HDFS 3710 Final Exam

Key social factors in adult development and aging

- sex and gender - race - ethnicity - socioeconomic status - religion

4 principles of adult development and aging

1.) Changes are continuous over the lifespan 2.) Only the survivors grow old 3.) Individuality matters 4.) Normal aging is different from disease

young-old

65-74

old-old

75-84

oldest old

85+

Selective optimization with compensation model (SOC)

As we age, we are not able to do the same things that we once were able to do

Your good friend's grandmother finds it difficult to get around because she suffers from considerable pain while walking. As a result, she has become somewhat socially isolated and is quite unhappy with her situation. What concept best captures the grandmother's current situation?

Biopsychosocial approach

_________ is a slow process of dilation and disruption of the airways and alveoli caused by chronic bronchial obstruction; almost always caused by smoking

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

_______ is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that destroys brain cells and is identified by muscular tremors, slowing of movement, and partial facial paralysis

Parkinson's

____________ is a research procedure where subjects are asked to name the color of printed words where some words are color words that conflict with the print color showing interference in the naming task

Stroop Task

Although you may not realize it right now, the years of your late adolescence and early adulthood are likely to be best remembered by you in the future due to the phenomenon known as:

The Reminiscence Bump

____________ refers to the failure to recall specific information from memory combined with partial recall and the feeling that recall is imminent

Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon (TOT)

Communication predicament model

a predicament where older adults are thought of as mentally incapacitated, leading younger people to speak to them in a simplified manner (using elderspeak). Over time, this can have the effect of reducing the older adult's actual ability to use language.

___________ is the theory of adjustment to aging that assumes older people are happier if they remain active in some way, such as volunteering or developing a hobby

activity theory

The reminiscence bump is the empirical finding that people over 40 years old have enhanced memory for events from ____________, compared to other periods of their lives

adolescence/early adulthood

___________ is a theory of aging that assumes that other differences such as race, ethnicity, social class, and gender become irrelevant once one is old and that in old age everyone becomes more or less alike.

age as a leveler

The ______________ hypothesis proposes that older adults are disproportionately slower on tasks that are more difficult.

age-complexity hypothesis

________ is a form of discrimination against older adults based on their age: assumption that chronological age is the main determinant of human characteristics and that on age is better than another

ageism

A 55-year-old man has a common age-related condition known as ____________. This means that he is experiencing hair loss.

androgenic alopecia

___________ is a condition characterized by abnormal hardening of the walls of an artery or arteries

arteriosclerosis

________ is a CVD condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries

atherosclerosis

________ is ​the process reflecting the allocation of cognitive resources; older adults have difficulty allocating enough of their mental focus to cognitive operations

attentional resources theory

the 76 million babies born in the United States between 1946 and 1964 are referred to as the __________

baby boom generation

Because the _____________ are the individuals we study in later life, researchers caution that the findings may not be true for everyone born in a given period of time.

baby boomers

Changes in muscle mass would be considered as which component of the biopsychosocial model?

biological

The World Health Organization defines health as having which qualities?

complete physical, mental, and social well-being

The ________________ of adult development and aging proposes that changes build on themselves over life in a cumulative fashion.

continuity principle

___________ is the theory that suggests that, over time, protein fibers that make up the body's connective tissue form bonds, or crosslinks, with one another causing tissue becomes less elastic and leading to negative outcomes such as loss of flexibility, clouding of the lens of the eye, clogged arteries, and damaged kidneys.

cross-linking theory

During working memory tasks, older adults have difficulty ____________ the brain's default network, meaning that they are less able to focus on incoming information.

deactivating

________ refers to a type of explicit memory, in which memories can be consciously recalled such as facts and events.

declarative memory

_________ is the measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested.

dependent variable

___________ is the view that aging makes a person's social sphere increasingly narrow, resulting in role relinquishment, withdrawal, and passivity.

disengagement theory

Erikson's stage of social development in which people in late adulthood either achieve a sense of integrity of the self by accepting the lives they have lived or yield to despair that their lives cannot be relieved

ego integrity vs. despair

__________ is a condescending way of speaking to older adults that resembles baby talk, with simple and short sentences, exaggerated emphasis, repetition, and a slower rate and a higher pitch than used in normal speech.

elderspeak

The communication predicament model is associated with which type of language directed toward older adults?

elderspeak and infantilizing

The abilities to plan, use working memory, allocate mental resources to incoming tasks, and inhibit information are included in the cognitive skill known in psychology as __________?

executive functioning

___________ refers to the act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences

explicit memory

Older adults are more susceptible to having ____________ in which they say they remember something that never happened; susceptible to loss of source memory

false memories

__________ is a clear and vivid long-term memory of an especially meaningful and emotional event.

flashbulb memory

____________ is a theory of biological aging; the view that free radicals contribute to the aging process by forming age pigment and by producing cross-links

free radical theory

In the body, which high energy molecules can ricochet wildly and also damage cells?

free radicals

_________ is a measure of a person's ability to function effectively in his or her physical and social environment in comparison with others of the same chronological age

functional age

The _________ predicts that the increase in reaction time reflects a general decline of information processing speed within the nervous system of the aging individual

general slowing hypothesis

Erikson's stage of social development in which middle-aged people begin to devote themselves more to fulfilling one's potential and doing public service

generativity vs. stagnation

___________ is the medical specialty in which aging is the main focus of study

gerontology

The effects of aging on working memory may be due to changes in which structure of the brain?

