AP HUG Unit 4 Study Guide
Megacities in less developed countries (LDCs)
LDC cities make up a large percentage of the top ten most populated cities in the world. This is the biggest composition change we have seen since the 1950s. Cities providing opportunities for displaced rural residents and explosive population growth making it difficult for subsistence farmers to support their families are 2 large factors that have contributed to the rapid ubanization in LDC since the 1950s. High crime rates, increasing poverty rates, lack of adequate housing and sanitation facilities are all challenges confronting mega cities in LDCs. The most urbanized region in the developing worl dis South America. Ex: Mexico City, Mexico and Lagos, Nigeria are examples of megacities in a less developed countries (LDCs).
What is purchasing land for new projects that is not adjacent to the continuously built up urban area because the land is less expensive (they are going to buy land that is further out because it is cheaper)?
Leapfrog development. Ex: Having a company in Duluth, Ga, and choosing to expand the company in Buford instead of Suwanee because the land is cheaper there.
Describe the Social Characteristics of Urban Areas
Louis Wirth defined a city as a permanent settlement that has 3 characteristics that create living experiences for urban residents that are different from residents in urban areas. 1. Large size: Social contacts are different because in small areas you know everyone, but in large areas like urban areas you know people from your daily routine. 2. High density: Specialization in cities, each person plays a role for cities to function smoothly. there is more competition for everything, which showcases the difference between the rich and the poor. 3. Social heterogeneity:Freer lives where not everyone knows all your business. All types of people are welcomed and have interests in the city, may be lonely in the city.
What are some problems that face urban areas?
200 year ago only 5% of the world was urbanized today a little over 50% is urbanized. World wide urban problems are: - Pollution - Poor sanitation - Drugs and crime - Congestion and noise - Substandard hosing and slums Problem in Urban America: - With urban sprawl and expanding suburbs, inner city shrinks - CBD is often reduced to serving just the inner metro area - As basic sector jobs leave, large cities have shifted to service industries - Loss of tax base as businesses, industries and services leave
Describe Mexico City
2nd largest city in the world. Flanked ( surrounded) by moutains; subsidence, earthquakes. The elevation of 7,000 ft. Moutains traps air pollution. Noisy crowded with traffic congestion, high rises, 500 slums, 1,000 new immigrants per day. Over 750,000 new citizens each year (RAPID GROWTH)
What is the urban area of commercial and industrial zones within a ring of residential areas?
A central business district (CBD). A CBD is usually located in the downtown area of a city. Industries during the 1800s located close to the CBD because they needed to locate close to transportation line. Ex: Downtown Atlanta is the central business district (CBD) of Atlanta.
What is a main city around which suburbs have grown?
A central city. Ex: Atlanta is a central city.
Describe Ernest Burgess Concentric Zone Model (describe all 5 zones).
A city grows outwards from a central location in a series of concentric rings, like the growth of trees. The size and width of the rings vary from city to city, but Burgess believed that the model fit most cities of the time. There are 5 zones in the concentric zone model: 1. CBD-financial, retail, theater, museums. Innermost zones zhere non-residential activities are located. Very few properties because prices are high. 2. Zone in transition. Contains light industry, and housing for the poor (zone 2 has the most deteriorated housing), and serves as a transition zone between the businesses in the CBD and the most purely residential areas in the outer zones 3. Working class homes, modest older houses on small lots occupied by stable, working class families. Houses here are less expensive than in the outer rings. 4. As rings get further out from the CBD, homes get larger and more expensive. Consist of middle class residents, either single family homes, or high-rent apartment. Occupied by those wealthy enough to choose location and afford the higher cost of transportation into the CBD. 5. Commuter zone. The final ring, the furthest from the CBD. It is beyond the continuous build up of the city, and people live in small villages where they spend their leisure and sleep hours and commute into the CBD for work. Burgess' model is dynamic and ever-changing, as inner rings grow larger, invading spaces of ring further out. He explains that neighborhoods change through a process of invasion and succession, with succeeding poorer inhabitants driving wealthier residents further away from the city center. In the Concentric Zone Model the poor live closer to the CBD, while the wealth live farther from the CBD.
What is a nucleated settlement with many functions and a central business district?
A city. Ex: Buford is a city
What is Chauncy Hariis "A Functional Classification of Cities in the United States" ?
