattle that is on the foor in front of her. The infant's mother mistakenly drops a blanket over the rattle, concealing it from the infant. The infant reacts by looking away from the covered rattle and picking up another nearby toy. How would Piaget attribute the infant's reaction? A. The infant's reaching behavior is not consistent with her understanding. B. The infant lacks object permanence. C. The infant lacks problem-solving skills. D. The infant has a short attention span.

The infant lacks object permanence

Stuies using Sameroff's environmental risk scale have demonstrated that: A. an unemployed head of household is the strongest risk factor for low IQ B. maternal anxiety is the strongest risk factor for low IQ C. the number of risks in a child's environment is a better predictor of IQ score than any single risk alone D. environmental risks have only short-term effects on children's intellectual development

The number of risks in a child's environment is a better predictor of IQ score than any single risk alone

Which organ acts as a defensive barrier against toxins and infections? A. The amniotic sac B. The amniotic fluid C. The umbilical cord D. The placenta

The placenta

Which statemtn by a parent is MOST likely to teach children the value of being prosocial? A. "If we help that boy, he will be less sad." B. "We should help that boy because it is a good thing to do." C. "It will make us feel good to help that boy." D. "We are nice people, so we should help that boy."

"If we help that boy, he will be less sad."

Which statement about sex determination is TRUE? A. Sometimes, it is the mother's egg and sometimes it is the father's sperm that determines the sex of the offspring B. The mother's egg and the fathr's sperm jointly determine the sex of the offspring C. The mother's egg always determines the sex of the offspring D. The father's sperm always determines the sex of the offspring

The father's sperm always determines the sex of the offspring

Which idea is used as evidence to support Skinner's view of language development? A. The sounds produced by infants are affected by parents' smiling and touching in response. B. D) Groups of deaf children not exposed to language invented their own sign language. C. Children acquire language very rapidly and with no direct instruction D. Human languages share many characteristics

The sounds produced by infants are affected by parents' smiling and touching in response

Social referencing refers to: A. smiles directed at people rather than at objects B. the ability to understand others' emotions C. the use of a caregiver's cues to decide how to respond to an ambiguous situation D. patterns of sociability and emotionality learned from significant others

The use of a caregiver's cues to decide how to respond to an ambiguous situation

Intimate disclosure is lowest to parents and highest to peers during what developmental period? A. 6th grade B. 10th grade C. single adulthood D. college

10th grade

Most North American infants can walk alone easily between __ months of age A. 9 and 12 B. 11 and 14 C. 9 and 15 D. 12 and 16

11 and 14

Children understand the connection between desires and actions at about what age? A. 8 months B. 18 months C. 6 months D. 12 months

12 months

Children recognize themselves in the mirror starting at approximately what age? A. 24 months old B. 12 months old C. 18 months old D. 36 months old

18 months old

Pretend play emerges at about the age of __; sociodramatic play emerges at about the age of __. A. 18 months; 2.5 years B. 1 year; 18 months C. 1 year; 2.5 years D. 2.5 years; 4 years

18 months; 2.5 years

At what age to children begin to demonstrate preferences for gender-typed toys? A. 3 years B. 1 year C. 2 years D. 4 years

2 years

In the United States in 2016, approximately what percentage of children under 18 year of age lived in poverty? A. 20% B. 11% C. 27% D. 7%

20%

Premature babies are those who are born at __ weeks after conception or earlier. A. 35 B. 25 C. 30 D. 38

38

By approximately what age can infants smoothly track slow-moving objects? A. 10 months B. 17 months C. 4 months D. at birth

4 months

Children make the transition from Piaget's preoperational to concrete operational stage at around __ years old. A. 5 B. 2 C. 7 D. 12

7

The vast majority of North American infants can sit without support by __ months of age. A. 7 B. 14 C. 10 D. 4

7

What is the average age at which infants begin to babble? A. 8 Weeks B. 5 months C. 10 months D. 7 months

7 months

Piaget believed that infants develop the concept of object permanence at approximately __ months. A. 12 B. 5 C. 8 D. 16

8

Separation anxiety or distress due to separation from the paren who is the child's primary caregiver emerges around A. 7 months of age B. 5 months of age C. 8 months of age D. 4 months of age

