Schizophrenia

The incidence of schizophrenia in the world population is approximately ________ percent. a. 0.1 b. 1 c. 5 d. 12 e. 15

1

schizophrenia

A serious mental disorder characterized by disordered thoughts, delusions, hallucinations, and often bizarre behaviors.

negative symptom

A symptom of schizophrenia characterized by the absence of behaviors that are normally present; social withdrawal, lack of affect, and reduced motivation.

positive symptoms

A symptom of schizophrenia evident by its presence; delusions, hallucinations, or thought disorders.

What Causes Schizophrenia? a. Genetic Mutations b. Paternal Age c. Prenatal Virus d. Toxins and Low Birthweight e. All the above

All the above

thought disorder

Disorganized, irrational thinking.

A major difference between electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT) and treatment using antidepressant drugs is that a. antidepressant drugs act more rapidly to lift depression than does ECT. b. antidepressant drugs are more likely to impair memory. c. ECT has fewer dangerous side effects. d. ECT lifts depression faster than do antidepressant drugs. e. antidepressant drugs may work in depressed persons who do not respond to ECT.

ECT lifts depression faster than do antidepressant drugs.

hallucination

Perception of a nonexistence object or event.

Which class of antidepressant agents have the effect of increasing activity in both serotonin and norepinephrine synapses? a. cocaine-related stimulants b. lithium salts c. SSRIs d. SNRIs e. MAOIs

SNRIs

Which of the following is true of brain development and schizophrenia? a. Rapid neuron loss occurs in early childhood in schizophrenia with little subsequent loss during adulthood. b. Schizophrenics show rapid neuron loss that occurs in early adulthood, but not continuous neuron loss. c. Schizophrenia shows the same degenerative pattern as is noted in Alzheimer's disease. d. Schizophrenia shows the same degenerative pattern as is noted in Parkinson's disease. e. Schizophrenia involves the creation of new, but abnormal, neurons.

Schizophrenics show rapid neuron loss that occurs in early adulthood, but not continuous neuron loss.

Which of the following best describes the changes in sleep that occur during depression? a. Slow-wave sleep stages 3 and 4 are reduced and stage 1 sleep is increased. b. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is abolished. c. All phases of slow-phase sleep are increased, while REM sleep is reduced. d. REM occurs in higher proportion later in the night. e. Depressed people are more likely to awaken in the first half of the night.

Slow-wave sleep stages 3 and 4 are reduced and stage 1 sleep is increased.

Psychosis is a syndrome

That is, a mixture of symptoms - that can be associated with many different psychiatric disorders, but is not a specific disorder itself in diagnostic schemes such as the DSM or ICD. At a minimum, psychosis means delusions and hallucinations. It generally also includes symptoms such as disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, and gross distortions of reality.

Which of the following supports the contention that schizophrenia is associated with brain damage? a. Control subjects are more likely to show neurological symptoms. b. The size of the lateral ventricles increases in schizophrenic patients. c. The neurological symptoms noted in schizophrenia are unique to this disorder. d. The size of the lateral ventricles decreases in schizophrenic patients. e. Older people, who have already lost substantial numbers of neurons, are more likely to develop schizophrenia than are younger people.

The size of the lateral ventricles increases in schizophrenic patients.

Which of the issues below are serious problems for the use of antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia? a. These drugs reverse the negative but not the positive symptoms. b. These drugs may reverse the positive but not the negative symptoms. c. These drugs block D4 receptors in the striatum, which results in motor side effects. d. Long-term administration of these can induce depression as a side effect. e. The drugs exaggerate both positive and negative symptoms.

These drugs may reverse the positive but not the negative symptoms.

The incidence of schizophrenia may vary as a function of season because a. birthing during the winter represents a stressor that impairs dopamine function. b. a fetus born during the late summer is more likely to have experienced a viral infection during the second trimester. c. immune function is generally enhanced during the winter months. d. a fetus born in late winter may be exposed to a viral infection during the second trimester. e. people are more likely to be outdoors during the early fall leading to greater risk of viral infection.

a fetus born in late winter may be exposed to a viral infection during the second trimester.

After a few years of treatment with chlorpromazine, Larry developed a. overeating to obesity. b. a serious motor problem involving his tongue. c. a worsening of his schizophrenia. d. a mild form of bipolar disorder. e. an intense fear of being poisoned at lunch.

a serious motor problem involving his tongue.

Administration of high doses of drugs such as ________ would be expected to produce the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. a. GABA b. glycine c. caffeine d. amphetamine e. Chlorpromazine

amphetamine

The viral hypothesis of schizophrenia is supported by the observation that a. children born a few months before a flu outbreak are more likely to develop schizophrenia. b. mothers taking antibiotics are unlikely to have schizophrenic offspring. c. analysis of stored serum from mothers whose children later developed schizophrenia showed evidence of maternal infection. d. exposure of the fetus to a virus during the third trimester is most likely to induce schizophrenia. e. obstetrical complications can predispose for schizophrenia.

analysis of stored serum from mothers whose children later developed schizophrenia showed evidence of maternal infection.