A dominant service or industry was found in many cities during the industrial revolution. Chauncy Harris wrote " A Function Classification of Cities in the United States" in 1943. In it he described the concentration of manufacturing cities in the Northeast with functional specialization and the wide diversity of western cities with no domaint function (Ex: Detroit Automobiles, Pittbsurgh Steel). Trend today is toward diversity, especially in the Rustbelt. The economic base in the Rocky mountain West is primarily miming, recreation and tourism whereas the economic base of cities in Ohia, Michigan, Indiana, and Illinois is industry and manufacturing.
What is a metropolitan area?
A large scale functional entity containing several urbanized areas that are integrated as an economic whole. Ex: Augusta and Atlanta are examples of metropolitan areas.
What is a city with 10 million people or more?
A megacity. The UN says by 2025 at least 15 cities will be over 20 million. Many of the world's most populous cities are found in the poorest nations (Mexico City, Shanghai, Calcutta, Mumbai, and Cairo). Mexico city, Sao Paulo, and Shanghai will have over 30 million people by 2025. Ex: Mexico city, Shanghai, and Mumbai.
What is a metropolis (metropolitan area)?
A metropolis (metropolitan area) is an urban area larger than a city. Ex: Atlanta, Ga and Manhattan, NY
Describe Hoyt Sector Model
A pie-shaped wedges (sectors) created by Homer Hoyt to compensate for the drawbacks of the Ring Model. Sectors may be determined by environmental factors (like hills or bodies or water), or they may simply develop by chance. As a city grows, particular activities expand outward in a wedge-like sector from the center. Once a district is established for industry, other industry will cluster around it, creating the wedge. Likewise, a district where wealthy people live will attract other wealth people, so the sector becomes a concentration of their residences. Middle class residences are adjacent to the high-income areas, and low-income rsidents occupy the left over areas. Hoyt's sectors are similar to Burgess' circles, but the overall pattern of land use does not reflect unbroken cirlces around the CBD. Hoyt, like Burgess, notes that as the city grows, residential areas once occupied by the wealthy "filter down" to the middle class, and eventually to the lower class, as property is sold (or rented) from one owner to another.
What is a nation's leading city in size(much largest than the next largest city in the country) that serves as an overwhelming expression of national culture and identity?
A primate city. A primate city is politically and economically more powerful than any other city in the country. The rank-size rule does not apply for a country with a primate city. Ex: London, Mexico City, Paris, Tokyo
What is the urban heirarchy?
A ranking of land based on its population size. There are 5 categories within the urban heirarchy in order from smallest to largest in size: 1. Hamlet 2. Village 3. Town 4. City 5. Metropolis (metropolitan area)
What is a suburb?
A suburb is a subsidiary area that is exclusively residential, commercial, or industrial. It is not self sufficient, and it has a separate government form the central city. Ex: Lawrenceville is a suburb. The central city would be Atlanta.
What is a town?
A town is larger than a village. Higher level of specilization. Banks, schools, libraries, and specialized stores (furnitures, appliances, hardware, and others) are in towns. A town also has a hinterland, which is the surrouding areas made up of smaller villages amd hamlets that are economically depended on the town. People that live in hinterlands depend on the town for these services, and may also work in the town. Ex: Canton, Ga
What is smaller than a city, less conplex?
A town. Ex: Athens is an example of a town.
What is a world city?
A world city is a cosmopolitan city ( contains people with different cultures and religions from different countries), with resident and visiting foreigners. World cities exist all over the globe, but 3 seves as the largest regional centers, New York, London, and Tokyo. North America and Europe have the most linkage between their world cities. Modern world cities have become centers of business, consumer, and public services Ex: London, Tokyo, and New York are the 3 major world cities.
What is the bid-rent theory?
According to the classic bid-rent curve land gets more expensive as one gets closer to the CBD and decreases in value as you get furhter away from the CBD. Different land users are prepated to pay different amount (the bid rent) for location at various distances from the city center (CBD). Ex: Houses in Decatur would cost more than houses in Lilburn or Lawrenceville because Decatur is closer to Atlanta, which is the CBD, than Lilburn or Lawrenceville.
What is the clustering of industries for mutual benefits such as shared services, and facilities?
Agglomeration. Agglomeration is helpful to business because they can share the workforce, and the raw materials. Ex: Silicon Valley is an example of agglomerayion because it is where all of the high tech industries and companies are located.
What is an incorporated city?
