HDFS Chapter 11

36. Five-year-old Shawn is playing with his sister Cheryl's doll. She tells him to put it down because "boys don't play with dolls

" This is an example of a gender: A. role. B. stereotype. C. identity. D. acquisition.!B. stereotype.

53. Research has found that peers begin to reinforce gender-typed behavior by the age of: A. 1. B. 3. C. 5. D. 7.

B. 3.

35. Gender stereotypes appear to reach a peak at age: A. 3. B. 5. C. 8. D. 11.

B. 5.

81. _____ parenting emphasizes control and obedience. A. Authoritative B. Authoritarian C. Permissive D. Neglectful

B. Authoritarian

100. Regarding sibling play, which pair type plays least peacefully? A. Boys with boys B. Girls with boys C. Girls with girls D. None of these; no differences exist in the peacefulness of play in sibling pairs.

B. Girls with boys

89. Which of the following statements has NOT been raised as a criticism of Baumrind's research? A. Her studies focus on correlations. B. Her studies are artificial, because she adheres strictly to the experimental model. C. It is impossible to know whether children were, in fact, consistently raised in a particular style. D. Baumrind did not consider innate factors, such as children's temperament.

B. Her studies are artificial, because she adheres strictly to the experimental model.

83. Lana asks her mother if she can have a friend over on a school night to study. Her mother quickly reminds her that the rule is no visitors on school nights, and she is not going to break it. Lana's mother is demonstrating a(n) _____ parenting style. A. authoritative B. authoritarian C. permissive D. neglectful

B. authoritarian

34. In the past, many preschool teachers encouraged children to play with both "boy" and "girl" toys. We know now that gender stereotypes: A. are rarely found in children under the age of 5. B. can restrict children's self-image, activities, and plans. C. have been largely eliminated in the United States. D. affect major life decisions but not everyday behavior.

B. can restrict children's self-image, activities, and plans.

48. A major weakness of the cognitive-developmental theory when explaining gender differences is that: A. children often identify with a parent of the opposite sex. B. children often act in "gender-appropriate" ways before they achieve gender constancy. C. many children pay little attention to sex when organizing their knowledge of their world. D. all of these

B. children often act in "gender-appropriate" ways before they achieve gender constancy.

90. Studies of Chinese American parents have shown that they usually A. are more permissive than Caucasian parents. B. combine warmth and support with an emphasis on training, firm control, and governance. C. rely on authoritarian techniques. D. are more permissive with daughters than sons.

B. combine warmth and support with an emphasis on training, firm control, and governance.

88. Since Baumrind's findings are based on _____ research, they do not show that styles of child rearing cause children to be more or less competent. A. experimental B. correlational C. preliminary D. longitudinal

B. correlational

68. Methods of molding children's character and teaching them self- control and acceptable behavior referred to as A. punishment. B. discipline. C. reinforcement. D. shaping.

B. discipline.

56. In terms of cognitive complexity, play moves through the following sequence: A. dramatic/pretend play, functional play, formal games with rules, and constructive play. B. functional play, constructive play, dramatic/pretend play, and formal games with rules. C. constructive play, dramatic/pretend play, functional play, and formal games with rules. D. constructive play, functional play, dramatic/pretend play, and formal games with rules.

B. functional play, constructive play, dramatic/pretend play, and formal games with rules.

28. Thomas is quick to remind his sister that he can hunt with his dad because he is a boy. A child's awareness of being male or female is called A. gender constancy. B. gender identity. C. gender-typing. D. identification of sex.

B. gender identity.

47. In the _____ theory of gender-identity development, children socialize themselves in gender roles by developing a concept of what it means to be male or female in their culture. A. social cognitive B. gender-schema C. psychoanalytic D. biological

B. gender-schema

98. When Nila started swimming lessons this summer, her family was surprised to see that she was afraid of the water. The best way for Nila's family to deal with this situation is to A. allow Nila to discontinue swimming lessons and avoid going in the water. B. give Nila reassurance and encourage her to openly express her feelings. C. logically explain that Nila's fear is unfounded. D. ignore Nila's fear, because she will grow out of it.

