HDFS 3010 Quiz Questions
Which statement about executive functioning is TRUE? A. Its quality in early childhood is highly predictive of occupational status in adulthood B. It is directly related to IQ and cannot be taught C. It is fully developed by approximately the age of 19 D. All of these statements are true
Its quality in early childhood is highly predictive of occupational status in adulthood.
As a young child, Riley exhibited intense negative emotions and had a great deal of trouble controlling them. Chris, on the other hand, was even-keeled and predictable. As adults, Riley is likely to be: A. less socially competent than is Chris B. more academically successful than is Chris C. more prone to phobias than is Chris D. similar to Chris, as the qualities exhibited in young childhood rarely carry over to adulthood
Less socially competent than Chris
A scientist is MOST likely to have a high level of __ intelligence A. musical B. logical-mathematical C. spatial D. linguistic
Logical-mathematical
Bergelson and Swingley demonstrated that when 6-month-old infants were shown pictures of common items and researchers names one item. infants: A. could point to the named item B. behaved the same whether the word was in their native language or not C. looked at the correct picture more often than at the other picture D. did not recognize the label
Looked at the correct picture more often than at the other picture
Which pattern of maternal alcohol consumption is considered acceptable in terms of avoiding harmful effects? A. There is no acceptable use of maternal alcohol consumption B. Drinking several drinks over a quick period of time, only a few times during pregnancy C. Drinking large amounts of alcohol on a frequent basis D. Drinking one and only one drink per day
There is no acceptable use of maternal alcohol consumption
Which statemtne about the effects of cigarette smoke on a fetus is TRUE? A. The amniotic sac prevents the fetus from being exposed to cancer-causing agents in tobacco B. None of these statements is true C. Exposure to secondhand smoke is unlikely affect the fetus D. The fetus gets less oxygen when its mother smokes.
The fetus gets less oxygen when its mother smokes
Which statement regarding children whose parents overregulate their eating behavior is TRUE? A. They are betteer at regulating their own food intake B. They are less likely to struggle with their weight as adults C. They are less likely to struggle with their weight as adults and are better their own food intake D. They are more likely to have a larger BMI and other risk factors for adult obseity
They are more likely to have a larger BMI and other risk factors for adult obesity
Children's semantic development refers to their learning of the: A. meaning system and words of their language B. rules for combining the words in their language C. sound system of their language D. cultural rules for how their language is used
Meaning system and words of their language
Practical intelligence refers to: A. mental abilities important for success in many situations and not measured on intelligence tests B. the part of intelligence that is common to all intellectual tasks C. the ability to draw inferences and understand relations between concepts not encountered previously D. factual knowledge about the world
Mental abilities imporatant for success in many situations and not measured on intelligence tests
The family is part of which level of the bioecological model? A. microsystem B. mesosystem C. chronosystem D. macrosystem
Microsystem
A structurd understanding of how desires, beliefs, perceptions, and emotions influence behavior is referred to as a theory of: A. psychology B. thought C. behavior D. mind
Mind
Judgments that pertain to issues of right and wrong are referred to as __ judgments A. personal B. moral C. prosocial D. social conventional
Moral
In regard to the influence of practical intelligence on occupational success, people high in practical intelligence tend to have: A. more occupational success than do others, and this effect ramains even once IQ score is taken into account B. less occupational success than do others C. There is no association between practical intelligence and occupational success D. more occupational success than do others, but this effect largely disappears once IQ score is taken into account
More occupational success than do others, and this effect remains even once IQ score is taken into account
Bree is an 11-month-old baby girl who insists on trying to walk in order to explore and navigate her environment. However, she is not very good at walking and does much better at crawling. Yet she refuses to crawl. This demonstrates the vital role of: A. perceptual skills B. posture control C. balance D. motivation
Motivation
In which data-gathering method do researchers try to remain unobtrusive? A. naturalistic observation B. naturalistic interview C. structured interview D. structured observation
Naturalistic observation
Which debate has been contentious within developmental psychology for at least 2,000 years? A. active versus passivity B. stability versus instability C. nature versus nurture D. continuity versus discontinuity
Nature versus nurture
Children who are NOT nominated by their peers either as being liked or as being disliked are categorized as: A. controversial B. neglected C. rejected D. average
Neglected
Reflexes are the primary manner of interacting with the world for children on what age? A. 12 months B. 9 months C. 6 months D. newborn
Newborn
Part of the definition of temperament is that individual difference are: A. biologically based B. environmentally based C. unrelated to genetics D. entirely genetic
NotEnvironmentally based
Which item would NOT be considered part of the sociocultural context involved in a child's language development? A. parental knowledge of child development B. how society values education C. number of words in a child's voabulary D. community resources for speech therapy
Number of words in a child's vocabulary
Which factor plays a central role in determining which of the brain's synapses will be eliminated and which will be maintained? A. sensitive periods B. the frequency with which they are activated C. their genetic potential D. random variability
The frequency with which they are activated
Which statement about the general intelligence of girls and boys is TRUE? A. The general intelligence of boys and girls tends to be equivalent B. Boys tend to score slightly lower in general intelligence C. Boys tend to score slightly higher in general intelligence D. Boys tend to score much higher in general intelligence
The general intelligence of boys and girls tends to be equivalent
Which statement BEST characterizes the results of research on children from Romanian orphanages? A. Positive experiences in later childhood cannot counteract the effect of negative early childhood experiences B. Positive experiences in later childhood counteract the effect of negative early childhood experiences C. The impact of positive experiences on children's resiliency depends on the timing and extent of the neglect D. Neglect in infancy always has severe and lasting consequences
The impact of positive experiences on children's resiliency depends on the timing and extent of the neglect
The __ reflex is NOT known to have any adaptive significance. A. grasping B. rooting C. tonic neck D. sucking
Tonic neck
Individuals who do not identify with the gender assigned at birth are considered: A. androgynous B. transgender C. cisgender D. gender dysphoria
Transgender
__ is NOT among the psychological concepts that emerge at the end of the 1st year and the beginning of the second. A. Understanding of other's beliefs B. Understanding of intention C. Joint attention D. Understanding of other's emotions
Understanding of other's beliefs
In which country are infants expected to sleep in their own bed, separate from their parents, by 6 months of age? A. Denmark B. United States C. Japan D. Mexico
United States
The term gender is conventionally used to refer to: A. behaviors associated with being male or female B. one's social categorization as male or femalt C. one's genetically specified category as male or female D. biological processes involving hormones
One's social categorization as male or female
The self-concept refers to: A. one's physical appearance B. one's personality and intelligence C. one's thoughts and attitudes about oneself D. one's comparison to others
One's thoughts and attitudes about oneself
Which statement about the effect of child care on parent-child attachment is TRUE? A. In terms of maternal attachment, infants tend to do better in center-based childcare than they do in other types of nonparental care B. Overall, children in child care tend to be less securely attached than children who are not in child care C. Overall, children in child care tend to be more securely attached than children who are not in childcare D. Only when there are other risk factors is extensive childcare associated with less secure attachments