An incorportated city is a municipality,which has a charter recieve from the state. An incorporated city does have elected official. It also gains some advantages by incorporation: - They have the authority to tax - Ability to hold election - They can establish legally defined boundaries - Have a responsibility to provide essential services Ex: Atlanta, Georgia
What is an area outside the city influenced by the city?
An urban influence zone. Ex: New York influences suburban New Jersey by providing jobs and cultural attraction for many people in the outlying areas. Then New Jersey influences cities like Newark showcasing the urban hierarchy.
What is an urban site?
An urban site is the physical qualities of the place. Ex: Plain, valley, plateau, and island can be parts of an urban site if their are found in that area.
What is the process of a city legally adding more land?
Annexation. Flagpole annexation is the process of incorporating land beyond its city limits. Ex: When Chicago incorporated land beyond its city limits to build O'Hare International Airport in the 1960's.
List the attirbutes of Cities
- Centers of political power - Centers of industrial power - Centers of technology - A market place for goods - Specialization in products and services - Services of all types - Medical advances - Cultural and artistic pursuits - Centers of education and research - Entertainment of all types - Sports teams, arenas and parks - An achor of society
What causes situation to deteriorate?
- Moving from having more manufacturing to having more service jobs. Ex: cities of Northeast Manufacturing (Rustbelt) decline - War. Ex: Berlin, Germany was destroyed in WWII and divided up during the Cold War - Improvement in transportation. Ex: As cars replaced horses, and buggy, many rural hamlets, and villages declined.
Why do inner cities still attract people?
- Recreational facilities - Orchestras, theaters and venues for popular music concerts - Museums and art galleries - Sports teams and sporting arenas - Bank and high finance institution - Universities and research facilities - Shopping and specialized stores - Special research hospital and medical specialist
What is deglomeration?
As globalization and improved communication and transportation have developed, many businesses leave the high cost of downtown since it is no longer an advantage to cluster with other similar business. The result are rustbelt cities with urban decay, loss of tax revenue and abandoned property. Ex: Moving your business to another area because there are too many similar businesses where you are located, and the advantage of that area are no longer advantages.
What are some urban problems?
- Squatter (a person who unlawfully occupies an uninhabited building or unused land) occupy any open space on the outskirts of the city - Zoning laws are lacking in many poor countries - Shap contrast between fancy hotels of downtown and slums on outskirts (Cairo for example: Paved streets give way to dusty alleys, tenements, traffic and garbage) - Many cities in developing nations are growing at a rapid rate with many new arrivals each day (fast growth can lead to overpopulation) - Unoficial suburbs such as favelas are poor and often lack basic services (disamenity sector: Poorest part of a city that in some cases do not have the regular city services)
Describe Bangkok
Capital of Thailand. On delta of Chao Phraya river. Subsidence and air pollution. Bangkok has canals line Venice (called the Venice of the Southeast). Air pollution is now worse than Mexico City.
What is the economic power or draw of a place compared to its competition?
Centrality. Centrality is also defined as the dominance of a city within an urban system (the citie's surrounding urban areas).
What is the central position and ability to attract customers to a village, town or city?
Centrality. Centrality is basically the dominance of a city over other cities. Ex: Altanta has a lot more centrality than its suburbs like Lawrenceville.
Describe Harris and Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model
Chancy Harris and Edwar Ullman Multiple Nuclei Sector Model 1945 showed that CBD is not the sole force in creating land-use patterns. Concentric and zone models asusme urban development outward from a single CBD, which originally had been the first site of settlement. They argued that the concentric rings and pie-shaped models had drawbacks as CBDs are losing dominance. They countered that large cities develop by spreading from several nodes of growth, not just one. Individual nodes usually have special functions like ports, neighborhood businesses, universities, airports, hospitals, CBD, and different levels of residences. Large cities develop many nodes around which different types of people and activities cluster. Suburbanization accelerated the change with shopping malls and mass transit. Mass transit such as subways and light rail uses less land area in congested urban areas which provides a georgraphic advantage over automobiles. Mixed land use with high-density housing options located near light rail and subway stops is referred to as transit-oriented developement.
What is the Christaller's Central Place Theory?
Christaller tried to determine the degree of centrality of varoius places. He created a model to show how central places in the urban hierarchy are spatially distributed. He believed large cities are economic hubs with radiating connections for commerce. He assumed: - No physical barriers - Soil and surface of equal quality - Even distribution of population and purchasing power - Uniform transportation system - No difference in farm productivity
What are hexagonal hinterlands?