B. give Nila reassurance and encourage her to openly express her feelings.

41. Soon after they moved to the United States from Mumbai, Cathy and her brother Charles went to school and started dressing like the other children. The process by which children adopt the characteristics, beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors of another person or group is termed: A. socialization. B. identification. C. imitation. D. internalization.

B. identification.

16. Seligman's groundbreaking research involved shocking dogs in either an "escape" or "no escape" condition. After several trials, the dogs in the "no escape" condition ceased trying to escape the shocks. This demonstrates the concept of A. low self-esteem. B. learned helplessness. C. self-efficacy. D. egocentrism.

B. learned helplessness.

65. At Jason's birthday party, all of the children are playing with toy cars in the backyard. Although the children are sitting near one another, each child is playing separately with his or her selected cars. Parten would describe this as _____ play. A. dramatic B. parallel C. associative D. cooperative

B. parallel

15. In early childhood, a person's sense of self-esteem is derived primarily from A. his own sense of competence. B. parents' behaviors. C. the number of friends he has. D. his level of maturity relative to same-aged peers.

B. parents' behaviors.

75. Punishing a child tends to be most effective when A. a considerable time elapses between a behavior and its punishment, so that the child will have time to reflect on her or his misbehavior. B. punishment is accompanied by a short, simple explanation. C. the person who punishes is not on good terms with the child, because children tend to ignore punishment from people with whom they have very good relationships. D. all of these

B. punishment is accompanied by a short, simple explanation.

26. A child who successful resolves Erikson's initiative versus guilt stage develops A. hope. B. purpose. C. trust. D. will.

B. purpose.

11. The _____ is how one perceives oneself, and the _____ is what one would like to be. A. ideal self; imaginary self B. real self; ideal self C. real self; imaginary self D. ideal self; real self

B. real self; ideal self

70. If Sally's parents want her to stop misbehaving, research suggests that they should A. punish her soundly every time she misbehaves. B. reinforce good behavior and focus less on misbehavior. C. allow a longer amount of time to elapse between the misbehavior and the punishment. D. administer punishment but offer no verbal explanation for their action.

B. reinforce good behavior and focus less on misbehavior.

1. Our beliefs about who we are, what we are able to do, and the traits we engender are referred to as our A. self-esteem. B. self-concept. C. self-efficacy. D. self-evaluation.

B. self-concept.

5. Four-year-old Dana goes to her pediatrician for her annual checkup. She tells the nurse her name, address, phone number, and her doctor's name. She also tells the nurse about her sister Nancy. These descriptions represent Dana's A. self-esteem. B. self-definition. C. self-efficacy. D. self-evaluation.

B. self-definition.

52. Tom's father is thrilled that his daughter is playing soccer again this summer, but he is not pleased that his son wants to take art classes. In socializing children, parents generally: A. have more influence on children's gender behavior than on their gender knowledge. B. show more discomfort if a boy plays with a doll than if a girl plays with a truck. C. have little influence on gender role development. D. give boys more latitude and flexibility than girls with regard to gender roles.

B. show more discomfort if a boy plays with a doll than if a girl plays with a truck.

51. Gender identity is seen by _____ theorists as a consequence of observing and imitating models. A. psychoanalytic B. social cognition C. cognitive-developmental D. gender-schema

B. social cognition

64. Despite the fact that Brenna is in a crowded classroom, she chooses to play by herself and makes no attempt to join the others. She is engaged in _____ play. A. onlooker B. solitary independent C. parallel D. associative

B. solitary independent

3. Lucas is 4-years-old. He is likely to describe himself according to A. generalized abilities, such as being "athletic" or "smart." B. specific abilities, such as being a fast runner or a good climber. C. global traits, such as being popular or outgoing. D. internal traits, such as being thoughtful or worried.

B. specific abilities, such as being a fast runner or a good climber.

69. According to your textbook, the word discipline has the same general meaning as A. punishment. B. training. C. rewarding. D. coercion.

B. training.

79. Roberto's parents often express their displeasure with his misbehavior by ignoring him when he is acting inappropriately and for a short time afterward. This is called A. power assertion. B. withdrawal of love. C. ignorance. D. an inductiveness technique.