8 months of age

Dual representation refers to the notion that a symbolic artifact must be represented as both: A. something useful and a depiction of something other than itself B. a real object and something useful C. a communicative device and a real object D. a depiction of something other than itself and a real object

A depiction of something other than itself and a real object

Which statement about sensitive periods in prenatal development is TRUE? A. The sensitive period of limb development occurs several weeks before the limbs begin to form B. A sensitive period is the time when a system's basic structures are being formed C. All major organ systems share the same sensitive period D. Teratogens have the most serious effect on prenatal development immediately before a system's sensitive period.

A sensitive period is the time when a system's basic structures are being formed.

Erikson's stages are characterized by: A. a particular manner of responding to reward and reinforcement B. a specific crisis that must be resolved C. the erogenous zones in which the psychic energy is focused D. the personality structure that emerges during the particular stage

A specific crisis that must be resolved

The study be DeCasper and Spence in which pregnant women read to their fetuses from The Cat in the Hat demonstrated that newborn infants were __ to recognize the story they had heard while in the uterus, and/but __ prefer it over other stories. A. Able; did B. Able; did not C. Unable; did D. Unable; did not

Able; did Unable; did not

After a period of exploration, Michael has made decisions regarding occupation, beliefs and ideals, and sexuality. His sense of identity is coherent and consolidated. Michael would be classified into which identity-status category? A. achievement B. positive C. foreclosure D. moratorium

Achievement

Freud theorized that individuals' development is propelled by: A. interpretations of their parents' behavior B. their instinctual drives C. their attributional biases D. the contexts in which they live

Their instinctual drives

Which statement about adolescent parents is TRUE? A. The vast majority of adolescent fathers never see their young children B. Adolescent mothers tend to provide low levels of verbal stimulation to their children C. Adolescents whose mothers are authoritative are at inceased risk for pregnancy D. Adolescents who were born to teenage mothers nearly always experience academic failure and problem behavior

Adolescent mothers tend to provide low levels of verbal stimulation to their children

In which group are youth's adjustment and problem behaviors MOST negatively affected by their parents' divorce? A. younger children B. college-age youth C. older children D. adolescents

Adolescents

In the United States, which substance is the MOST common cause of injury to the fetal brain? A. Illegal drugs B. Alcohol C. Cigarette smoke D. Toxoplasma

Alcohol

While Alex is swinging on the school playground's monkey bars, he kicks Michael on the shoulder. If Michael has a hostile attributional bias, he will believe: A. Alex was being playful B. He got in Alex's way C. Alex kicked him intentionally D. Alex kicked him accidentally

Alex kicked him intentionally

The likelihood of a prenatal defect and the severity of the defect and the severity of the defect from exposure to teratogens are generally dependent on: A. Genetic susceptibility B. Sensitive period C. Amount and duration of exposure D. All answers are correct

All answers are correct

Which of these is a benefit of breast-feeding? A. increased IQ scores in children B. contains the mother's antibodies against infectious agents the child may be exposed to after birth C. All of these are benefits D. strengthens the infant's immune system

All of these are benefits

Which statement about the impact of divorce on children's functioning is TRUE? A. Although there are some short-term consequences, there are almost no long-term consequences of divorce B. Although divorce has negative consequences for some children, most children do not suffer long-term problems as a consequence C. There are no short-term or long-term consequences of divorce D. The majority of children whose parents divorce suffer long-term problems as a consequence

Although divorce has negative consequences for some children, most children do not suffer long-term problems as a consequence

Ashley is currently 5 months pregnant. When she had an ultrasound performed, her obstetrician found a suspected abnormality with her pregnancy. Today, they are taking a sample of the amniotic fluid to do further testing. What type of test is this? A. Amniocentesis B. IVF C. prenatal screening test D. CVS

Amniocentesis

The __ protects the fetus from bumps and jolts. A. Amniotic fluid B. Placenta C. Umbilical cord D. Neural tube

Amniotic fluid

Research has determined that this brain area is involved in emotional reactions A. Amygdala B. Pons C. Hippocampus D. Hypothalamus