Only when there are other risk factors is extensive childcare associated with less secure attachments
Eleven-year-old Shane is angry and defiant and looses his temper easily. He can be spiteful and vindictive, he actively defies adults, and he blames others for his misbehavior. Shane's behaviors are indicative of: A. a typical 11-year-old B. condut disorder C. oppositional defiant disorder D. ADHD
Oppositional defiant disorder
Before the age of 4 months, which type of exploration of the environment is MOST common? A. self-locomotive B. manual C. smell D. oral
Oral
Which statement about adolescents' involvement with romantic partners is TRUE? A. Over half of 15-year-olds have dated someone. B. The quality of adolescents' romantic relationships appears to be unassociated with the quality of their relationships with parents C. Older adolescents are more likely than younger adolescents to choose romantic partners on the basis of characteristics that bring status D. Having a romantic relationship, even one of the high quality, is associated with decreased feelings of self-competence
Over half of 15-year-olds have dated someone
Attachment theorists believe that the MOST important contributor to the development of a secure attachment is: A. physical contact between parent and child B. parental sensitivity C. continuous, uninterrupted attention by the parent D. infant temperament
Parental sensitivity
Which characteristic of families in the United States is NOT one that increased from the 1970s to the 2000s? A. percentage of mothers of school-aged children who work outside the home B. percentage of children living with two married parents C. percentage of children born to unwed mothers D. age at which women had children
Percentage of children living with two married parents
The understanding that objests continue to exist even when they are out of view is referred to as object: A. existence B. recollection C. permanence D. stability
Permanence
Eight-year-old Trina does not want to do her homework and would rather watch TV. Her parents think that Trina can make her own decision about her schoolwork, and thus they do not get involved. They are affectionate with Trina in other situations, but they do little to try to regulate their daughter's behavior. Trina's parents would likely be classified as: A. authoritarian B. uninvolved C. authoritative D. permissive
Permissive
The observable expression of an individual's genetic material is referred to as the individual's: A. environment B. genome C. phenotype D. genotype
Phenotype
Which theorist developed one of the best known stage theories of cognitive development? A. Scarr B. Freud C. Erikson D. Piaget
Piaget
The capacity of the brain to be shaped by experience is referred to as: A. neurogenesis B. synaptic pruning C. myelination D. plasticity
Plasticity
Which list presents Bowlby's phases in the CORRECT developmental sequence? A. reciprocal relationships, attachment-in-the-making, preattachment, clear-cut attachment B. attachment-in-the-making, preattachment, clear-cut attachment, reciprocal relationships C. preattachment, reciprocal relationships, attachment-in-the-making, clear-cut attachment D. preattachment, attachment-in-the-making, clear-cut attachment, reciprocal relationships
Preattachment, attachment-in-the-making, clear-cut attachment, reciprocal relationships
A study examining infants' response to a breast pad worn by their own mother versus one worn by another woman demonstrated that 2-week-old infants: A. prefer the scent of another woman to that of their mother B. cannot distinguish between the scent of their mother and the scent of another woman C. prefer their own mother's scent to that of another woman D. can distinguish between the scent of their mother and the scent of another woman but do not show a preference
Prefer their own mother's scent to that of another woman
To examine whether infants can perceive a difference between a square of uniform color and a square with a pattern on it, a researcher displays the two squares side by side. The researcher records the number of seconds infants look at each square. This method is called the __ technique. A. contrast-sensitivity B. pattern-recognition C. habituation D. preferential-looking
Preferential-looking
Which statement about the voalizations and babbling of deaf infants is TRUE? A. Deaf infants do not engage in vocal babbling. B. Deaf infants exposed to ASL begin babbling manually at about 12 months of age. C. The vocal babbling of deaf infants begins at the same time as that of hearing babies D. Until approximately 6 months of age, deaf infants produce vocalizations similar to those of hearing infants.
Until approximately 6 months of age, deaf infants produce vocalizations similar to those of hearing infants.
__ is NOT considered to be part of emotional intelligence A. ability to delay gratification B. empathy C. persistance D. verbal fluency
Verbal fluency
The sharpness of visual discrimination is called: A. contract sensitivity B. habituation C. visual scanning D. visual acuity
Visual acuity
Devon has just begun to use objects to stand for other objects. For instance, his current favorite game is to pretend to play guitar on a toy golf club. Devon is probably in Piaget's _____ stage. A. concrete operational B. sensorimotor C. preoperational D. formal operations
Preoperional
Children's preference for same-sex friends emerges in: A. preschool B. middle school C. elementary school D. toddlerhood
Preschool
During which period does gender segregation appear? A. early childhood B. toddlerhood C. preschool years D. middle childhood
Preschool years
Make-believe activities in which children create new symbolic relations, such as if they were in a situation different from their actual one is called: A. sociodramatic play B. pretend play C. object substitution D. theory of mind
Pretend play
Which list places the types of play in a typical developmental progression? A. object substitution, sociodramatic play, pretend play B. pretend play, object substitution, sociodramatic play C. object substitution, pretend play, sociodramatic play D. sociodramatic play, object substitution, pretend play
Pretend play, object substitution, sociodramatic play
The overlapping-waves theory is a perspective on the development of: A. problem solving B. planning C. content knowledge D. memory strategies
Problem solving
Avie is 13-months-old and has a large vocabulary for her age. The words she can say are referred to as her: A. distributional properties B. word segmentation C. categorical perception D. productive vocabulary
Productive vocabulary
Theorists who take a functionalist approach to understanding emotional development propose that emotions: A. promote action toward a goal B. do not emerge until a child has a sense of self C. are innate and thus are unaffected by socialization D. have little impact on cognition
Promote action toward a goal
Which element is a key factor in preschoolers' choices of friends? A. proximity B. race of child C. similarity of interests D. popularity
Proximity
Which activity is NOT throught to be a contributor to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)? A. Putting baby to sleep on its back B. Smoking near an infant C. Dressing baby too warmly during sleep D. Putting baby to sleep on its tummy
Putting baby to sleep on its back
Baby Sam is holding a new toy. As he holds it, his father says "ball," repeatedly. Sam must figure out whether the word "ball" describes the object he is holding, the color of the object, the sound the object makes when it is squeezed, or the way the object moves on and off the floor when he drops it. Baby Sam is encountering the problem of: A. orientation B. reference C. intersubjectivity D. prosody
Reference
The concept of the personal fable refers to adolescents' inclination to: A. lie to their parents B. regard their feelings as unique and special C. believe they are invincible D. boast about their abilities
Regard their feelings as unique and special
The process of initiating, inhibiting, or modulating emotions in order to accomplish one's goals is referred to as emotional: A. repression B. regulation C. constriction D. restriction
Regulation
Developmental changes such as puberty, graying hair, and the reduced organ capapacity that comes with age are caused in part by: A. regulator genes B. norm of reaction C. homozygous alleles D. polygenic inheritance
Regulator genes
The children in Gavin's class are asked to name the children they like the most and the children they like the least. Many of Gavin's classmates list him as one of the children they like the least, and few list him as one of the children they like the most. Gavin would be classified as: A. controversial B. neglected C. rejected D. popular
Rejected
Encoding refers to: A. generalizing from one event to another B. representing features of objects in memory C. recognizing objects D. goal-directed behavior
Representing features of objects in memory