B. withdrawal of love.

104. About _____ out of 4 preschoolers have mutual friendships. A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

C. 3

21. At what age do children begin to understand simultaneous emotions? A. 2-3 B. 4-5 C. 7-9 D. 13-15

C. 7-9

23. In terms of Erikson's concept of "initiative versus guilt," which of the following statements is FALSE? A. The concept is based largely on conflicting feelings about the self. B. The concept involves preschoolers' reconciling their need to act with their need for approval. C. Because this crisis is based on a behavioral theory, the conscience is irrelevant to it. D. Successful outcome leads to the characteristic of "purpose."

C. Because this crisis is based on a behavioral theory, the conscience is irrelevant to it.

38. The theory of sexual selection was developed by: A. Sigmund Freud. B. Albert Bandura. C. Charles Darwin. D. Jean Piaget.

C. Charles Darwin.

80. In her research on parenting styles, _____ identified the authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative styles. A. Anna Freud B. Mildred Parten B. Eva Peron C. Diana Baumrind

C. Diana Baumrind

78. Madeline took Billy's toy boat away from him and made him cry. Madeline's parents talked to her about how sad Billy was and how badly he felt. Madeline felt sorry about what she had done and gave the boat back to Billy. Which form of discipline was used? A. Power assertion B. Withdrawal of love C. Inductive technique D. Punishment

C. Inductive technique

30. Which of the following statements regarding gender differences in specific abilities is FALSE? A. Females tend to do better at verbal tasks. B. Females tend to do better at fine motor tasks. C. Males tend to have superior motor performance. D. Males tend to do better at solving mazes tests.

C. Males tend to have superior motor performance.

63. __________ identified six types of play based on children's level of social involvement. A. Jean Piaget B. Diana Baumrind C. Mildred B. Parten D. Sandra Bem

C. Mildred B. Parten

103. China's policy of limiting families to one child has facilitated several observations. Which of the following observations is correct? A. Many observed personality differences exist between only children and children who have siblings. B. Only children have poor or inadequate language skills because of the lack of sibling interaction. C. Only children appear to have a distinct psychological advantage in a society that favors and rewards such a child. D. Children with siblings have fewer overall behavioral problems because they have learned to take turns and share.

C. Only children appear to have a distinct psychological advantage in a society that favors and rewards such a child.

84. Johnny brings a note home from school that states that he hit the school principal with a spitball. His mother is very upset, but his father simply says, "Relax, kids will be kids. No one got hurt, so what is the problem?" Which parenting style is Johnny's father demonstrating? A. Authoritative B. Authoritarian C. Permissive D. Neglectful

C. Permissive

13. Shelton loves to draw and do art projects, and is very good at it. However, when he plays soccer, he gets frustrated because he is not as good as the other boys. In which of the following stages of self-definition is Shelton? A. Single representations B. Representational mappings C. Representational systems D. None of these

C. Representational systems

27. Which of the following statements describes the most preferable outcome of Erikson's psychosocial stage of initiative versus guilt? A. The child is free of guilt. B. The child finds an even balance of initiative and guilt. C. The child finds a balance of initiative and guilt, with the greater emphasis on initiative. D. The child finds a balance of initiative and guilt, with the greater emphasis on guilt.

C. The child finds a balance of initiative and guilt, with the greater emphasis on initiative.

74. Punishment is sometimes necessary. Which of the following guidelines would NOT be effective for administering punishment? A. It must be consistent. B. It must be immediate. C. The subject must have some time to think about what she has done before punishment is administered. D. It must be clearly tied to the offense.

C. The subject must have some time to think about what she has done before punishment is administered.

32. The socialization process whereby children learn culturally accepted gender roles is called: A. achieving gender identity. B. gender conservation. C. gender-typing. D. gender-stereotyping.

C. gender-typing.

18. Parents and teachers of preschoolers can avoid fostering the "helpless" pattern associated with low self-esteem by A. targeting their criticism at the child as a person rather than focusing on particular behaviors. B. focusing on other children's good performance so that the child can have a goal to achieve. C. giving specific strategy-focused feedback rather than criticizing the child as a person. D. ignoring the child when he or she exhibits "helpless" behavior.