Christaller's urban model showed that each central place had a complementary hinterland. The hexagonal model solves the overlap problem that circles would have. No area is unserved and no area has equal service from two centers. Each hexagon supplies all goods and services to consumers in that area. The size of the market (the hexagon) is based on the number of goods and services offered (lots of services means a large market area)
What are post-industrial cities?
Cities after industrialization, where the service sector make more money than the manufacturing sector of the economy. Economic base in post-industrial era has changed in many cities from industrial to business, consumer, public, and/or health services. These cities have experienced a decline in manugacturing and residential, warehousing, and major department stores for land use in and around the CBD.
What are manufacturing cities?
Cities with rapidly growing factory system with railroads and tenement slums. Manufacturing cities were first developed in Britain, later Western Europe, and North America. Their sanitary systems, water supplies and housing were overwhelmed with rapid growth and pollution. Ex: Chicago, and cities in the Rust Belt, England in the 19th century
What is commercialization?
City government transform a central city to attract residents and tourists by adding shops and making it more commercialized ( having lots of commercial buildings) The newly commercialized downtowns often are a stark ( sharply clear; impossible to avoid) constrast to the reast of the central city. Ex: transforming cities to attract tourists.
What is an urban area?
Continuously build up area with buildings and population density with no reference to political boundaries. It is essentially the central city and its surrounding suburbs. Ex: Atlanta and its surround suburbs like Alpharetta, Duluth, and Decatur would be considered an urban area.
What are overlaping Metropolitan Statistical Areas?
Megalopolis. Multiple cities have grown together to form the highest level of the urban hierarchy, forming a megacity. In the US megalopolis eventually lead to counterurbanization because their is a really big concentration of people which takes away the advantages that they had before their was a lot of people, so they decide to move away. Ex: Bosnywash, Tokyo to Yokahama, Los Angeles to Tiuana, and Chicago to Pittsburgh are examples of megalopolis.
What are cities of the 16th and 17th century that were nodes of regional, national, and international trade?
Mercantile cities. Cities that thrived during this era were embellished by wealthy merchant families. Mercantile cities dominate global trade! Ex: Lindon, Amsterdam
What are some trends towards regional agencies?
Metro municipalities find it difficult to solve problems such as air pollution, traffic congestion, solid waste disposal, and affordable housing without regional government agencies. Government solutions to help solve these regional metropolitan issues include: - Establishing cooperative agencies, such as a council of governments - Forming a federation of municipalities like Toronto - Consolidations where goverments share services - Altering political boundaries so city and county boundaries coincide
What is a metropolitan statistical area?
Metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) are used to determine the geographical extent of influence for an urban area. MSAs are for central county or counties with at least one urbanized area of at least 50,000 plus adjacent outlying counties with a larger number of residents that commute in. Micropolitan Statistical area is a similar but smaller version of a metropolis with at least one urban cluster between 10,000 and 50,000 people plus outlying counties with considerable social and economic integration.
What is the core of the city high-rise skyscrapers, heavy traffic, production, education, and services?
Downtown. Ex: Downtown Altanta.
Historically when did urbanization reach its Zenith(the time at which something is most powerful or successful)?
During the Greco-Roman era.
Describe the economics of a city
Each city or town has an economic base. Basic sector: Workers who produce goods for export or local consumption. Non basic sector or service sector: Workers who maintain the city, work in offices and provide services for others. The nomber of non basic sector workers is always greater than the number of basic sector workers (as cities increase in size the ratio increase). Most large cities have a ratio of 1 to 2. Multiplier effect: If a business adds 50 manufactruing jobs, another 100 non-basic workers will be added to the work force. The multiplier effect can also work in reverse, when basic sector jobs are lost many more non basic sector jobs are lost as well. Ex: if a city add 10 basic sector jobs, about 20 non-basic sector jobs will be added since there are always more non-basic sector jobs added than basic sector jobs.
Describe the urban realm model
Each realm is a separate economic, social and political entity that is linked together to form a larger metro framework. By 1970 the outer cities were becoming increasingly independent with their own CBDs that duplicated functions of the central city. Regional shopping centers, business and industrial parks developed in the suburban areas due to cheaper land prices and the availability of customers or workers. Post WWII rapid expansion of cities and suburbs lead to edge cities with their own CBD.
