HDFS 420

What are some recommended positive discipline methods for young toddlers? For two's?

1. Understand the meaning behind the behavior 2. Focus on controlling yourself- not your child 3. Be consistent with your expectations 4. Give attention to the behavior you like—not the behavior you don't 5. Redirect, redirect, redirect 6. Don't bribe

Policies/reasons to exclude an ill child from child care? (symptoms)

• A child should be excluded if the illness prevents her from participating in the activities or the illness requires teachers to provide ah higher level of care than they are able to do without compromising the other children. • Symptoms to be excluded include: o Fever o Lethargy o Uncontrolled coughing o Persistent irritability or crying o Difficulty breathing o Wheezing o Diarrhea o Blood in stools o Pink eye o Head lice o Scabies o Tuberculosis o Impetigo o Strep throat o Chickenpox o mumps

What is the Pikler (Loczy) approach to encouraging infants' gross motor development? (Film: "Freedom to Move")

• Allowing the child plenty of floor time for uninterrupted exploration and play. • Trustful relationship with the caregiver that is respectful of the child's personality and needs. • Having the child gain self-awareness. • Provide a stable, consistent, predictable routine. • Trusting the infants own timetable. • Trusting the infant to solve his or her own problems when possible. • Empathizing when the infant expresses distress.

Encouraging healthy eating habits; what are some ways for infants? for toddlers?

• Babies should always be held during bottle-feeding • Bottles should never be propped in a crib or carried around by the child • Care teachers should feed infant on demand and a consistent adult, preferably by the primary teacher as often as possible • The baby should be supported in a chair • Care teachers should never force children to eat of prevent them from eating

What are strategies that a professional caregiver can recommend to parents, or do in their classroom, to make several types of transition (discussed in the class) easier for children?

• Be responsive to child's stress during transitions • Transition entering new classroom: remember how hard it is to separate from someone that you may love allows the teacher to understand the parent-child relationship. • Transition home to classroom: Giving clear "hello"/"Goodbye". Having transitions be predictable.

What strategies can infant/toddler caregivers use to enhance language development and communication? (Film: Early Messages: Facilitating Language Development & Communication)

• Be responsive when children initiate • Engage in nonverbal communication (expressive face) • Use child-directed language with infants • Use self-talk and parallel talk • Help children expand their language • Support bilingual development • Attend to individual development & needs • Engage infants with books and stories • Be playful with language • Create communication friendly environment.

What is meant by a "sensitive period" for language development?

• Before 6 months there is a sensitive period for language sound perception. • Between 4-6 months, all babies can discriminate contrasts between all languages, by 10-12 months, they can only discriminate contrasts with their native language.

Roles and responsibilities differences of parents and professionals. (Lilian Katz)

• Parents: o Extensive responsibility o Long term relationship & investment o Closest attachment relationship o High emotional intensity o Irrational o Strong advocate for her/his child • Teachers: o Limited responsibility o Short term relationship & investment o More distance in attachment relationship o Lower emotional intensity o Rational o Must be fair- advocate what's best for all children in the group, treat children "equitably"

What is the importance of pre-speech sounds for later language development?

• Pre-speech sound: any sound making before first words (cooing, babbling) • Noises they make help them communicate their needs and wants • Getting a lot of what language is before they speak their first word. • Babbling with others help them understand what speaking is and learn how to make different sounds and use voices.

What are 5 ways parents or other caregivers can promote infants' and toddlers' cognitive development in everyday routines at home or in child care?

• Promote attachment security • Create rich, inviting, safe environments; encourage exploration and movement • Appreciate and support child's problem-solving as it happens • Share focus with the child (follow lead) • Add words to the child's experiences

Give an example of how a caregiver can skillfully "scaffold" a toddler's emerging cognitive or problem-solving skill.

• Promote attachment security • Create rich, inviting, safe environments; encourage exploration and movement • Appreciate and support child's problem-solving as it happens • Share focus with the child (follow lead) • Add words to the child's experiences • Read books • Engaged in pretend play with toddlers

What is meant by "loose parts" in an infant-toddler environment?

• Refers to open-ended play materials and manipulative that children can use in a variety of ways. • Loose parts are interesting play materials that promote a variety of physical, social, and cognitive stimulation play in preschoolers. They may help promote spatial abilities and mathematical learning. • Blocks, sand, stones, water, boxes, crates, tires, balls, wagons, tricycles.

What is "the 3 R approach" described in W&P?

• Respect: respect the child's emotional needs, individual differences and strengths, and the power of development. • Reflect: think about what an experience is like for a child, observe what the children are communicating through their behavior, and deciding what you would like the children to do instead. • Relate: support children's healthy relationships with all of the important people in their lives, support the child's relationship with their family, and focus on adult-child responsive interaction strategies that promote children's capacities.

What are elements of a quality environment in child care for infants and toddlers?

• Responsive to children's and adults' sensory needs (be comfortable, inviting, and facilitation exploration). • Spaces that encourage play. • Support development of trust and security, ability to make choices, and a sense of mastery.