Amygdala

Erikson believed that all adolescents experience: A. an identity crisis B. identity confusion C. identity foreclosure D. identity moratorium

An identity crisis

Disruptive, hostile, or aggressive behavior that violate social norms or rules and that harm or take advantage of others is called: A. antisocial behavior B. status behavior C. juvenile offenses D. prosocial behavior

Antisocial behavior

Research has suggested that pretend play and sociodramatic play: A. are correlated with higher levels of social understanding B. reflect children's most basic level of psychological understanding C. increase children's egocentrism D. cause children to experience setbacks in psychological understanding

Are correlated with higher levels of social understanding

The process by which children integrate new information into concepts they already understand is referred to as: A. accommodation B. adaptation C. equilibration D. assimilation

Assimilation

Newborns prefer to listen to: A. Their mother's language over another language B. Another woman's voice over their mothers' voice C. Newborns show no auditory preferences D. Novel stories rather than familiar stories

Their mothers' language over another language

Infants are first able to code space relative to: A. the intersection of a ceiling and a wall or two walls B. prominent landmarks C. their own immediate position D. other nearby people

Their own immediate position

The clique to which adolescents belong is __; the crowd to which adolescents belong is __. A. their choice; their choice B. assigned to them by their peer group; assigned to them by their peer group C. assigned to them by their peer group; their choice D. their choice; assigned to them by their peer group

Theirchoice;Assigned to them by their peer group

The relationship between nature and nurture on developmental outcomes can BEST be described by which statement? A. Nature is more influential on developmental outcomes than nurture. B. Nurture is more influential on developmental outcomes than nature. C. There is no relationship between nature or nurture on developmental outcomes. D. There is a bidirectional interaction between nature and nurture that influences developmental outcomes.

There is a bidirectional interaction between nature and nurture that influences developmental outcomes.

__ is an example of a scale error. A. Attempting to reach for an object that is too far away B. Mistakenly believing that a large sponge is heavier than a large rock C. Misjudging that one can successfully walk down a too-steep incline D. Attempting to put one's own foot into a tiny doll shoe

Attemption to put one's own foot into a tiny doll shoe

Rejected children are more likely than better-liked children to: A. suggest varied strategies for resolving difficult social situations B. refrain from threatening popular children when asked to solve a conflict with a peer C. attribute hostile intent to others D. have a goal to get along with other children

Attribute hostile intent to others

Four-year-old Derek is playing with his trucks and does not want to come to the dinner table. In response, his mother storms over to where he is playing, grabs his trucks away from him, and yells, "I told you to come eat dinner! Come to the table right now or I will throw those trucks in the garbage." Derek's mother is rarely affectionate with him, even in situations in which he is complying with her wishes. Derek's mother would likely be classified as: A. permissive B. authoritative C. authoritarian D. uninvolved

Authoritarian

Children of which type of parents tend to be the most well-adjusted in terms of competence, self-confidence, and social behavior? A. authoritarian B. authoritative C. permissive D. uninvolved

Authoritative

Parents who are high in warmth and high in control are considered to exhibit which parenting style? A. authoritative B. uninvolved C. permissive D. authoritarian

Authoritative

Which level of category hierarchies do children usually learn FIRST? A. superordinate B. supersubordinate C. subordinate D. basic

Basic

What can parents do to help their children successfully resolve Erikson's basic trust versus mistrust stage? A. help the children have successful experiences B. not be highly controlling C. be consistent and warm in their caretaking D. instill socially acceptable behaviors

Be consistent and warm in their caretaking

Through the process of ingroup assimilation, a young girl will: A. be expected to demonstrate the characteristics that are associated with being a girl and will come to conform to norms for girls B. be tempted by males' higher social status to demonstrate gender-neutral characteristics C. perceive other girls and the characteristics associated with being a girl as superiod to boys and the characteristics associated with being a boy D. evaluate other girls and characteristics associated with girls as equal to boys

Be expected to demonstrate the characteristics that are associated with being a girl and will come to conform to norms for girls

Romanian-born children who were adopted by British families __ fared BEST in physical, cognitive, and social development after adoption. A. before age 6 months B. Between the ages of 24 and 42 months C. Between the ages of 6 and 24 months D. After 42 months