What is a colonial city?
European powers built many cities purely to be administrative and/or commercial centers. From 1400 to 1700 many European powers established gateway cities, which served as an entrance to or exit from a conquered area. Ex: New Delhi, Saigon (Ho Chi Minh City), Hong Kong, and Nairobi.
What is it called when inner city neighborhoods property values decline, so owners of large older homes often subdivide the home into multiple units?
Filtering. Ex: Dividing a large old house into multiple houses to rent and make more money.
What is local government fragmentation?
Fragmentation is the number of governmental units in an area. A fragmented local government system is one in which there are a large number of local governments. Here are some facts about local goverment fragmentation. - New York City has 5 major governments one for each of its 5 burrows - Chicago has 1,100 different local governments within its urban area - Having a lot of governments makes it difficult to solve regional problems such as traffic, solid waste disposal, and provisions of social services because each government has different interests, so they might not agree on things. - More cooperation has taken place in recent years by forming councils of governments, cooperative agencies consisting of representatives from local governments in the region. Indianapolis has such consolidated governments, to that no differences exst between the city and county governments
What is it called when individuals buy up and rehabilitate houses, raising the housing value in the neighborhood and changing the neighborhood?
Gentrification. Ex: Buying houses and rebuilding them to make the neighborhood better is an example of gentrification.
What is forced segregation that limits residential choices to the low-cost housing areas typically close to the city center?
Ghettoization. Ethnic or racial minorities may be confined to the older, low-costing areas typically close to the city center. Ex: not letting African Americans into the white neighborhoods, and only letting them live in the older, low-costing areas (ghettod) is an example of ghettoization.
Describe how Gideon Sjoberg explained the stages of urban development in The Preindustrial City: Past and Present.
Gideon Sjoberg said that all cities were a product of their societies and went through stages: 1. Folk-preliterate 2. Feudal 3. Preindustrial 4. Urban-industrial
Describe the Peripheral model
Harris (Ullman not involved in this one). Subsidiary and competing CBDs developed edge cities. Urban area consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas. The parts of the city are often connected by a beltway or ring roads. As the distance increases from the center of the city, the density of residents and houses decreases, a change called the density gradient. The peripheral model best explains the spatial impact of automobiles and the construction of interstate highways on metropolitan areas in the US. It highlights the problem of sprawl and segregation, which is a major advantage of the peripheral model over other urban models. It also incorporates edge cities.
What are central places?
Hierarchy is based on population, function and services. Central places provide services to the surrounding areas. Ex: Atlanta is a central place because it provides a lot of services to its surrounding areas.
What are the surrounding areas of the city made up of smaller villages and hamlets that are economically dependent on the city?
Hinterland. People that live in the hinterland depend on the city for services, and they may also work in the city. Hinterland is a german word that means land behind the city). Ex: Any non-urban area outside (around) Atlanta.
Describe Singapore
Idea location on an island. An "Economic Tiger". Dominated by Chinese. Seceded from Malaysi in 1965, and now an independent island nation.
Where is the highest level or urbanization?
In Western Europe, North America, Japan, and Australia. The UN has projected the the urban population has surpassed the rural population.
What is a theocratic center?
In some ancient cities theocratic rules, which rule in the name of a god, formed. Theocratic centers where usually temples and shrines, where the people would worship the ruler, and the god. They where usually located in the center of the city, and they also served as educational centers with teachers and philosophers.
Describe transportation and infrastructure
Infrastructure refers to all the facilities that support basic economic activities to such a degree that a city cannot function without them. A cities's infrastructure includes its transportation system such as airports, roads, docks, railways, taxis, and intracity transit systems. Cities has traditionally compact shapes until new forms of transportation were invented and build, which allowed people to live further away from their place of work. Modern forms of transportation that impact the demographic layout and functions of cities include motor vehicles, and public transportation.
What is blockbusting?
It involves real estate agents seeking to sell a house in a white neighborhood to an African American for a very low price, and then use the scare tactics to try to get white neighbors to sell, to generate "white flight" (the move of white city-dwellers to the suburbs to escape the influx of minorities). The agents got rich and the neighborhoods became ghettos. Blockbusting became illegal in the 1960s and was replaced by racial steering, in which agents showed blacks houses in black neighborhoods, and whites houses in white neighborhoods to make sure that different ethnic groups are seperated.