C. giving specific strategy-focused feedback rather than criticizing the child as a person.

22. Marcus comments on how some children in his class pick up on the feelings of characters in books, whereas other children never seem to figure out how the characters are feeling. Individual differences in understanding conflicting emotions A. are rarely seen in preschool children. B. do not typically appear until the age of 5. C. may reflect differences among families in the amount and type of discussion of why people behave the way they do. D. are primarily due to gender differences between girls and boys.

C. may reflect differences among families in the amount and type of discussion of why people behave the way they do.

55. Play is an important part of child development, and, in our fast-paced world, many children do not have enough unscheduled time to just play with their friends. On which of the following areas of development does play have an influence? A. Physical B. Intellectual C. Psychosocial D. All of the above

D. All of the above

73. Children who are punished harshly may A. have trouble interpreting other people's actions and words. B. later act aggressively. C. become passive because they feel helpless. D. All of the above are true.

D. All of the above are true.

50. According to social cognitive theory, which of the following statements describes part of the process by which boys come to internalize identification with their fathers? A. Boys pick models, such as their fathers, whom they see as powerful. B. Boys imitate their fathers' behaviors. C. Fathers and other adults reinforce gender-typing through praise and feedback. D. All of these

D. All of these

105. Research suggests that compared to those who are unpopular, well-liked preschoolers and kindergartners A. cope well with anger. B. attempt to minimize conflict. C. avoid insults and threats. D. All of these are correct.

D. All of these are correct.

97. Timmy is an aggressive child who spends time with friends who behave the same way. Timmy's parents are convinced that he is a good child who is aggressive only because of his friends. Which of the following statements regarding aggression is correct? A. Aggression is linked to individual temperament. B. Highly aggressive children tend to seek out friends like themselves. C. Through negative socializing experiences, children growing up in a high-risk environment may adopt undesirable behaviors despite their parents' best efforts. D. All of these are correct.

D. All of these are correct.

54. Which of the following statements regarding current children's books is FALSE? A. Children's books continue to display many gender stereotypes. B. Male characters predominate in children's books. C. Females are more often portrayed as needing help in children's books. D. All of these are true.

D. All of these are true.

6. Which of the following is NOT a typical aspect of self-definition in early childhood? A. Using concrete, observable behaviors to describe oneself B. Focusing on physical features in self-descriptions C. Having difficulty separating what one thinks of oneself from what one does D. Being self-critical, while maintaining a positive overall self-concept

D. Being self-critical, while maintaining a positive overall self-concept

25. In Erikson's theory, which of the following parental behaviors is least likely to help children achieve a healthy balance between initiative and guilt? A. Giving children opportunities to do things on their own B. Providing guidance C. Establishing firm limits D. Emphasizing strict obedience

D. Emphasizing strict obedience

37. Which of the following statements regarding biological differences between the brains of males and females is correct? A. Females have more brain cells. B. Males have more functional brain cells. C. Female brains have a larger cerebral cortex. D. Female brains have greater neuronal density.

D. Female brains have greater neuronal density.

57. _____ is the lowest cognitive level of play, involving repetitive muscular movements such as rolling or bouncing a ball. A. A formal games with rules B. Constructive play C. Pretend play D. Functional play

D. Functional play

45. Jennifer knows that she is a girl, and by watching what other girls do in her culture, she is learning how she is expected to behave. Which theory holds that gender-typing is acquired in this way? A. Psychoanalytic B. Biological C. Cognitive-developmental D. Gender-schema

D. Gender-schema

42. Which of the following perspectives on gender identity development is least favored by developmental psychologists? A. Social cognitive theory B. Gender-schema theory C. Cognitive developmental theory D. Psychoanalytic theory

D. Psychoanalytic theory

60. Which of the following statements regarding play is correct based on the 1920 research by Mildred B. Parten? A. A child's cognitive development has very little influence on her or his play behavior. B. Recent research has supported Parten's conclusion that solitary play is less mature than group play. C. Imaginative play typically does not emerge until 4 or 5 years of age. D. Reticent play is often a manifestation of shyness.

D. Reticent play is often a manifestation of shyness.

49. Albert Bandura is associated with which perspective of gender identity development? A. Biological B. Psychoanalytic C. Gender-schema D. Social cognitive

D. Social cognitive

19. Four-year-old Martha's ability to understand her own emotions helps her to A. guide her behavior in social situations. B. talk about her feelings. C. be sensitive to how others feel. D. all of the above.