An alternative to lithium for the treatment of bipolar disorder is the use of a. anticonvulsant drugs. b. MAO inhibitors. c. cocaine or amphetamine. d. chlordiazepoxide. e. Ketamine

anticonvulsant drugs.

Drugs that inhibit the activity of monoamine oxidase (MAO) a. can result in excess levels of glycine in terminal buttons. b. can result in excess levels of serotonin within terminal buttons. c. are an effective treatment for depression. d. can have minor side effects. e. can induce schizophrenia.

are an effective treatment for depression.

Delusions a. are beliefs that are contrary to fact. b. are linked to brain damage. c. are perceptions that occur without the presence of stimuli. d. indicate the presence of depression. e. are common negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

are beliefs that are contrary to fact.

The ________ sensory system is most likely to be involved in a schizophrenic hallucination. a. visual b. tactile c. kinesthetic d. auditory e. olfactory

auditory

Lithium is an effective treatment for ________ but not ________. a. depression; mania b. bipolar disorder; unipolar depression c. anxiety disorder; delusions d. unipolar depression; hallucinations e. delusions; hallucinations

bipolar disorder; unipolar depression

Clozapine is referred to as an "atypical" antischizophrenic drug because it a. can reverse schizophrenic symptoms without producing the motor disorder tardive dyskinesia. b. has little blocking action within the striatum. c. is more potent at blocking D2 receptors than D4 receptors. d. effectively treats schizophrenia, but also produces motor side effects. e. was an accidental discovery.

can reverse schizophrenic symptoms without producing the motor disorder tardive dyskinesia.

Relative to same-age control subjects, schizophrenics show a more rapid loss of gray matter in the a. spinal cord. b. medulla. c. amygdala. d. hypothalamus. e. cerebral cortex.

cerebral cortex.

The negative symptoms of schizophrenia may be related to a. a "schizophrenia gene." b. excessive birth weight. c. damage to cells of the brain. d. overactivity of dopaminergic neurons. e. having an older father.

damage to cells of the brain.

The ability of fluoxetine (Prozac) to function as an effective treatment for ________ is related to its capacity to ________. a. delusions and hallucinations; block serotonin reuptake b. depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder; block serotonin reuptake c. anxiety disorders; inhibit MAO d. schizophrenia; block dopamine receptors e. obsessive-compulsive disorder; release glycine

depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder; block serotonin reuptake

The positive symptoms of schizophrenia are reversed by drugs that are a. agonists at serotonin receptors. b. dopamine receptor agonists. c. antagonists at GABA receptors. d. similar in structure to benzodiazepines. e. dopamine receptor antagonists.

dopamine receptor antagonists.

The positive symptoms of schizophrenia may be caused by a. an imbalance of norepinephrine in the brain. b. a single recessive gene. c. excessive activity in dopamine circuits in the brain. d. poor parenting. e. a degenerative disorder of the brain.

excessive activity in dopamine circuits in the brain.

A person who believes that he or she is President of the World is most likely suffering from a delusion of a. control. b. persecution. c. grandeur. d. perception. e. sensation.

grandeur

PET studies indicate that schizophrenic patients treated with amphetamine show ________ from the striatum and a corresponding ________. a. reduced release of dopamine; increase in positive symptoms b. reduced release of GABA; decrease in positive symptoms c. greater release of dopamine; decrease in negative symptoms d. greater release of dopamine; increase in positive symptoms e. reduced release of serotonin; increase in negative symptoms

greater release of dopamine; increase in positive symptoms

An example of a neurological symptom evident in schizophrenia would be a. having poor problem solving and problems in learning and memory. b. experiencing a feeling of euphoria at the start of an episode. c. exhibiting excessive emotional expression. d. thinking that you are the most powerful being on earth. e. believing that doctors are part of a plot to poison you.

having poor problem solving and problems in learning and memory.

The key event that resulted in the treatment of Larry's schizophrenia was a. his uncontrollable use of amphetamine. b. motor problems that grew worse over time. c. his attack on his mother. d. his refusal to take antianxiety medications. e. his need for psychotherapy.

his attack on his mother.

The monoamine hypothesis states that depression is caused by a. loss of cells within the prefrontal cortex. b. insufficient activity of monoaminergic neurons. c. excessive activity of dopamine synapses. d. overactivity of monoaminergic neurons e. excessive activity of serotonin synapses.

insufficient activity of monoaminergic neurons.