What is the rank-size rule?
It is a model that indicated that the population of a city or town is inversely proportional (the fraction) to its rank in the hierarchy. The rank-size rule does not apply to promate cities such as Paris, Mexico City and so forth because they are too large. Here are some problems in developing countries if the rank-size rule does not apply: - Services will be clustered in the primate city - Services will not be evenly distributed throughout the country - Smaller cities find it difficult to compete for services with the primate city - People in rural areas and small cities feel compelled to migrate to the primate city for jobs and services. Ex: If the largest city has 20 million people, then the 2nd largest city has 10 million people (1/2), the 3rd largest city has 6.667 million people (1/3), and the 4th largest city has 5 million people (1/4), the 10th largest would have 2 miilion people (1/10).
What is economic reach?
It is how functions and services attracts customers from areas beyond the urban limits. It is also the maximum distance people can be from a central place and still be attracted to it for business purposes. Ex: Atlanta has an economic reach that is as far as Monroe and Kennesaw
What is a modern western city?
Modernization of American cities took place during the late 19th century. Electric trolley and other forms of mass transportation transformed cities. Suburbanization of the city became possible with 1920s revolution of the automobile. Transport systems became circumferential( lying on the outskirts of the city) and radial. Modern cities of North America are sprawling expanses of suburbs, shopping malls and business parks.
What is a city?
More functional specialization. Larger hinterland, greater centrality. A city has well defined CBD and suburbs. Ex: Buford, Ga
Describe the conditions of 17th century European cities.
Muslim invasion of Europe and later the Crusades opened up trade and contact between Europe and the far and near East. By the 17th century Europe's cities were: - Slum ridden - Unsanitary - Fire traps - Plagued by frequent epidemics - Crime ridden - Places of social dislocation Overall the conditions were not good at all.
Define nucleated
Nucleated is a clustered settlement pattern in an area with one or more clear core areas.
Describe the urban hierarchy in the US
Order from most influential to least influential: World cities Specialized producer service centers Command and control centers Dependent centers Ex: Hierarchy on the West Coast (from most to least) Los Angeles - San Francisco - Seattle - San Jose - Sacramento - Santa Barbara
Describe political organization an urban planning
Over the past century, and particularly since WWII, governments have become more active in controlling land use arrangements and growth patterns of most US cities. National, state, and local governments have passed laws to restrict ways that property and city areas can be developed and used. In U.S. cities, emphasis has been placed on land use planning, zoning ordinances, and building, health, and safety codes.
Megacities in more developed countries (MDCs)
Overcrowing, infrastructure maintenance, crime, and pollution are all challenges for megacities in MDCs. Ex: Tokyo, Japan is an example of a megacity in a more developed country (MDC).
Describe the issue of competing municipalities
Political geography can make it more difficult for metropolitan goverments to solve regionally based problems because: - Competing municipalities often have conflicting interests - Political boundaries make it difficult for regional governments to exercise authority - Each city has its own unique governments
What are some pull factors for cities?
Pull factors are often more imaginary than real especially in less developed areas. This is true because people move into cities thinking (imaginary) they will be successful and have a jobs, but they do not make it (real), and they end up living in slums. - Economic pull - Opportunities
What is the distance people are willing to travel to buy goods or services?
Range of Scale. Ex: People are only willing to travel 10 miles to get groceries.
What is is called when a financial institution refuses to lend money in certain neighborhoods because it is a poor financial risk?
Redlining. Ex: Not lending money to African American neighborhoods because they believe that it is a financial risk since that neighborhood is poor and not financially good.
What is a village?
Several dosen services that are more specialized than those of a hamlet. Stores only sell certain goods as opposed to general stores and gas stations, may sell competing brands of gasonline. Ex: Adrian, Ga
Site and situation relative to cities including the examples of Chicago and China?
Site is the absolute location of a city. A city's static location, often chosen for trade, defense or religion. Site characteristics are the physical qualities of the original location for a city. Situation is the relative location of a city. A city's place in the region and the world around it. Chicago's situational advantage is that the Great Lakes and the Mississippi river provide water to the city. It is next to rails, roads, water, and air routes. It has a major natural resource hinterland. China's situational advantage is that there urban popilation now exceed 50% of the population. For the Guangdong province in southern china is proximity to Hong Kong and it status as a Special Economic Zone are its situational advantages. Its relative location has enabled it to benefit from trade and commerce.