Which statement is NOT one of the primary reasons to learn about child development, as outlined in the text? A. Research on child development can assist court orders regarding child custody B. Knowledge of child development can provide a more thorough understand of human nature C. Research on child development can aid social policy development and adoption D. Knowledge regarding child development can help caregivers raise children
Research on child development can assist court orders regarding child custody
According to Erikson, if adolescents do not successfully develop a core sense of identity, they will experience: A. isolation B. mistrust C. role confusion D. shame and doubt
Role confusion
__ is NOT an example of a way in which adults help toddlers learn words. A. Repeating new words B. Putting vocal stress on new words C. Saying new words in the first position in a sentence D. Labeling objects when the child is attending to them
Saying new words in the first position in a sentence
Mental representations incorporating everything children know about gender are referred to as gender: A. schemas B. identities C. systems D. socializations
Schemas
In the Strange Situation, baby Jacob plays actively with the toys in the room, occasionally looking back to check on his mother, and is mildly distressed when his mother leaves the room, but her is easily comforted by her return. Jacob falls into which attachment category? A. insecure/avoidant B. disorganized/disoriented C. secure D. insecure/resistant
Secure
When the presence of a trusted caregiver provides an infant or toddler with th eability to explore the environment, the child is using the caregiver as a: A. working model B. secure base C. security object D. dependent attachment figure
Secure base
A strategy for promoting positive youth development that integrates school-based instruction with community involvement in order to promote civic responsibility and enhance learning is known as: A. positive youth intervention B. service youth development C. youth intervention D. service learning
Service learning
The biological process involved in differences between males and females are referred to as relating to: A. gender roles B. gender typing C. sex D. gender
Sex
The FIRST clear sign of happiness in infants is: A. laughter B. smiling C. social smile D. expression of love toward the mother
Smiling
A set of skills that help individuals achieve their goals in interpersonal interactions while maintaining positive relations with others is referred to as: A. intelligence B. delay of gratification C. emotional regulation D. social competence
Social competence
Judgments that pertain to societal customs are referred to as: __ judgments A. moral B. personal C. prosocial D. social conventional
Social conventional
The process through which children acquire the values, standards, skills, knowledge, and behaviors that are necessary for their role in their culture is referred to as: A. family dynamics B. evolution C. socialization D. bioecology
Socialization
The parents of 2-year-old Jackson are frustrated with his screaming when he wants something. Which scenario is an example of intermittent reinforcement? A. His parents always give Jackson what he wants whether or not he screams B. Sometimes his parents give Jackson what he wants when he screams, and sometimes they refuse to give him what he wants when he screams C. His parents never give Jackson what he wants when he screams D. His parents always give Jackson what he wants only when he screams
Sometimes his parents give Jackson what he wants when he screams, and sometimes they refuse to give him what he wants when he screams
Children's phonological development refers to their learning of the: A. rules for combining the words in their language B. meaning system and words of their language C. sound system of their language D. cultural rules for how their language is used
Sound system of their language
According to the "social dosage effect": A. neither of these predictions would hold B. both of these predictions would hold C. increases in gender-typed behavior predict increases in amount of time spent with same-gender peers D. spending more time with same-gender peers predicts increases in gender-typed behavior
Spending more time with same-gender peers predicts increases in gender-typed behavior
Which form of cyberbullying is the MOST common? A. rejection B. spreading rumors C. informing adults of previous actions D. isolation
Spreading rumors
Awareness that gender remains that same over time is called gender: A. identity B. constancy C. stability D. schema
Stability
Mary Ainsworth's laboratory test used for measuring infants' attachment to their caregivers is referred to as the: A. Strange Situation B. Stranger Interaction test C. Internal working model D. Reciprocity test
Strange Situation
What does a meta-analysis do? A. examines the size of an effect in a large sample B. determine if there are significant differences between groups C. summarizes the average effect size across studies D. uses a long-term longitudinal study to determine the strength of effects
Summarizes the average effect size across studies
Newborns prefer which taste? A. sour B. spicy C. sweet D. salty
Sweet
Casey hears that her friend has forgotten her homework and is afraid that the teacher is going to be upset with her. In response, Casey is concerned for her friend and worries about how her friend is going to handle the situation. Casey is experiencing: A. sympathy B. conscience C. altruism D. empathy
Sympathy
Which statement about synapses is TRUE? A. Synapses conduct electrical signals away from the cell body B. Synapses are the connections between neurons C. Synapses contain DNA D. SYnapses keep the neuron functioning
Synapses are the connections between neurons
The MOST basic sense of time is: A. event duration B. ratio of duration of events C. temporal order D. timing of future events
Temporal order
Operant conditiong relies on the expectation that individuals: A. tend to repeat behaviors that lead to favorable outcomes and stop behaviors that result in unfavorable outcomes B. are programmed to imitate others' behaviors and reactions C. are able to think and reason about their behaviors D. can reduce their fear of objects or experiences if they are repeatedly exposed to them
Tend to repeat behaviors that lead to favorable outcomes and stop behaviors that result in unfavorable outcomes
Environmental agents that have the potential to cause harm during prenatal development are referred to as: A. Teratogens B. Dermatogens C. Illegal drugs D. Pollutants
Teratogens
What is the MOST common method of communication with friends used by those ages 12 to 17 years? A. social media B. email C. phone calls D. texting
Texting
Children who fail at false-belief problems do NOT understand: A. that others can hold an incorrect belief when they themselves know the truth B. the difference between what is true and what is false C. the relation between beliefs and actions D. how other people's desires can be different from their own
That others can hold an incorrect belief when they themselves know the truth
Bronfenbrenner was the founder of: A. behaviorism B. the theory of social cognition C. the psychosexual perspective D. the bioecological model
The bioecological model
Polygenic inheritance refers to: A. The blending of genes in heterozygous indivuals B. The combined action of multiple genes C. Dominant-recessive patterns of inheritance D. A single gene affecting multiple traits
The combined action of multiple genes
The internal regulatory system that increases an individual's ability to conform with socially approved standards of behavior is referred to as: A. prosocial behavior B. altruism C. the conscience D. consciousness
The conscience
Sociometric status refers to how: A. well accepted a child is by the peer group B. many best friends a child has C. many friends a child has D. wealthy a child's family is
Well accepted a child is by the peer group
Which statement about media and children is TRUE? A. The evidence is clear that media violence has an immediate but not long-term effect on children's aggressive behavior B. The evidence is clear that media violence has both an immediate effect and a lot-term effect on children's aggressive behavior C. It is still unclear whether media violence has an impact on children's aggressive behavior D. Media violence has been found to have little impact on children's aggressive behavior
The evidence is clear that media violence has both an immediate effect and a long-term effect on children's aggressive behavior
A 6-month-old infant is trying very hard to reach a colorful rattle that is on the foor in front of her. The infant's mother mistakenly drops a blanket over the rattle, concealing it from the infant. The infant reacts by looking away from the covered rattle and picking up another nearby toy. How would Piaget attribute the infant's reaction? A. The infant's reaching behavior is not consistent with her understanding. B. The infant lacks object permanence. C. The infant lacks problem-solving skills. D. The infant has a short attention span.