Before age 6 months

Which statement about intermittent reinforcement is TRUE? A. Intermittent reinforcement is effective only with adults B. Behaviors supported by intermittent reinforcement are difficult to extinguish C. The discipline strategy of "time out" is based on intermittent reinforcement D. Intermittent reinforcement is the key to behavior modification

Behaviors supported by intermittent reinforcement are difficult to extinguish

According to Piaget, a child whose moral reasoning involves which thought is in the EARLIEST stage of moral development? A. believing that behaviors that break rules are bad and behaviors that follow rules are good B. focusing on being obedient to authorities and avoiding pubishment C. understanding that rules can be changed if a majority in the group decides to change them D.consideration of individuals' motives and intentions

Believing that behaviors that breka rules are bad and behaviors that follow rules are good

A recessive gene governs triat b. If a child exhibits trait b, then: A. one of her parents has the gene for trait M. B. Both her parents must have also exhibited trait M. C. Their child has to have a dominant gene for trait M. D. Both her parents must have the recessive gene for trait M.

Both her parents must have the recessive gene for trait M.

How can parents play an active role in their children's competencies in peer relationships? A. both monitoring their children's social life and coaching their children in social skills B. coaching their children in social skills C. neither monitoring their children's social life nor coaching their children in social skills D. monitoring their children's social life

Both monitoring their children's social life and coaching their children in social skills

Children's long-term adjustment appears to be caused in part by: A. both their sociometric status and the quality of their social behavior B. their sociometric status C. neither their sociometric status nor the quality of their social behavior D. the quality of their social behavior

Both their sociometric status and the quality of their social behavrior

Which statement provides the BEST support for the social cognitive theory of gender differences? A. Boys are more likely than girls to engage in rough-and-tumble play B. Girls and boys have different play styles from a very early age, and gender segregation is initiated by children starting at least by preschool age C. Children remember gender-consistent information better than they remember gender-inconsistent informaton D. Boys are more likely to be praised by adults when they engage in masculine-typed activities than when they engage in feminine-typed activities

Boys are more likely to be praised by adults when they engage in masculine-typed activities than when they engage in feminine-typed activities

The neural tube develops into the: A. Brain and spinal cord B. Digestive system C. Internal organs D. Inner layers of skin

Brain spinal cord

The study that involved interviewing individuals who had rescued Jews from the Nazis in Europe during World War II demonstrated that, compared to "bystanders," "rescuers" were more likely to recall their parents as having taught them the importance of: A. ethical obligations to family, church, and community B. caring for all human beings C. independence D. economic competence

Caring for all human beings

Which statement about preschool children's prosocial behavior is TRUE? A. Prosocial behavior in preschoolers is generally associated with decreased altruism in adulthood, as prosocial preschoolers tend to rebel against their parents' expectations in adolescence B. Preschool children almost never engage in prosocial behavior without explicit instruction from adults C. Children who spontaneously engage in prosocial behavior tend to be more concerned with others' needs throughout childhood and adolescence than are their peers D. The prosocial behavior of preschooler is unassociated with their later behavior

Children who spontaneously engage in prosocial behavior tend to be more concerned with others' needs throughout childhood and adolescence than are their peers

The process by which a caregiver provides the needed comfort or distraction to help a child reduce his or her distress is called: A. co-distraction B. self-comforting behavior C. co-regulation D. self-distraction

Co-regulation

Which statement about the association between emotional development and cognitive development is TRUE? A. Cognitive development influences children to become less emotional as they develop from infancy through adolescence B. Cognitive changes influences the types of stimuli that elicit particular emotional responses C. None of the statements are true D. Emotions are independent of cognition, and therefore the two are unassociated

Cognitive changes influence the types of stimuli that elicit particular emotional responses

When young children converse with other young children, their conversations can generally be described as: A. dialogues B. collective dialogues C. collective monologues D. monologues

Collective monologues

The view that Best represents information-processing theories is of the child as: A. product of evolution B. scientist C. social being D. computational system