What is a hamlet?
Small collection of houses. May have basic services like a gas station or general story Ex: Graby, England
What has a goal to produce a pattern of controlled development, while protecting rural lands for agriculture, wildlife, and recreation?
Smart growth. Ex: Making sure constructing a building anywhere will not affect the wildlife or the agriculture in that area.
What is it called when a certain region dominated and is an expert at a certain industry?
Specilization. The region specilizes in that industry so that they can make their products better and cheaper. Ex: Pittsburgh specialized in steel hence the Pittsburgh Steelers
What is an outlying residential area of the urban region that is most pronounced in the US?
Suburb. Ex: Buford, and Lawrenceville are suburbs of Atlanta.
What are internal cities?
The Inner city is the central area of a major city or metropolis. Inner city areas tend to have higher population densities than outer suburbs, with more of the population living inside multi-floored townhouses and apartment buildings. Cities are often arranged in similar ways, allowing geographers to develop models for urban land use, they are influenced by several factors: - Accessibility: Early industrial cities for example factories had to be walking distance of where workers lived as a result high-density housing built up around the factories in as compact space as possible. - High cost of accessible space: Premium on land because city functions must be located in close proximity. - Transportation: Lines of transportation often determine growth of a city because of accessibility hoses and stores follow roads - Societal and cultural needs: Land set aside for schools, libraries, and public parks.
Define and describe John Borchert's "American Metropolitan Evolution" 4 stage model of evolution
The John Borchert's model of evolution (American Metropolitan Evolution) has 4 stages: 1. Sail Wagon Epoch (1790-1830): Slow, primitive overland and waterway transport. Boston, New York and Philadelphia were major cities oriented to European trade. 2. Iron Horse Epoch (1830-1870): Diffusion of steam-powered railroads, coal mining-boomed, tracks laid coast to coast-manufacturing spread outward from New England hearth. By 1850 New York was a primate city with Pittsburgh, Detroit and Chicago growing rapidly. 3. Steel Rail Epoch (1870-1920): Coincided with the industrial revolution. Coal and iron ore supplies where in norhtern Appalachia and Lake Superior (Mesabi). Agglomeration in raw materials and market location due to railroad. Steel replaced iron rail, safer more powerful locomotives and larger freight cars and even refrigerated cars added *(Steel is stronger than iron)* 4. Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920-1970): Gasoline powered internal combustion engines. Truck based regional and metropolitan distribution of goods. Increased automation of blue-collar jobs(jobs that requires manual labor), shift to white-collar job (jobs performed in an office or other administrative setting). Highways, expressways and jet aircraft made travel faster and cheaper. Sunbelt, new activities responded less to cost-distance factors. 5.? (1970-Now): Decline of Rust belt continues. High tech. Will stimulate an even greater dispersal of city population. Telecommuting, working from home, globalization, and outsourcing change the way we work.
Describe the Medieval city.
The Medieval city was bleak and grimy with narrow dangerous streets. It had unpaved streets, and poor sanitation. Street patterns resembled a chaotic haphazard layout with few streets meeting at right angles. The tallest building in medieval cities were Churches and Castles.
What is the southern part of the US from California to Florida, noted for resort areas and for the movement of businesses and population into these states from the colder northern states?
The Sunbelt. Rapid growth took place in cities in the Sunbelt following WWII. - Air conditioning - Widespread automobile ownership - Environmental pull of warm winters - Non-unionized labor is an economic pull for businesses. The sunbelt cities haved moved up the urban hierarchy in the US by increasing higher order goods and services due to explosive population growth. Ex: The southern part of the United States. Georgia, Florida, Alabama are a few examples of states that are in the sunbelt.
What is the daily urban system?
The area sorrounding an urban center. According to Brian Berry, people who are a part of a daily urban system, supported by functional regions connected to urban hubs by commuter links, have access to a plethora of services in more developed countries like the U.S.. The Daily Urban System is an example of urban hierarchy because those in a daily urban system have access to more services than people not in a daily urban system, so they are better off than than them. Ex: Since I am part of a daily urban system (since I live in Lawrenceville which is supported by the urban city, Atlanta) in a developed country, I have more resources and services than people who are not in a daily urban system or than those who are in a daily urban system in a country less developed than mine.