What primary reflexes can be observed by infants?

• Rooting Reflex: response when stroked on the side of the face, to move her face in the direction being stroked, open her mouth, and search for a nipple. • Sucking Reflex: Response to suck when an object brushes across the lips.

Make checklists of things you would include in a high quality infant-toddler physical environment for both adults and children.

• Safety, cleanliness, lighting, ventilation, temperature. • Calming, not over-stimulating, enables focus on relationships and materials. • Child size furniture. • Opportunities for indoor/outdoor play, variety of activity choices, toys available for individual differences in development. • Supports adults that may be observing, interacting, or supervising children.

Define self-talk, parallel talk, and child-directed language. How they are different from one another?

• Self-talk: talk that an adult uses while with an infant or toddler to describe what the adult is doing. • Parallel talk: talk in which an adult describes to a child what the child is doing at the present time. • Child-directed language: baby talk - deals with speech and pitch of voice.

Risk factors for SIDS? Way to prevent SIDS?

• Stomach sleeping • Exposure to cigarette smoke • Prenatal exposure to cigarette smoke, drugs, or alcohol • Co-sleeping • Prematurity or low birth weight • Poor prenatal care • Mothers younger than 20 years of age

What are the most common ways illnesses spread in I-T programs? Specific strategies.

• Strategies to prevent illness being spread: o Sanitizing o Hand washing o Excluding children who are ill

3 developmental stages of professional development: Working with parents

➢ Caregiver as Savior ➢ Caregiver as Superior to Parent ➢ Caregiver as Partner to Parent and/or Family

What are the 7 main steps in the First Steps (early intervention, Part C) assessment and IFSP process?

➢ Parents (other family members) ➢ Infant Program Family Service Coordinator ➢ Speech-Language Pathologist ➢ Occupational Therapist ➢ Physical Therapist ➢ Psychologist ➢ Developmental Therapist (Early Childhood Special Educator) ➢ Pediatrician or Nurse

What is a temper tantrum, and what are appropriate (or inappropriate) responses to it by parents or caregivers?

• Tantrum: times of distress when children literally seem to fall apart emotionally • Responses:

What are 5 important accident prevention measures?

• Teachers arrange furniture to allow visual access to children at all times. • Toys must be chosen for their age appropriateness, checking labels for age recommendations, nontoxic, wooden toys kept free of splinters, and cloth toys flame retardant. • All cleaning supplies and medications should be kept locked and out of the children's reach. • Outdoor play must be well supervised. • Care teachers need to have current first aid and infant-toddler CPR training.

What does it mean that a toddler is developing a "theory of mind?"

• The cognitive ability to understand others as intentional agents, having believes and desires of their own.

What are some common assessments for early motor development?

• Tonic Neck Reflex: Newborn's response of maintaining an asymmetrical posture with the head turned toward one arm extended upward and the other arm extended outward to the side. • Grasp Reflex: Person puts finger by infant's hand and infant grasps finger. • Step Reflex: Adult holds infant upright and give abilities for child to walk. • Craw Reflex: While on stomach, infant pushes himself up with arms. • Moro Reflex: Newborn's startled response when experiencing a loud sound of sense of falling. • Rooting: Newborn's response to turn toward a stimulus that makes sucking motions with mouth.

Staff-parent relationships-- similarities and differences views of each other

• Trust & Confidence (both) • Open Communication (both) • Mutual Respect (both) • Partnership (both) • Need for Caring & Friendship (parents) • Is the Parent a Competent Caregiver? (caregivers)

What's different about being an infant toddler professional, compared to ages 3-8 yrs.? (3 differences; see textbook)

• Working at different developmental level • Kids less than 3 are more dependent on caregiver • 4-5 year old interests are directed at other peers (1 year olds, not so much)

Important language developmental milestones (know the terminology and the order of appearance, approximate age norms)

• birth - 1 month: crying • 2-4 months: cooing, single vowel sounds • 4-6 months: single syllable babbling begins • 6-8 months: canonical (reduplicated) babbling • 8-10 months: variegated babblings ("daagee...") • 9-12 months: Uses "jargon" • 10-16 months: Purposeful sounds & gestures; first "words"; imitates words, points to things • 10-16 months: makes over and under extensions o Over: making categories really broad (calling everything furry a dog) o Under: Makes categories really narrow • 12-18 months: Invents own words for things • 14-28 months: Two word utterances • 14-28 months: expands two 3-, 4-, 5-word utterances • 24-36 months: begins using past tense & plurals

What are Deiner's 5 levels of parent collaboration? How can you use them in your work with families?

1) Get child to the program; work out scheduling issues 2) Basic communication about care 3) Direct participation in the program (e.g., volunteering) 4) Collaborate in planning and teaching the child (e.g., plan home activities) 5)Responsibility in program-level decision-making (e.g., advisory bd.)

Contrast guidance and discipline.