Computational system

The realization that gender is invariant despite superficial changes in a person's appearance or behavior is referred to as gender: A. constancy B. stability C. schema D. identity

Constancy

The perspective that infants build increasingly advanced understanding by combining rudimentary innate knowledge with subsequent experiences is referred to as: A. constructivism B. core-knowledge C. nativism D. domain-specific

Constructivism

Which arithmetic strategy usually develops FIRST? A. retrieval B. decomposition C. counting from the larger addend D. counting from 1

Counting from 1

The period before approximately age 5 is considered to be the __ period for language development. A. critical B. acceptable C. suitable D. exclusive

Critical

The "visual cliff" was designed to evaluate: A. scale errors B. self-locomotion skills C. stereopsis D. depth perception

Depth perception

Compared with children who have poor-quality relationships with their parents, those who have high-quality relationship with their parents: A. do not differ on any measure of emotional development B. are more advanced in their understanding of emotion C. develop more positive emotion and are more advanced in their understanding of emotion D. develop more positive emotion

Develop more positive emotion and are more advanced in their understanding of emotion

Stage theories regard development as: A. Discontinuous B. Continuous C. Active D. Passive

Discontinuous

A longitudinal design would be MOST useful for which research question? A. Are older children better than younger children at playing hopscotch? B. What are the similarities and differences in the TV-viewing habits of elementary school students and junior high school students? C. How do children learn to solve jigsaw puzzles? D. Do children who are empathetic preschoolers become empathetic teenagers?

Do children who are empathetic preschoolers become empathetic teenagers?

Since 1970, the percentage of children who have grandparents as their primary caregivers has: A. doubled B. stayed the same C. tripled D. declined by half

Doubled

Which statement about epigenetics is TRUE? A. All of these statements are true B. One's DNA can be altered by experience C. One's hereditary information stays constant throughout life D. Early experiences can alter the expression of one's genes

Early experiences can alter the expression of one's genes

Gardner's theory of intelligence proposes that intellignence is composed of: A. primary mental abilities B. eight intelligences C. fluid and crystallized intelligence D. a hierarchy of g, abilities, and processes

Eight intelligneces

Synaptic pruning refers to which process? A. generation B. repair C. elimination D. aborization

Elimination

Which scenario is an example of sociodramatic play? A. Elliot is playing school with his brother, and Elliot is the teacher B. Beatrice is putting a plate on her head and saying, "See my hat?" C. Sander is dressed up as a ghost for Halloween D. Fiona is holding a play phone to her ear and saying, "Hello?"

Elliot is playing school with his brother, and Elliot is the teacher

The set of abilities that researchers have proposed are key to competent social functioning is referred to as: A. attachment B. emotional intelligence C. empathy D. emotional regulation

Emotional intelligence

Sarah sees that another child has forgotten his lunch and is crying. Sarah remembers when that happened to her once and she feels like crying for him too. She is MOST likely experiencing: A. altruism B. empathy C. conscience D. sympathy

Empathy

Attachments are: A. enduring emotional bonds formed by children to their primary caregivers B. compulsive needs of children to hold security items, such as pacifiers and blankets C. qualities that are central to one's identity D. connections between siblings that are maintained throughout the life span

Enduring emotional bonds formed by children to their primary caregivers

Lucy, an 18-month-old, is pretending to put on makeup using a small block as her lipstick. Lucy is: A. engaging in object substitution B. demonstrating her underdeveloped theory of mind C. demonstrating a false belief D. engaging in sociodramatic play

Engaging in object substitution

The process by which children balance assimilation and accommodation to create stable understanding is referred to as: A. equilibration B. calibration C. adaptation D. alteration

Equilibration

Which list BEST represents the phases of Piaget's equilibration process? A. disequilibrium, adaptation, accommodation B. adaptation, assimilation, equilibrium C. equilibrium, disequilibrium, equilibrium D. equilibrium, disequilibrium, assimilation

Equilibrium, disequilibrium, equilibrium

Which variable is NOT an important factor in whether children are accepted by their peers? A. sociability B. ethnicity C. attractiveness D. athleticism

Ethnicity

Piaget believed that the BEST way for children to learn is through: A. rewards and punishments B. modeling peers and adults C. explicit instruction from adults D. experimenting with the world on their own

Experimenting with the world on their own

Which statement is the BEST advice for parents who want their child to learn a second language? A. As long as the child is exposed to the second language for an extended period of time, it does not matter when exposure to the language begins. B. Wait to expose the child to a second language until he or she is old enough to be motivated to learn the language. C. Begin exposure to the second language well after you are sure the child has learned the native language completely and proficiently D. Expose the child to the second language as early as possible.