What is functional zonation?
The division of the city into certain regions (zones) for certain purposes (functions). Creating special zones for certain people and purposes. Ex: Creating a zone for the wealthy the poor, the white, the African Americans, and the middle class citizens is an example of functional zonation.
Describe the patterns of class, age, gender, race, and ethnicity.
The larger and more economically and socially complex cities are, the stronger the tendency for residents to segregate themselves into groups based on social class, race, and ethnicity. Perhaps this pattern is a response to the anomymite (condition of being anonymous) of cities and the desire to be with people with familiar lifestyle or it may be attributed to income restraints. Social Class: Measure by a combination of income, education, and occupation (job) Age and marital status: Younger families tend to live farther from the city center. Groups that need less space often live closer to the city center. Young unmarried professionals with no kids are more likely to live in the city. Gender: 1 parent households are on the rise in the US. These families are generally poorer than 2 parent families making it more likely that they live in low-income neighborhoods. This trend is know as the feminization of poverty because their income are lower, women rely more on public transportation that do men, so they tend to be concentrated in or near central cities Race and Ethnicity: Typically one group moves to an area "node" which tends to attract others, so that growth takes place around multiple nodes, each with a different ethnic or racial base. Social and economic barries are high, making it a vicious cycle that is hard to break. Ex: Chinatown, little italies.
Describe the Urban Century 20th Century?
The number of urban cities drastically increased in the 20th century, from only 13 cities that had 1 million people in 1990 to 362 cities in 1999, which is why it is known as the Urban Century.
Describe the evolution of cities from the beginning of farming, to functions of ancient cities, and examples of ancient civilizations.
There was no settle way of livfe for 90,000 years then the agricultural (Neolithic) Revolution occured about 10,000 years ago, and people had enough food so they can settle, which leads to specialization and cities. As time passed, cities became more complex which meant a need for control so states rose up, and organized territories under governments. In these ancient settlement, an agricultural surplus and social stratification created the conditions necessary for cities to form and be maintained. Availability of water, good farmland, and defensible sites helped certain town thrive. Some functions of ancient cities were: - Centers of power (head of state-government) - Religious centers - Economic centers - Educational centers Ex: The Egyptian civilization and the Mesoamerican civilization are examples of ancient civilizations.
Overview of the 3 urban models
They help to explain not only land use in cities, but also the different social characteristics of people that live in particular areas of a city. The models may be used along with census information to describe individual neighborhoods. Urban areas are divided into census tracts, areas of approximately 5,000 people that correspond whenever possible to neighorhood boundaries. Every ten years the US Bureau of the Census published reports on the demographic characteristics of each tract, including ethnicity, race, median income, and education level of residents.
What is the minimum number of people needed to support a business?
Threshold. Ex: It takes 55 people to support a McDonalds.
What was Christaller's conclusion?
Towns of the same size are evenly spaced because they are in the center of like-sized market areas. Larger towns will be further apart than smaller towns because their market areas are larger. Towns are part of an interdependent system. If a central place is eliminated, the entire system readjusts, altering the spatial pattern to meet the needs and demands of the inhabitants. A smaller town might grow to be larger, or a new town might appear, but changing one hexagon will automatically alter the arrangement of all the others because customers will be willing to travel further distances (greater range of scale) for luxury items than for everyday necessities.
What is a general term for towns, cities, and suburban areas?
Urban Ex: Atlanta is an urban city.
What do Urban Geographers look at?
Urban Grographers look at: - How cities are arranged - What cities look like - Transport and communication - Why people move from place to place within the city
What is the purpose of the urban models?
Urban models attempt to explain why particular patterns exist in urban areas, why people are not randomly distributed throughout an urban area, and where people with particular characteristics live.
What is urban morphology?
Urban morphology is the layout of a city, its physical form and structure.
What is urbanization?
Urbanization is the process of making a place more urban. This can be done by adding industries, and jobs. Ex: Adding more jobs in a rural place, would make it become more urban, so it would have gone through urbanization.
What is zoning?
Zoning is dividing an area into seperate zones. Zoning ordinances, first developed in Europe and North America in the early 20th century, encourage spatial separation by preventing mixing of land uses within the same district. Usually they separate single-family houses, apartments, industry, and commerce into different areas because locating one activity near another is considered unhealthy and inefficient. Ex: Seperating an area based on ethnic background, religion, or social class.