The infant lacks object permanence
Stuies using Sameroff's environmental risk scale have demonstrated that: A. an unemployed head of household is the strongest risk factor for low IQ B. maternal anxiety is the strongest risk factor for low IQ C. the number of risks in a child's environment is a better predictor of IQ score than any single risk alone D. environmental risks have only short-term effects on children's intellectual development
The number of risks in a child's environment is a better predictor of IQ score than any single risk alone
Which organ acts as a defensive barrier against toxins and infections? A. The amniotic sac B. The amniotic fluid C. The umbilical cord D. The placenta
The placenta
Which statemtn by a parent is MOST likely to teach children the value of being prosocial? A. "If we help that boy, he will be less sad." B. "We should help that boy because it is a good thing to do." C. "It will make us feel good to help that boy." D. "We are nice people, so we should help that boy."
"If we help that boy, he will be less sad."
Which statement about sex determination is TRUE? A. Sometimes, it is the mother's egg and sometimes it is the father's sperm that determines the sex of the offspring B. The mother's egg and the fathr's sperm jointly determine the sex of the offspring C. The mother's egg always determines the sex of the offspring D. The father's sperm always determines the sex of the offspring
The father's sperm always determines the sex of the offspring
Which idea is used as evidence to support Skinner's view of language development? A. The sounds produced by infants are affected by parents' smiling and touching in response. B. D) Groups of deaf children not exposed to language invented their own sign language. C. Children acquire language very rapidly and with no direct instruction D. Human languages share many characteristics
The sounds produced by infants are affected by parents' smiling and touching in response
Social referencing refers to: A. smiles directed at people rather than at objects B. the ability to understand others' emotions C. the use of a caregiver's cues to decide how to respond to an ambiguous situation D. patterns of sociability and emotionality learned from significant others
The use of a caregiver's cues to decide how to respond to an ambiguous situation
Intimate disclosure is lowest to parents and highest to peers during what developmental period? A. 6th grade B. 10th grade C. single adulthood D. college
10th grade
Most North American infants can walk alone easily between __ months of age A. 9 and 12 B. 11 and 14 C. 9 and 15 D. 12 and 16
11 and 14
Children understand the connection between desires and actions at about what age? A. 8 months B. 18 months C. 6 months D. 12 months
12 months
Children recognize themselves in the mirror starting at approximately what age? A. 24 months old B. 12 months old C. 18 months old D. 36 months old
18 months old
Pretend play emerges at about the age of __; sociodramatic play emerges at about the age of __. A. 18 months; 2.5 years B. 1 year; 18 months C. 1 year; 2.5 years D. 2.5 years; 4 years
18 months; 2.5 years
At what age to children begin to demonstrate preferences for gender-typed toys? A. 3 years B. 1 year C. 2 years D. 4 years
2 years
In the United States in 2016, approximately what percentage of children under 18 year of age lived in poverty? A. 20% B. 11% C. 27% D. 7%
20%
Premature babies are those who are born at __ weeks after conception or earlier. A. 35 B. 25 C. 30 D. 38
38
By approximately what age can infants smoothly track slow-moving objects? A. 10 months B. 17 months C. 4 months D. at birth
4 months
Children make the transition from Piaget's preoperational to concrete operational stage at around __ years old. A. 5 B. 2 C. 7 D. 12
7
The vast majority of North American infants can sit without support by __ months of age. A. 7 B. 14 C. 10 D. 4
7
What is the average age at which infants begin to babble? A. 8 Weeks B. 5 months C. 10 months D. 7 months
7 months
Piaget believed that infants develop the concept of object permanence at approximately __ months. A. 12 B. 5 C. 8 D. 16
8
Separation anxiety or distress due to separation from the paren who is the child's primary caregiver emerges around A. 7 months of age B. 5 months of age C. 8 months of age D. 4 months of age
8 months of age
Dual representation refers to the notion that a symbolic artifact must be represented as both: A. something useful and a depiction of something other than itself B. a real object and something useful C. a communicative device and a real object D. a depiction of something other than itself and a real object
A depiction of something other than itself and a real object
Which statement about sensitive periods in prenatal development is TRUE? A. The sensitive period of limb development occurs several weeks before the limbs begin to form B. A sensitive period is the time when a system's basic structures are being formed C. All major organ systems share the same sensitive period D. Teratogens have the most serious effect on prenatal development immediately before a system's sensitive period.
A sensitive period is the time when a system's basic structures are being formed.