D. all of the above.

33. Sam is 30 months old. He is becoming aware that he is a boy and that boys play with trucks but not dolls. He is developing: A. gender identity. B. a gender role. C. gender-typing. D. all of these

D. all of these

86. Research on parenting styles suggests that the most self-reliant, self-controlled, and contented children have parents who use a(n) _____ style. A. authoritarian B. permissive C. egalitarian D. authoritative

D. authoritative

43. The _____ theory, associated with Lawrence Kohlberg, holds that a child learns about gender by actively thinking about his or her experiences. A. social-learning B. psychoanalytic C. psychosocial D. cognitive-developmental

D. cognitive-developmental

58. Dakota is using blocks to make a house and a garage. According to Piaget's categorization, Dakota is engaged in A. a formal game with rules. B. functional play. C. parallel play. D. constructive play.

D. constructive play.

8. Preschool children _____ self-esteem and _____ self-concept. A. think; feel B. understand; think C. think; understand D. feel; think

D. feel; think

39. The process by which a young child adopts characteristics, beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors of the same-sex parent is called: A. socialization. B. conditioning. C. information processing. D. identification.

D. identification.

85. A style of parenting in which parents focus on their own needs is called A. the authoritative parenting style. B. the authoritarian parenting style. C. psychological aggression. D. neglectful parenting.

D. neglectful parenting.

99. The earliest, most frequent, and most intense disputes among siblings are about A. jealousy over parent's attention. B. differences in self-efficacy. C. moral issues. D. property rights.

D. property rights.

12. In the preschool years, a child typically makes logical connections between aspects of the self but still sees these characteristics in all-or-nothing terms. This way of thinking is called A. visions of the ideal self. B. visions of the real self. C. single representations. D. representational mappings.

D. representational mappings.

4. When Dora starts to list characteristics to describe herself, she is disclosing her A. self-esteem. B. self-efficacy. C. self-concept. D. self-definition.

D. self-definition.

7. Tasha's judgment and evaluation about her self-worth is called her A. self-definition. B. ideal self. C. real self. D. self-esteem.

D. self-esteem.

62. Parten identified _____ types of play. A. three B. four C. five D. six

D. six

72. An internal reward for a child's good behavior is a reward that is A. given within the home. B. given by a close family member. C. intangible (such as praise or a smile) rather than tangible (such as a toy or sticker). D. the child's own feeling of pleasure or accomplishment.

D. the child's own feeling of pleasure or accomplishment.

117. Culture does not affect self-definition.

FALSE

119. According to Erikson, the developmental conflict of early childhood is autonomy versus guilt/shame.

FALSE

121. Gender stereotypes do not peak until adolescence.

FALSE

122. There is little in the way of biological differences in the brains of males and females.

FALSE

124. Gender constancy is achieved at approximately 3 years of age for most children.

FALSE

126. Changes in the type of play children engage in rarely reflect changes in cognitive development.

FALSE

129. Power assertion is the most effective in promoting internalization of parental standards.

FALSE

131. Baumrind identified three child-rearing styles: authoritarian, authoritative, and neglectful.

FALSE

132. Authoritarian parents tend to raise more competent children.

FALSE

134. Most sibling interactions are competitive and not positive.

FALSE

116. According to the neo-Piagetians, self-definition shifts from a single representation to representational mappings.

TRUE

118. Self-esteem in early childhood tends to be global and unrealistic, reflecting adult approval.

TRUE

120. The main gender difference in early childhood is boys' greater aggression and activity.

TRUE

123. Evolutionary theory argues that children's gender roles are preparation for adult mating behavior.

TRUE

125. Play has physical, cognitive, and psychosocial benefits, as well as evolutionary functions.

TRUE

127. According to Parten, play becomes more social during early childhood.

TRUE

128. Discipline can be a powerful tool for socialization.

TRUE

130. Today, most argue that spanking and other forms of corporal punishment have negative consequences.

TRUE

133. Instrumental aggression, first physical, then verbal is most common in early childhood.

TRUE