• Guidance: towards teach and learning • Discipline: towards control and punishment.

What are potential reasons for young children's biting, what are appropriate (or inappropriate) responses to it?

• Before children begin to bite they might start showing signs of fussiness or aggression. • Biting provides comfort and opportunities to learn • Responses: o Inappropriate: Hit or bite children for the child biting others o Appropriate: observe when the biting attempts to reoccur. Keep records. o Appropriate: explore with the parents what the reasons for biting may be. Try a solution based on the possible reasons. o Appropriate: have a staff meeting o Appropriate: hold a parent meeting or send a newsletter home to let parents know what techniques they and they staff can use.

What are the benefits of breastfeeding?

• Breastfeeding protects your baby from a long list of illnesses • Breastfeeding can protect your baby from developing allergies • Breastfeeding may boost your child's intelligence • Breastfeeding may protect your child from obesity • Breastfeeding may lower your baby's risk of SIDS • Breastfeeding can reduce your stress level and your risk of postpartum depression • Breastfeeding may reduce your risk of some types of cancer

What are the "ingredients" of successful scaffolding?

• Child is motivated • Provide space to move and explore • Observe carefully • Support with attention, language • Encourage child to try the "next step" • Offer "just enough" assistance but not too much • Withdraw assistance as child assumes control • Celebrate child's accomplishments and encourage practice

What is continuity of care? Why is it recommended?

• Continuity of care extends the assignment of the primary teacher over a long period of time, preferably from the time of enrollment until the child is at least 3 years of age. By allowing the caregiving relationship to exist over years, the child is able to experience the time and intimacy needed to learn about himself and form meaningful relationships.

How can you support fine motor skills?

• Create development that encourages movement at every stage of motor development. • Use music of movement, not just background music. • Spend as much time outdoors as the climate allows.

What are important skills for professionals to have when they work in interdisciplinary teams?

• Devote enough time • Get to know team members • Respect other team members • Learn about the other disciplines (language, terminology) • Clarify team goals • Be willing to compromise to reach goals for the child and family

What is "Baby Talk," (infant-directed speech) and when it is a good thing?

• Features of infant-directed speech appear to have important functions. o Elicit attention, regulate arousal, communicate emotion, aide in language comprehension. • Transition to a more mature model by about 2 years.

What influences the dramatic changes in motor development in the first 3 years?

• Genetically programmed- some kids cannot do it because they are not mature enough • Physical Maturation • Exercise • Experience

What are some specific way you can help toddlers with toilet learning?

• Have an adult-child ratio that is conductive to a teacher to be available to the child learning to use the toilet. • Have a trusting relationship with the child. • Encourage the child to go on the potty.

Describe easy ways of detecting language delays in infants and toddlers

• How does infant respond to loud sounds? • How does the infant respond to a new sound in the environment? • Does 3-month-old coo or make eye contact when parent or caregiver is talking to him/her? • Does 9-month-old turn toward parent/caregiver when called from behind? • Does 12-month-old babble using a variety of consonant sounds? (g, m, n, b, d) • Does 18-month-old use single words to express his/her wants? • Does 2-year-old repeat others' words or phrases and use short phrases when talking?

Ways of assessing health and safety in I-T programs?

• ITERS (Infant-Toddler Environmental Rating Scale) • ORCE (Observational Record of the Caregiving Environment) • Teacher Interaction Scale • The Head Start Program Monitoring Review Protocol

Name 5 cognitive skills, concepts, or accomplishments that children achieve during the first 3 years.

• Imitation • Exploration (interacting with objects; sensory stimuli) • Concepts & categories • Object permanence • Problem Solving

Why is a private place important for toddlers in group care?

• Individualized for each child. • They can explore on their own. • It gives the child a place to "get away" from everything else in the room.

Why are relationships with parents important? Give 4 reasons.

• Infants and toddlers depend on their parents-- you really can't provide good care and education unless you have parent involvement. (50-50 rule) • You can't replace or substitute for a parent-- you can only enhance or detract from the parent-infant relationship. • Parents are the best sources of information about a child. • Parents have both the right and the responsibility to make decisions.

How do infants learn language? (The 3 "I" processes from PowerPoint)

• Innate (inborn, genetically-based) o Overextensions of rules (using the word goed instead of went) • Imitation o Begins around 4 months with babbling o Clear imitation by 6-7 months • Interactions with others o Children learn communication by interacting with people they know

What are main characteristics of curriculums that were listed in the study questions (PITC, HighScope, & Reggio Emilia; refer to the web link provided in the study questions.)

• PITC: relationship-based approach that helps teachers realizes the important of the primary caregiver, group sizes, and the individual needs of each child. • High Scope: focuses on the teachers assessing a child's experiences and then using that information to plan the environment and further experiences. • Reggio Emilia: having the teachers respect the children and gain knowledge about their environments through relationships made in order to set up the early childhood program and all the components that lie within.

How much time does the process take?

• Parent has to call first steps to call eval - have to have IFSP meeting within 45 days