An example of a positive benefit associated with a manic episode would be a. intense effort at completing a project. b. intense euphoria. c. severe disorganization. d. increased energy to take on many projects at once. e. delusions of grandeur.

intense effort at completing a project.

Episodes of mania are characterized by a. suicidal thoughts. b. extreme sadness. c. crying spells. d. strong feelings of guilt. e. intense euphoria.

intense euphoria.

A drug such as aripiprazole counters the positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia because this drug a. is a pseudo-agonist at dopamine receptors in the VTA. b. is an antagonist at dopamine receptors in the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. c. causes the release of dopamine in brain. d. is a partial agonist at dopamine receptors in the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. e. blocks the release of dopamine in brain. cortex and nucleus accumbens.

is a partial agonist at dopamine receptors in the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens.

The major affective disorders are also known as a. anxiety disorders. b. mood disorders. c. addictive disorders. d. schizoaffective disorders. e. manic-depressive disorders.

mood disorders.

The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia states that schizophrenia is caused by a. low levels of one or more of the monoamines. b. a breakdown product of the neurotransmitter serotonin. c. overactivity of dopaminergic synapses. d. damage to ascending dopamine fibers. e. an imbalance between acetylcholine and dopamine within the frontal cortex.

overactivity of dopaminergic synapses.

The risk of a child developing schizophrenia is increased by a. maternal age. b. his or her sex. c. paternal age. d. their ethnic background. e. educational level.

paternal age.

The negative symptoms of schizophrenia a. are best illustrated by delusions. b. represent additions to normal behaviors. c. are likely to be caused by excessive brain dopamine activity. d. represent the absence of normal behaviors e. are best illustrated by hallucinations.

represent the absence of normal behaviors

The fact that the odds that a child born to two schizophrenic parents will become schizophrenic is less than 50 percent suggests that a. schizophrenia is associated with infertility. b. schizophrenic parents rarely marry. c. schizophrenia is not produced by a single gene. d. schizophrenia is produced by a single dominant gene. e. schizophrenia is a metabolic disorder.

schizophrenia is not produced by a single gene.

Chlorpromazine was initially developed to prevent surgical shock, but was later found to be an effective treatment for a. phobias. b. schizophrenia. c. mania. d. depression. e. Neuroses.

schizophrenia.

The mood disorder characterized by depression, lethargy, sleep disturbances, craving for carbohydrates, and weight gain is called a. seasonal affective disorder. b. anorexia nervosa. c. the winter blahs. d. zeitgeber-induced depression. e. bulimia nervosa.

seasonal affective disorder.

With regard to the genetic basis of schizophrenia a. a person with a "schizophrenia gene" will always develop schizophrenia. b. the concordance rate for schizophrenia is lower for monozygotic than dizygotic twins. c. adoption studies indicate a biological basis for schizophrenia. d. several genes may be involved in schizophrenia. e. genes impart a susceptibility to develop schizophrenia.

several genes may be involved in schizophrenia.

Susceptibility to develop affective disorder is most strongly associated with a. the gene for the dopamine transporter. b. multiple genes on multiple chromosomes. c. a gene located on chromosome 11. d. specific chromosomes linked to sleep and circadian rhythms. e. a gene located on the Y chromosome.

specific chromosomes linked to sleep and circadian rhythms.

The capacity of an antischizophrenic drug to produce tardive dyskinesia may result from a. subsensitivity of dopamine receptors. b. reduced release of dopamine. c. enhanced release of dopamine. d. supersensitivity of dopamine receptors. e. degeneration of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra.

supersensitivity of dopamine receptors.

Evidence from animal and human studies shows that most antidepressant drugs a. increase slow-wave sleep. b. increase REM sleep. c. suppress slow-wave sleep. d. suppress REM sleep. e. produce an enhanced degree of fragmentation of REM sleep.

suppress REM sleep.

Ugo Cerletti delivered electrical shock to the brains of mental patients because he believed that a. such treatments curbed inappropriate behavior. b. shock made the patients more manageable. c. the occurrence of a brain seizure appeared to reduce symptoms in psychiatric patients. d. large doses of insulin had been shown to normalize brain activity. e. this restored normal electrical activity of the cortex of psychiatric patients.

the occurrence of a brain seizure appeared to reduce symptoms in psychiatric patients.

Depression is nearly ______ as likely in _______. a. half; women than men b. one fifth; women than men c. five-fold; men than women d. twice; men than women e. twice; women than men

twice; women than men

The mesolimbic pathway projects from the ________ to the ________. a. substantia nigra; caudate b. globus pallidus; ventral tegmental area c. midbrain; cingulate cortex d. ventral tegmental area; nucleus accumbens and amygdala e. ventral tegmental area; frontal cortex

ventral tegmental area; nucleus accumbens and amygdala