Expose the child to the second language as early as possible.

Crystallized intelligence refers to: A. individuals' memory span B. factual knowledge about the world C. the ability to think and learn on all intellectual tasks D. the ability to think on the spot

Factual knowledge about the world

Which friends are MOST likely to extensively discuss problems and their negative thoughts and feelings? A. female pair with a poor-quality friendship B. female pair with a high-quality friendship C. male pair with a poor-quality friendship D. male pair with a high-quality friendship

Female pair with a high-quality friendship

Brenda is 35 years old and preganant with her first child. She is NOT at greater risk for: A. Birth complications B. Autism spectrum disorder C. Fetal death D. Fetal chromosomal abnormalities

Fetal death

Which statement is TRUE regarding socioeconomic status and education? A. Children from low-SES families demonstrate increased academic gains during the school year when compared with children from middle-SES families B. Fewer children from middle-SES families have the kinds of experiences during summer vacation that allow them to increase their academic achievement C. Fewer children from low-SES families have the kinds of experiences during summer vacation that allow them to increase their academic achievement D. Children from high-SES families demonstrate increased academic gains during the school year when compared with children from low-SES families

Fewer children from low-SES families have the kinds of experiences during summer vacation that allow them to increase their academic achievement

The ability to think on the spot is referred to as __ intelligence. A. fluid B. general C. practical D. crystallized

Fluid

What is the extent of influence of the shared environment and genetics on IQ score in children living in affluent and impoverished families? A. For children living in affluent families, the influence of the shared environment is stronger than is the influence of genetics, and the pattern is reversed for impoverished families B. For children living in both types of families, the influence of the shared environment is stronger than is the influence of genetics C. For children living in impoverished families, the influence of the shared environment is stronger than is the influence of geneticss, and the pattern is reversed for affluent families D. For children living in both types of families, the influence of genetics is stronger than is the influence of the shared environment

For children living in impoverished families, the influence of the shared environment is stronger than is the influence of genetice, and the pattern is reversed for affluent families

Amy is an adolescent whose parents have always expected her to become a lawyer. Without considering any other options throughout high school or college, Amy applies to law school. Erikson would say Amy has made what type of identity choice? A. confusion B. moratorium C. foreclosure D. achievement

Foreclosure

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is MOST important for foresight and goal-directed behavior? A. frontal B. occipital C. parietal D. temporal

Frontal

The existence of prodigies such as Mozart is evidence of the theory of intelligence developed by which scholar? A. Carroll B. Gardner C. Sternberg D. Binet

Gardner

Which list places Kohlberg's stages in the CORRECT developmental sequence? A. gender stability, gender constancy, gender identity B. gender constancy, gender stability, gender identity C. gender identity, gender stability, gender constancy D. gender identity, gender constancy, gender stability

Gender identity, gender stability, gender constancy

The type of intelligence that is hypothesized to influence people's ability to think and learn on all intellectual tasks is referred to as __ intelligence. A. general B. crystallized C. practical D. fluid

General

Which motivation is NOT a characteristic of altruistic behavior? A. generally performed in exchange for social approval B. inspired by empathy C. inspired by sympathy D. motivated by the desire to behave consistently with one's conscience

Generally performed in exchange for social approval

Which factor is NOT considered part of the sociocultural context? A. genes B. historical era C. neighborhood D. societal values

Genes

Which statement about differences between girls' and boys' academic achievement is TRUE? A. Boys tend to show higher levels of academic achievement than girls from elementary school through college B. Girls and boys tend to differ in academic achievement in high school, but boys tend to be higher in elementary school and in college C. Girls tend to show higher levels of academic achievement than boys from elementary school through college D. Girls and boys tend to be similar in academic achievement in high school, but girls tend to be higher in elementary school and in college