Erikson's stages are characterized by: A. a particular manner of responding to reward and reinforcement B. a specific crisis that must be resolved C. the erogenous zones in which the psychic energy is focused D. the personality structure that emerges during the particular stage
A specific crisis that must be resolved
The study be DeCasper and Spence in which pregnant women read to their fetuses from The Cat in the Hat demonstrated that newborn infants were __ to recognize the story they had heard while in the uterus, and/but __ prefer it over other stories. A. Able; did B. Able; did not C. Unable; did D. Unable; did not
Able; did Unable; did not
After a period of exploration, Michael has made decisions regarding occupation, beliefs and ideals, and sexuality. His sense of identity is coherent and consolidated. Michael would be classified into which identity-status category? A. achievement B. positive C. foreclosure D. moratorium
Achievement
Freud theorized that individuals' development is propelled by: A. interpretations of their parents' behavior B. their instinctual drives C. their attributional biases D. the contexts in which they live
Their instinctual drives
Which statement about adolescent parents is TRUE? A. The vast majority of adolescent fathers never see their young children B. Adolescent mothers tend to provide low levels of verbal stimulation to their children C. Adolescents whose mothers are authoritative are at inceased risk for pregnancy D. Adolescents who were born to teenage mothers nearly always experience academic failure and problem behavior
Adolescent mothers tend to provide low levels of verbal stimulation to their children
In which group are youth's adjustment and problem behaviors MOST negatively affected by their parents' divorce? A. younger children B. college-age youth C. older children D. adolescents
Adolescents
In the United States, which substance is the MOST common cause of injury to the fetal brain? A. Illegal drugs B. Alcohol C. Cigarette smoke D. Toxoplasma
Alcohol
While Alex is swinging on the school playground's monkey bars, he kicks Michael on the shoulder. If Michael has a hostile attributional bias, he will believe: A. Alex was being playful B. He got in Alex's way C. Alex kicked him intentionally D. Alex kicked him accidentally
Alex kicked him intentionally
The likelihood of a prenatal defect and the severity of the defect and the severity of the defect from exposure to teratogens are generally dependent on: A. Genetic susceptibility B. Sensitive period C. Amount and duration of exposure D. All answers are correct
All answers are correct
Which of these is a benefit of breast-feeding? A. increased IQ scores in children B. contains the mother's antibodies against infectious agents the child may be exposed to after birth C. All of these are benefits D. strengthens the infant's immune system
All of these are benefits
Which statement about the impact of divorce on children's functioning is TRUE? A. Although there are some short-term consequences, there are almost no long-term consequences of divorce B. Although divorce has negative consequences for some children, most children do not suffer long-term problems as a consequence C. There are no short-term or long-term consequences of divorce D. The majority of children whose parents divorce suffer long-term problems as a consequence
Although divorce has negative consequences for some children, most children do not suffer long-term problems as a consequence
Ashley is currently 5 months pregnant. When she had an ultrasound performed, her obstetrician found a suspected abnormality with her pregnancy. Today, they are taking a sample of the amniotic fluid to do further testing. What type of test is this? A. Amniocentesis B. IVF C. prenatal screening test D. CVS
Amniocentesis
The __ protects the fetus from bumps and jolts. A. Amniotic fluid B. Placenta C. Umbilical cord D. Neural tube
Amniotic fluid
Research has determined that this brain area is involved in emotional reactions A. Amygdala B. Pons C. Hippocampus D. Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Erikson believed that all adolescents experience: A. an identity crisis B. identity confusion C. identity foreclosure D. identity moratorium
An identity crisis
Disruptive, hostile, or aggressive behavior that violate social norms or rules and that harm or take advantage of others is called: A. antisocial behavior B. status behavior C. juvenile offenses D. prosocial behavior
Antisocial behavior
Research has suggested that pretend play and sociodramatic play: A. are correlated with higher levels of social understanding B. reflect children's most basic level of psychological understanding C. increase children's egocentrism D. cause children to experience setbacks in psychological understanding
Are correlated with higher levels of social understanding
The process by which children integrate new information into concepts they already understand is referred to as: A. accommodation B. adaptation C. equilibration D. assimilation
Assimilation
Newborns prefer to listen to: A. Their mother's language over another language B. Another woman's voice over their mothers' voice C. Newborns show no auditory preferences D. Novel stories rather than familiar stories
Their mothers' language over another language
Infants are first able to code space relative to: A. the intersection of a ceiling and a wall or two walls B. prominent landmarks C. their own immediate position D. other nearby people
Their own immediate position
The clique to which adolescents belong is __; the crowd to which adolescents belong is __. A. their choice; their choice B. assigned to them by their peer group; assigned to them by their peer group C. assigned to them by their peer group; their choice D. their choice; assigned to them by their peer group
Theirchoice;Assigned to them by their peer group
The relationship between nature and nurture on developmental outcomes can BEST be described by which statement? A. Nature is more influential on developmental outcomes than nurture. B. Nurture is more influential on developmental outcomes than nature. C. There is no relationship between nature or nurture on developmental outcomes. D. There is a bidirectional interaction between nature and nurture that influences developmental outcomes.
There is a bidirectional interaction between nature and nurture that influences developmental outcomes.
__ is an example of a scale error. A. Attempting to reach for an object that is too far away B. Mistakenly believing that a large sponge is heavier than a large rock C. Misjudging that one can successfully walk down a too-steep incline D. Attempting to put one's own foot into a tiny doll shoe
Attemption to put one's own foot into a tiny doll shoe
Rejected children are more likely than better-liked children to: A. suggest varied strategies for resolving difficult social situations B. refrain from threatening popular children when asked to solve a conflict with a peer C. attribute hostile intent to others D. have a goal to get along with other children
Attribute hostile intent to others
Four-year-old Derek is playing with his trucks and does not want to come to the dinner table. In response, his mother storms over to where he is playing, grabs his trucks away from him, and yells, "I told you to come eat dinner! Come to the table right now or I will throw those trucks in the garbage." Derek's mother is rarely affectionate with him, even in situations in which he is complying with her wishes. Derek's mother would likely be classified as: A. permissive B. authoritative C. authoritarian D. uninvolved
Authoritarian
Children of which type of parents tend to be the most well-adjusted in terms of competence, self-confidence, and social behavior? A. authoritarian B. authoritative C. permissive D. uninvolved
Authoritative
Parents who are high in warmth and high in control are considered to exhibit which parenting style? A. authoritative B. uninvolved C. permissive D. authoritarian
Authoritative
Which level of category hierarchies do children usually learn FIRST? A. superordinate B. supersubordinate C. subordinate D. basic
Basic
What can parents do to help their children successfully resolve Erikson's basic trust versus mistrust stage? A. help the children have successful experiences B. not be highly controlling C. be consistent and warm in their caretaking D. instill socially acceptable behaviors
Be consistent and warm in their caretaking
Through the process of ingroup assimilation, a young girl will: A. be expected to demonstrate the characteristics that are associated with being a girl and will come to conform to norms for girls B. be tempted by males' higher social status to demonstrate gender-neutral characteristics C. perceive other girls and the characteristics associated with being a girl as superiod to boys and the characteristics associated with being a boy D. evaluate other girls and characteristics associated with girls as equal to boys
Be expected to demonstrate the characteristics that are associated with being a girl and will come to conform to norms for girls
Romanian-born children who were adopted by British families __ fared BEST in physical, cognitive, and social development after adoption. A. before age 6 months B. Between the ages of 24 and 42 months C. Between the ages of 6 and 24 months D. After 42 months
Before age 6 months
Which statement about intermittent reinforcement is TRUE? A. Intermittent reinforcement is effective only with adults B. Behaviors supported by intermittent reinforcement are difficult to extinguish C. The discipline strategy of "time out" is based on intermittent reinforcement D. Intermittent reinforcement is the key to behavior modification
Behaviors supported by intermittent reinforcement are difficult to extinguish
According to Piaget, a child whose moral reasoning involves which thought is in the EARLIEST stage of moral development? A. believing that behaviors that break rules are bad and behaviors that follow rules are good B. focusing on being obedient to authorities and avoiding pubishment C. understanding that rules can be changed if a majority in the group decides to change them D.consideration of individuals' motives and intentions
Believing that behaviors that breka rules are bad and behaviors that follow rules are good
A recessive gene governs triat b. If a child exhibits trait b, then: A. one of her parents has the gene for trait M. B. Both her parents must have also exhibited trait M. C. Their child has to have a dominant gene for trait M. D. Both her parents must have the recessive gene for trait M.
Both her parents must have the recessive gene for trait M.
How can parents play an active role in their children's competencies in peer relationships? A. both monitoring their children's social life and coaching their children in social skills B. coaching their children in social skills C. neither monitoring their children's social life nor coaching their children in social skills D. monitoring their children's social life
Both monitoring their children's social life and coaching their children in social skills
Children's long-term adjustment appears to be caused in part by: A. both their sociometric status and the quality of their social behavior B. their sociometric status C. neither their sociometric status nor the quality of their social behavior D. the quality of their social behavior
Both their sociometric status and the quality of their social behavrior
Which statement provides the BEST support for the social cognitive theory of gender differences? A. Boys are more likely than girls to engage in rough-and-tumble play B. Girls and boys have different play styles from a very early age, and gender segregation is initiated by children starting at least by preschool age C. Children remember gender-consistent information better than they remember gender-inconsistent informaton D. Boys are more likely to be praised by adults when they engage in masculine-typed activities than when they engage in feminine-typed activities
Boys are more likely to be praised by adults when they engage in masculine-typed activities than when they engage in feminine-typed activities
The neural tube develops into the: A. Brain and spinal cord B. Digestive system C. Internal organs D. Inner layers of skin
Brain spinal cord
The study that involved interviewing individuals who had rescued Jews from the Nazis in Europe during World War II demonstrated that, compared to "bystanders," "rescuers" were more likely to recall their parents as having taught them the importance of: A. ethical obligations to family, church, and community B. caring for all human beings C. independence D. economic competence
Caring for all human beings
Which statement about preschool children's prosocial behavior is TRUE? A. Prosocial behavior in preschoolers is generally associated with decreased altruism in adulthood, as prosocial preschoolers tend to rebel against their parents' expectations in adolescence B. Preschool children almost never engage in prosocial behavior without explicit instruction from adults C. Children who spontaneously engage in prosocial behavior tend to be more concerned with others' needs throughout childhood and adolescence than are their peers D. The prosocial behavior of preschooler is unassociated with their later behavior
Children who spontaneously engage in prosocial behavior tend to be more concerned with others' needs throughout childhood and adolescence than are their peers
The process by which a caregiver provides the needed comfort or distraction to help a child reduce his or her distress is called: A. co-distraction B. self-comforting behavior C. co-regulation D. self-distraction
Co-regulation
Which statement about the association between emotional development and cognitive development is TRUE? A. Cognitive development influences children to become less emotional as they develop from infancy through adolescence B. Cognitive changes influences the types of stimuli that elicit particular emotional responses C. None of the statements are true D. Emotions are independent of cognition, and therefore the two are unassociated
Cognitive changes influence the types of stimuli that elicit particular emotional responses
When young children converse with other young children, their conversations can generally be described as: A. dialogues B. collective dialogues C. collective monologues D. monologues
Collective monologues
The view that Best represents information-processing theories is of the child as: A. product of evolution B. scientist C. social being D. computational system
Computational system
The realization that gender is invariant despite superficial changes in a person's appearance or behavior is referred to as gender: A. constancy B. stability C. schema D. identity
Constancy
The perspective that infants build increasingly advanced understanding by combining rudimentary innate knowledge with subsequent experiences is referred to as: A. constructivism B. core-knowledge C. nativism D. domain-specific
Constructivism
Which arithmetic strategy usually develops FIRST? A. retrieval B. decomposition C. counting from the larger addend D. counting from 1
Counting from 1
The period before approximately age 5 is considered to be the __ period for language development. A. critical B. acceptable C. suitable D. exclusive
Critical
The "visual cliff" was designed to evaluate: A. scale errors B. self-locomotion skills C. stereopsis D. depth perception
Depth perception
Compared with children who have poor-quality relationships with their parents, those who have high-quality relationship with their parents: A. do not differ on any measure of emotional development B. are more advanced in their understanding of emotion C. develop more positive emotion and are more advanced in their understanding of emotion D. develop more positive emotion
Develop more positive emotion and are more advanced in their understanding of emotion
Stage theories regard development as: A. Discontinuous B. Continuous C. Active D. Passive
Discontinuous
A longitudinal design would be MOST useful for which research question? A. Are older children better than younger children at playing hopscotch? B. What are the similarities and differences in the TV-viewing habits of elementary school students and junior high school students? C. How do children learn to solve jigsaw puzzles? D. Do children who are empathetic preschoolers become empathetic teenagers?
Do children who are empathetic preschoolers become empathetic teenagers?
Since 1970, the percentage of children who have grandparents as their primary caregivers has: A. doubled B. stayed the same C. tripled D. declined by half
Doubled
Which statement about epigenetics is TRUE? A. All of these statements are true B. One's DNA can be altered by experience C. One's hereditary information stays constant throughout life D. Early experiences can alter the expression of one's genes
Early experiences can alter the expression of one's genes
Gardner's theory of intelligence proposes that intellignence is composed of: A. primary mental abilities B. eight intelligences C. fluid and crystallized intelligence D. a hierarchy of g, abilities, and processes
Eight intelligneces
Synaptic pruning refers to which process? A. generation B. repair C. elimination D. aborization
Elimination
Which scenario is an example of sociodramatic play? A. Elliot is playing school with his brother, and Elliot is the teacher B. Beatrice is putting a plate on her head and saying, "See my hat?" C. Sander is dressed up as a ghost for Halloween D. Fiona is holding a play phone to her ear and saying, "Hello?"