hippocampus

_________ is the process of adjusting the self-concept to fit new experience

identity accommodation

___________ refers to memories we don't deliberately remember or reflect on consciously

implicit memory

The # of older adults is ________ in nearly all areas of the world

increasing dramatically

______ is the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

independent variable

_________ cultures are ones that are focused on the individual vs. the collective society; individuals' choices are often taken for granted

individualistic

According to the __________hypothesis about the effects of aging on attention, older adults take longer to respond because they are unable to ignore distracting or interfering stimuli:

inhibitory deficit hypothesis

__________ refers to the view that older adults (esp. women & minorities) become immune to ageism

inoculation hypothesis

the biopsychosocial perspective falls within the __________ model of development because it considers multiple influences on development and views the individual as an active contributor to change throughout life

interactionist

When driving a motor vehicle, older adults have the most difficulty with...

left turns, merging, yielding

The view that development is best viewed as continuous throughout life is referred to as the __________ perspective.

life course perspective

_______ are lives in which the success, health, and well-being of each family member are connected to those of other members, including members of another generation, as in the relationship between parents and children.

linked lives

Older adults with ______ perform worse on memory tasks

lower memory self-efficacy

In the Bronfenbrenner ecological model of development, which type of system has the most direct impact on the individual?

microsystem

__________ refers to the idea that increasing urbanization and industrialization of Western society is what causes older adults to be devalued

modernization hypothesis

A lifecourse perspective offers a ________ view of aging by recognizing substantial continuity in developmental processes and patterns over time while accounting for personal agency and change within the context of structural constraints

more balanced

The _____________ refers to the approach that combines the three sequential designs.

most efficient design

___________ theorizes that older individuals who fit more than one discriminated-against category are affected by biases against each of these categorizations

multiple jeopardy hypothesis

The General Slowing Hypothesis proposes that older adults become slower primarily because of...

nervous system changes

__________ refers to influences on lifespan development that are irregular, in that they happen to just one or a few individuals and do not follow a predictable timetable

nonnormative influences

___________ refers to biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group

normative age-graded influences

___________ refers to biological and environmental influences that are associated with history; These influences are common to people of a particular generation.

normative history-graded influences

________ is a degenerative disease characterized by inflammation of the bone and joint

osteoarthritis

A BMI in the range of 25-29.9 places the individual in the category of ______________?

overweight

supercentenarians

people 110 of age or older

centenarians

people who have reached the age of 100 years or older

__________ refers to the changes that occur within the individual and reflect the influence of time's passage on the body's structures and functions

personal aging

Normal age-related changes in the lens of the eye results in which condition that afflicts all older adults?

presbyopia

________ is the universal and irreversible physical changes that occur to all living creatures as they grow older

primary aging

______________ refers to a type of implicit memory that involves motor skills and behavioral habits

procedural memory

____________ propose that aging and death are built into the hard-wiring of all organisms and therefore are part of the genetic code

programmed aging theories

identity process theory

proposes that identity continues to change in adulthood in a dynamic manner

____________ refers to the ability to remember to do something in the future

prospective memory

Changes over time in people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors as they cope with the physical changes involved in aging fall into which domain of the biopsychosocial perspective toward aging?

psychological

According to the _________ , people influence and are influenced by the events in their lives

reciprocity principle

A _________ attitude is one that involves taking feedback from others and using it to change your attitude or actions towards something; focus placed on subjective aspect of aging

reflexive

__________ is a normal age-related change that results in the loss of muscle mass, strength.

sarcopenia

____________ proposes that older adults use different neural circuits depending on task demands to make up for the losses that they suffer elsewhere in the brain

scaffolding theory

________ are the specific physical illnesses or conditions that become more common with aging but are caused by health habits, genes, and other influences that vary from person to person.

secondary aging

When the unhealthy members of a sample die out, the scores of the survivors seem to "rise" even though they may not change in reality. This research problem in studies on aging is referred to as:

selective attrition

________ refers to an individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.

self-efficacy

________ is the tendency for people to behave as they are expected to behave

self-fulfilling prophecy

____________ is a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world

semantic memory

becoming a grandparent would be considered as which component of the biopsychosocial model?

social age-related factor

__________ refers to the norms, values, and roles that are culturally associated with a particular chronological age

social aging

The idea of being "on-time" or "off-time" in achieving major life goals is considered an important element of adjustment in the __________ model.

social clock (aka life course perspective)

__________ refers to the ability to recall when, where, and how information was acquired

source memory

___________ is a lifelong process reflecting the influence of multiple factors on aging

successful aging

The two most important factors in aging skin are genetics and exposure to _________?

sun

the primary function of a ________ is to protect the chromosomes form the damage to them that accumulates over repeated cell replications

telomere

_________ proposes that faith in one's worldview and the pursuit of self-esteem provide protection against a deeply rooted fear of death

terror management theory

The rapid loss of functioning that individuals may experience at the very end of their lives is known as _________ aging:

tertiary aging

_________ are the rapid losses that occur shortly before death

tertiary aging

random error theories of aging

theories that emphasize several haphazard processes that cause cells and organ systems to deteriorate

____________ is a view of aging as a process by which the human body wears out because of the passage of time and exposure to environmental stressors

wear and tear theory