Girls tend to show higher levels of academic achievement than boys from elementary school through college

The notion that children's late adjustment depends on how well suited adults' parenting style is to their children's temperament is referred to as: A. attachment of the child B. environment over biology influence C. easy temperament effect D. goodness of fit

Goodness of fit

Which maternal disease during preganancy is LEAST likely to have a direct negative effect on the health of the baby? A. cytomegalovirus B. Genital herpes C. HIV D. Rubella

HIV

Which scenario is an example of a parent's indirect socialization of generosity? A. Hannah's mom often makes food for a neighborhood mother whose husband is ill B. Michael's dad tells his children that they need to share their toys when their friends play at their home C. Olivia's mother signs her child up for volunteer work at the local hospital after school D. Ben's dad explains to his child how important it is to give to people who have less than them

Hannah's mom often makes food for a neighborhood mother whose husband is ill

The period in which infants use one word at a time is referred to as the: A. holophrastic period B. pregmatic period C. period of telegraphic speech D. period of overextension

Holophrastic period

Which sequence lists the periods of language development in the CORRECT chronological order? A. telegraphic speech, holophrastic speech, complex sentences, three-word utterances B. holophrastic speech, telegraphic speech, complex sentences, three-word utterances C. telegraphic speech, holophrastic speech, three-word utterances, complex sentences D. holophrastic speech, telegraphic speech, three-word utterances, complex sentences

Holophrastic speech, telegraphic speech, three-word utterances, complex sentences

Consistent with research on nonhuman primates and rodents, children who have been exposed to adverse rearing conditions demonstrate disruptions in their: A. genetic influences B. hormonal systems C. limbic system functions D. cultural influences

Hormonal systems

Research examining the associations between IQ scores and outcomes such as income and occupational success has demonstrated that: A. People with comparable IQ scores tend to make similar amounts of money, despite variability in level of education B. Other factors, such as motivation and social skills, have little impact on economic success C. IQ score is more closely related to individuals' occupational success than any other factor ever studied D. Regardless of the socioeconomic status of an individual's family of origin, individuals with high IQ scores always succeed

IQ score is more closely related to individuals' occupational success than any other factor ever studied

Twin studies conducted to examine the genetic contribution to prosocial behavior have found that: A. identical twins are more similar to each other in levels of prosocial behavior than are fraternal twins, and their similarity increases with age B. fraternal twins and identical twins are equally similar to each other in levels of prosocial behavior, and their similarity increases with age C. identical twins are more similar to each other in levels of prosocial behavior than are fraternal twins, and their similarity decreases with age D. fraternal twins and identical twins are equally similar to each other in levels of prosocial behavior, and their similarity decreases with age

Identical twins are more similar to each other in levels of prosocial behavior than are fraternal twins, and their similarity increases with age

The belief, stemming from adolescent egocentrism, that everyone else is focused on the adolescent's appearance and behavior is known as: A. imaginary audience B. personal fable C. social comparison D. self-concept

Imaginary audience

The finding that identical twins reared together are more similar in intelligence than are identical twins reared apart is evidence for the: A. Lack of importance of genes or environment B. Importance of genetic factors C. none of these D. Importance of environmental factors

Importance of environmental factors

Which statement about Piaget's and Kohlberg's beliefs about morality is TRUE? A. Children's morality can be examined only by observations of their behavior B. In order for a behavior to be deemed moral or immoral, the reasoning behind the behavior must be taken into account C. Children are generally unable to make moral judgements when they are not faced with an actual moral decision D. Behaviors can be deemed moral or immoral solely on the basis of the behavior and not the reasoning behind it

In order for a behavior to be deemed moral or immoral, the reasoning behind the behavior must be taken into account

The Flynn effect is the: A. overarching influence of g on lower mental abilities B. effect of poverty on IQ score C. influence of schooling on IQ score D. increase in average IQ scores over the past several generations

Increase in average IQ scores over the past several generations

A person who believes that intelligence can grow as a function of experience is considered by Dweck and her colleagues to have a(n) __ theory of intelligence. A. incremental B. learning C. entity D. mastery