Elliot is playing school with his brother, and Elliot is the teacher
The set of abilities that researchers have proposed are key to competent social functioning is referred to as: A. attachment B. emotional intelligence C. empathy D. emotional regulation
Emotional intelligence
Sarah sees that another child has forgotten his lunch and is crying. Sarah remembers when that happened to her once and she feels like crying for him too. She is MOST likely experiencing: A. altruism B. empathy C. conscience D. sympathy
Empathy
Attachments are: A. enduring emotional bonds formed by children to their primary caregivers B. compulsive needs of children to hold security items, such as pacifiers and blankets C. qualities that are central to one's identity D. connections between siblings that are maintained throughout the life span
Enduring emotional bonds formed by children to their primary caregivers
Lucy, an 18-month-old, is pretending to put on makeup using a small block as her lipstick. Lucy is: A. engaging in object substitution B. demonstrating her underdeveloped theory of mind C. demonstrating a false belief D. engaging in sociodramatic play
Engaging in object substitution
The process by which children balance assimilation and accommodation to create stable understanding is referred to as: A. equilibration B. calibration C. adaptation D. alteration
Equilibration
Which list BEST represents the phases of Piaget's equilibration process? A. disequilibrium, adaptation, accommodation B. adaptation, assimilation, equilibrium C. equilibrium, disequilibrium, equilibrium D. equilibrium, disequilibrium, assimilation
Equilibrium, disequilibrium, equilibrium
Which variable is NOT an important factor in whether children are accepted by their peers? A. sociability B. ethnicity C. attractiveness D. athleticism
Ethnicity
Piaget believed that the BEST way for children to learn is through: A. rewards and punishments B. modeling peers and adults C. explicit instruction from adults D. experimenting with the world on their own
Experimenting with the world on their own
Which statement is the BEST advice for parents who want their child to learn a second language? A. As long as the child is exposed to the second language for an extended period of time, it does not matter when exposure to the language begins. B. Wait to expose the child to a second language until he or she is old enough to be motivated to learn the language. C. Begin exposure to the second language well after you are sure the child has learned the native language completely and proficiently D. Expose the child to the second language as early as possible.
Expose the child to the second language as early as possible.
Crystallized intelligence refers to: A. individuals' memory span B. factual knowledge about the world C. the ability to think and learn on all intellectual tasks D. the ability to think on the spot
Factual knowledge about the world
Which friends are MOST likely to extensively discuss problems and their negative thoughts and feelings? A. female pair with a poor-quality friendship B. female pair with a high-quality friendship C. male pair with a poor-quality friendship D. male pair with a high-quality friendship
Female pair with a high-quality friendship
Brenda is 35 years old and preganant with her first child. She is NOT at greater risk for: A. Birth complications B. Autism spectrum disorder C. Fetal death D. Fetal chromosomal abnormalities
Fetal death
Which statement is TRUE regarding socioeconomic status and education? A. Children from low-SES families demonstrate increased academic gains during the school year when compared with children from middle-SES families B. Fewer children from middle-SES families have the kinds of experiences during summer vacation that allow them to increase their academic achievement C. Fewer children from low-SES families have the kinds of experiences during summer vacation that allow them to increase their academic achievement D. Children from high-SES families demonstrate increased academic gains during the school year when compared with children from low-SES families
Fewer children from low-SES families have the kinds of experiences during summer vacation that allow them to increase their academic achievement
The ability to think on the spot is referred to as __ intelligence. A. fluid B. general C. practical D. crystallized
Fluid
What is the extent of influence of the shared environment and genetics on IQ score in children living in affluent and impoverished families? A. For children living in affluent families, the influence of the shared environment is stronger than is the influence of genetics, and the pattern is reversed for impoverished families B. For children living in both types of families, the influence of the shared environment is stronger than is the influence of genetics C. For children living in impoverished families, the influence of the shared environment is stronger than is the influence of geneticss, and the pattern is reversed for affluent families D. For children living in both types of families, the influence of genetics is stronger than is the influence of the shared environment
For children living in impoverished families, the influence of the shared environment is stronger than is the influence of genetice, and the pattern is reversed for affluent families
Amy is an adolescent whose parents have always expected her to become a lawyer. Without considering any other options throughout high school or college, Amy applies to law school. Erikson would say Amy has made what type of identity choice? A. confusion B. moratorium C. foreclosure D. achievement
Foreclosure
Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is MOST important for foresight and goal-directed behavior? A. frontal B. occipital C. parietal D. temporal
Frontal
The existence of prodigies such as Mozart is evidence of the theory of intelligence developed by which scholar? A. Carroll B. Gardner C. Sternberg D. Binet
Gardner
Which list places Kohlberg's stages in the CORRECT developmental sequence? A. gender stability, gender constancy, gender identity B. gender constancy, gender stability, gender identity C. gender identity, gender stability, gender constancy D. gender identity, gender constancy, gender stability
Gender identity, gender stability, gender constancy
The type of intelligence that is hypothesized to influence people's ability to think and learn on all intellectual tasks is referred to as __ intelligence. A. general B. crystallized C. practical D. fluid
General
Which motivation is NOT a characteristic of altruistic behavior? A. generally performed in exchange for social approval B. inspired by empathy C. inspired by sympathy D. motivated by the desire to behave consistently with one's conscience
Generally performed in exchange for social approval
Which factor is NOT considered part of the sociocultural context? A. genes B. historical era C. neighborhood D. societal values
Genes
Which statement about differences between girls' and boys' academic achievement is TRUE? A. Boys tend to show higher levels of academic achievement than girls from elementary school through college B. Girls and boys tend to differ in academic achievement in high school, but boys tend to be higher in elementary school and in college C. Girls tend to show higher levels of academic achievement than boys from elementary school through college D. Girls and boys tend to be similar in academic achievement in high school, but girls tend to be higher in elementary school and in college
Girls tend to show higher levels of academic achievement than boys from elementary school through college
The notion that children's late adjustment depends on how well suited adults' parenting style is to their children's temperament is referred to as: A. attachment of the child B. environment over biology influence C. easy temperament effect D. goodness of fit
Goodness of fit
Which maternal disease during preganancy is LEAST likely to have a direct negative effect on the health of the baby? A. cytomegalovirus B. Genital herpes C. HIV D. Rubella
HIV
Which scenario is an example of a parent's indirect socialization of generosity? A. Hannah's mom often makes food for a neighborhood mother whose husband is ill B. Michael's dad tells his children that they need to share their toys when their friends play at their home C. Olivia's mother signs her child up for volunteer work at the local hospital after school D. Ben's dad explains to his child how important it is to give to people who have less than them
Hannah's mom often makes food for a neighborhood mother whose husband is ill
The period in which infants use one word at a time is referred to as the: A. holophrastic period B. pregmatic period C. period of telegraphic speech D. period of overextension
Holophrastic period
Which sequence lists the periods of language development in the CORRECT chronological order? A. telegraphic speech, holophrastic speech, complex sentences, three-word utterances B. holophrastic speech, telegraphic speech, complex sentences, three-word utterances C. telegraphic speech, holophrastic speech, three-word utterances, complex sentences D. holophrastic speech, telegraphic speech, three-word utterances, complex sentences
Holophrastic speech, telegraphic speech, three-word utterances, complex sentences
Consistent with research on nonhuman primates and rodents, children who have been exposed to adverse rearing conditions demonstrate disruptions in their: A. genetic influences B. hormonal systems C. limbic system functions D. cultural influences
Hormonal systems
Research examining the associations between IQ scores and outcomes such as income and occupational success has demonstrated that: A. People with comparable IQ scores tend to make similar amounts of money, despite variability in level of education B. Other factors, such as motivation and social skills, have little impact on economic success C. IQ score is more closely related to individuals' occupational success than any other factor ever studied D. Regardless of the socioeconomic status of an individual's family of origin, individuals with high IQ scores always succeed
IQ score is more closely related to individuals' occupational success than any other factor ever studied
Twin studies conducted to examine the genetic contribution to prosocial behavior have found that: A. identical twins are more similar to each other in levels of prosocial behavior than are fraternal twins, and their similarity increases with age B. fraternal twins and identical twins are equally similar to each other in levels of prosocial behavior, and their similarity increases with age C. identical twins are more similar to each other in levels of prosocial behavior than are fraternal twins, and their similarity decreases with age D. fraternal twins and identical twins are equally similar to each other in levels of prosocial behavior, and their similarity decreases with age
Identical twins are more similar to each other in levels of prosocial behavior than are fraternal twins, and their similarity increases with age
The belief, stemming from adolescent egocentrism, that everyone else is focused on the adolescent's appearance and behavior is known as: A. imaginary audience B. personal fable C. social comparison D. self-concept
Imaginary audience
The finding that identical twins reared together are more similar in intelligence than are identical twins reared apart is evidence for the: A. Lack of importance of genes or environment B. Importance of genetic factors C. none of these D. Importance of environmental factors
Importance of environmental factors
Which statement about Piaget's and Kohlberg's beliefs about morality is TRUE? A. Children's morality can be examined only by observations of their behavior B. In order for a behavior to be deemed moral or immoral, the reasoning behind the behavior must be taken into account C. Children are generally unable to make moral judgements when they are not faced with an actual moral decision D. Behaviors can be deemed moral or immoral solely on the basis of the behavior and not the reasoning behind it
In order for a behavior to be deemed moral or immoral, the reasoning behind the behavior must be taken into account
The Flynn effect is the: A. overarching influence of g on lower mental abilities B. effect of poverty on IQ score C. influence of schooling on IQ score D. increase in average IQ scores over the past several generations
Increase in average IQ scores over the past several generations
A person who believes that intelligence can grow as a function of experience is considered by Dweck and her colleagues to have a(n) __ theory of intelligence. A. incremental B. learning C. entity D. mastery
Incremental
An individual's mental representation of the self, of attachment figures, and of relationships in general based on early experiences with caregivers is referred to as his or her: A. attachment security B. internal working model C. personal fable D. identity
Internal working model
Effective discipline that leads to permanent change in the child's behavior because the child has learned and accepted the desired behavior is referred to as: A. other-oriented induction B. internalization C. self-oriented induction D. externalization
Internalization
The mutual understanding that people share during communication is known as: A. understanding intention B. intersubjectivity C. a sense of self D. joint attention
Intersubjectivity
The large-scale study of the effects of child care that was funded by the National Institute of Child Health and Developement demonstrated which finding about the effects of child care on children's cognitive development? A. Regardless of the quality, childcare tended to have a negative effect on children's cognitive development B. When it was of at least moderate quality, childcare tended to have a posititve effect on children's cognitive development C. When it was of high quality, childcare tended to have a positive effect on children's cognitive development D. Regardless of the quality, childcare tended to have a positive effect on children's cognitive development
When it was of high quality, childcare tended to have a positive effect on children's cognitive development
A male zygote has the __ pattern of sex chromosomes. A. XY or YY B. XY C. YY D. XX
XY
Does heredity contribute to individuals' self-esteem? A. No, heredity does not influence self-esteem B. There is no way to examine the contribution of heredity to self-esteem C. Yes, it does so by directly coding for level of self-esteem D. Yes, it does so at least in part by influencing aspects of the self, such as physical appearance, athletic ability, and intellectual abilities, which then influence self-esteem
Yes, it does so at least in part by influencing aspects of the self, such as physical appearance, athletic ability, and intellectual abilities, which then influence self-esteem
The bioecological model stressed the __ nature of all relationships within the microsystem. A. indirect B. bidirectional C. one-dimensional D. direct
bidirectional
Which list is the chronological order (from earliest to latest) in which children are able to identify emotions in others? A. happiness, sadness, anger/fear, self-conscious emotions B. self-conscious emotions, anger/fear, happiness, sadness C. anger/fear, happiness, sadness, self-conscious emotions D. happiness, self-conscious emotions, sadness, anger/fear
happiness, sadness, anger/fear, self-conscious emotions
Dawn, who is 3 years old, wants a toy that her friend is holding. Without regard for her friend's feelings or her parents' rules about taking other children's toys, Dawn uses all her strength to pull the toy from her friend's hands. Freud would assert that Dawn is primarily being led by her: A. id B. conscience C. ego D. superego
id
Who bears the GREATEST responsibility for ensuring that children are unharmed when participating in research? A. individual researcher B. participants C. university at which the research is conducted D. government
individual researcher
A researcher is interested in examining the association between how humorous children are and their school achievement. Two observers go to children's homes and judge children as "not funny at all," "slightly funny," or "very funny." Upon comparison of the observers' judgements, it is apparent that the observers have a high level of disagreement as to children's humor level. This measure of humor level has poor: A. test-retest reliability B. interrater validity C. interrater reliability D. internal validity
interrater reliability
The understanding that each object must be labeled by a single number word represents: A. order relevance B. cardinality C. stable order D. one-one correspondence
one-one correspondence
Charlie is 3 months old and consistently swipes clumsily toward the general area of objects he sees. He is engaged in: A. self-locomotion B. pre-reaching movements C. gross motor skills D. reflexive movement
pre-reaching movements
During the school year, the achievement test scores of low-SES children tend to __; during the summer, their scores tend to __. A. rise similarly to those of high-SES children; drop while those of high-SES children remain constant B. remain constant while those of high-SES rise; drop while those of high-SES children remain constant C. remain constant while those of high-SES rise; drop or remain constant while those of high-SES children rise D. rise similarly to those of high-SES children; drop or remain constant while those of high-SES children rise
rise similarly to those of high-SES children; drop or remain constant while those of high-SES children rise
Which list represents Piaget's stages in the CORRECT chronological order? A. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational B. sensorimotor, concrete operational, preoperational, formal operational C. preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational, concrete operational D. preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete operational, formal operational
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