Incremental

An individual's mental representation of the self, of attachment figures, and of relationships in general based on early experiences with caregivers is referred to as his or her: A. attachment security B. internal working model C. personal fable D. identity

Internal working model

Effective discipline that leads to permanent change in the child's behavior because the child has learned and accepted the desired behavior is referred to as: A. other-oriented induction B. internalization C. self-oriented induction D. externalization

Internalization

The mutual understanding that people share during communication is known as: A. understanding intention B. intersubjectivity C. a sense of self D. joint attention

Intersubjectivity

The large-scale study of the effects of child care that was funded by the National Institute of Child Health and Developement demonstrated which finding about the effects of child care on children's cognitive development? A. Regardless of the quality, childcare tended to have a negative effect on children's cognitive development B. When it was of at least moderate quality, childcare tended to have a posititve effect on children's cognitive development C. When it was of high quality, childcare tended to have a positive effect on children's cognitive development D. Regardless of the quality, childcare tended to have a positive effect on children's cognitive development

When it was of high quality, childcare tended to have a positive effect on children's cognitive development

A male zygote has the __ pattern of sex chromosomes. A. XY or YY B. XY C. YY D. XX

XY

Does heredity contribute to individuals' self-esteem? A. No, heredity does not influence self-esteem B. There is no way to examine the contribution of heredity to self-esteem C. Yes, it does so by directly coding for level of self-esteem D. Yes, it does so at least in part by influencing aspects of the self, such as physical appearance, athletic ability, and intellectual abilities, which then influence self-esteem

Yes, it does so at least in part by influencing aspects of the self, such as physical appearance, athletic ability, and intellectual abilities, which then influence self-esteem

The bioecological model stressed the __ nature of all relationships within the microsystem. A. indirect B. bidirectional C. one-dimensional D. direct

bidirectional

Which list is the chronological order (from earliest to latest) in which children are able to identify emotions in others? A. happiness, sadness, anger/fear, self-conscious emotions B. self-conscious emotions, anger/fear, happiness, sadness C. anger/fear, happiness, sadness, self-conscious emotions D. happiness, self-conscious emotions, sadness, anger/fear

happiness, sadness, anger/fear, self-conscious emotions

Dawn, who is 3 years old, wants a toy that her friend is holding. Without regard for her friend's feelings or her parents' rules about taking other children's toys, Dawn uses all her strength to pull the toy from her friend's hands. Freud would assert that Dawn is primarily being led by her: A. id B. conscience C. ego D. superego

id

Who bears the GREATEST responsibility for ensuring that children are unharmed when participating in research? A. individual researcher B. participants C. university at which the research is conducted D. government

individual researcher

A researcher is interested in examining the association between how humorous children are and their school achievement. Two observers go to children's homes and judge children as "not funny at all," "slightly funny," or "very funny." Upon comparison of the observers' judgements, it is apparent that the observers have a high level of disagreement as to children's humor level. This measure of humor level has poor: A. test-retest reliability B. interrater validity C. interrater reliability D. internal validity

interrater reliability

The understanding that each object must be labeled by a single number word represents: A. order relevance B. cardinality C. stable order D. one-one correspondence

one-one correspondence

Charlie is 3 months old and consistently swipes clumsily toward the general area of objects he sees. He is engaged in: A. self-locomotion B. pre-reaching movements C. gross motor skills D. reflexive movement

pre-reaching movements

During the school year, the achievement test scores of low-SES children tend to __; during the summer, their scores tend to __. A. rise similarly to those of high-SES children; drop while those of high-SES children remain constant B. remain constant while those of high-SES rise; drop while those of high-SES children remain constant C. remain constant while those of high-SES rise; drop or remain constant while those of high-SES children rise D. rise similarly to those of high-SES children; drop or remain constant while those of high-SES children rise

rise similarly to those of high-SES children; drop or remain constant while those of high-SES children rise

Which list represents Piaget's stages in the CORRECT chronological order? A. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational B. sensorimotor, concrete operational, preoperational, formal operational C. preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational, concrete operational D. preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete operational, formal operational

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational