Health &physical assessment of the adult

96. The nurse is instructing a client how to perform a testicular self-examination (TSE). The nurse should explain that which is the best time to perform this exam? 1. After a shower or bath 2. While standing to void 3. After having a bowel movement 4. While lying in bed before arising

1. After a shower or bath Rationale: The nurse needs to teach the client how to perform a TSE. The nurse should instruct the client to perform the exam on the same day each month. The nurse should also instruct the client that the best time to perform a TSE is after a shower or bath when the hands are warm and soapy and the scrotum is warm. Palpation is easier and the client will be better able to identify any abnormalities. The client would stand to perform the exam, but it would be difficult to perform the exam while voiding. Having a bowel movement is unrelated to performing a TSE. Test-Taking Strategy: Note the strategic word, best. Think about the purpose of this test and visualize this assessment technique to answer correctly. Level of Cognitive Ability: Applying Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance Integrated Process: Teaching and Learning Content Area: Health Assessment/Physical Exam: Testicles Health Problem: N/A Priority Concepts: Client Education; Sexuality

99. The clinic nurse prepares to perform a focused assessment on a client who is complaining of symptoms of a cold, a cough, and lung congestion. Which should the nurse include for this type of assessment? Select all that apply. 1. Auscultating lung sounds 2. Obtaining the client's temperature 3. Assessing the strength of peripheral pulses 4. Obtaining information about the client's respirations 5. Performing a musculoskeletal and neurological examination 6. Asking the client about a family history of any illness or disease

1. Auscultating lung sounds 2. Obtaining the client's temperature 4. Obtaining information about the client's respirations Rationale: A focused assessment focuses on a limited or short-term problem, such as the client's complaint. Because the client is complaining of symptoms of a cold, a cough, and lung congestion, the nurse would focus on the respiratory system and the presence of an infection. A complete assessment includes a complete health history and physical examination and forms a baseline database. Assessing the strength of peripheral pulses relates to a vascular assessment, which is not related to this client's complaints. A musculoskeletal and neurological examination also is not related to this client's complaints. However, strength of peripheral pulses and a musculoskeletal and neurological examination would be included in a complete assessment. Likewise, asking the client about a family history of any illness or disease would be included in a complete assessment. Test-Taking Strategy: Focus on the subject and note the words focused assessment. Noting that the client's symptoms relate to the respiratory system and the presence of an infection will direct you to the correct options. Level of Cognitive Ability: Analyzing Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance Integrated Process: Nursing Process—Assessment Content Area: Health Assessment/Physical Exam: Health History Health Problem: N/A Priority Concepts: Clinical Judgment; Gas Exchange

95. The nurse is testing the extraocular movements in a client to assess for muscle weakness in the eyes. The nurse should implement which assessment technique to assess for muscle weakness in the eye? 1. Test the corneal reflexes. 2. Test the 6 cardinal positions of gaze. 3. Test visual acuity, using a Snellen eye chart. 4. Test sensory function by asking the client to close the eyes and then lightly touching the forehead, cheeks, and chin.

2. Test the 6 cardinal positions of gaze. Rationale: Testing the 6 cardinal positions of gaze (diagnostic positions test) is done to assess for muscle weakness in the eyes. The client is asked to hold the head steady, and then to follow movement of an object through the positions of gaze. The client should follow the object in a parallel manner with the 2 eyes. A Snellen eye chart assesses visual acuity and cranial nerve II (optic). Testing sensory function by having the client close his or her eyes and then lightly touching areas of the face and testing the corneal reflexes assess cranial nerve V (trigeminal). Test-Taking Strategy: Focus on the subject, assessing for muscle weakness in the eyes. Note the relationship between the words extraocular movements in the question and positions of gaze in the correct option. Level of Cognitive Ability: Applying Client Needs: Physiological Integrity Integrated Process: Nursing Process—Assessment Content Area: Health Assessment/Physical Exam: Ear, Nose, and Throat Health Problem: N/A Priority Concepts: Clinical Judgment; Sensory Perception

94. While performing a cardiac assessment on a client with an incompetent heart valve, the nurse auscultates a murmur. The nurse documents the finding and describes the sound as which? 1. Lub-dub sounds 2. Scratchy, leathery heart noise 3. A blowing or swooshing noise 4. Abrupt, high-pitched snapping noise

3. A blowing or swooshing noise Rationale: A heart murmur is an abnormal heart sound and is described as a faint or loud blowing, swooshing sound with a high, medium, or low pitch. Lub-dub sounds are normal and represent the S1 (first) heart sound and S2 (second) heart sound, respectively. A pericardial friction rub is described as a scratchy, leathery heart sound. A click is described as an abrupt, high-pitched snapping sound. Test-Taking Strategy: Focus on the subject, characteristics of a murmur. Eliminate option 1 because it describes normal heart sounds. Next recall that a murmur occurs as a result of the manner in which the blood is flowing through the cardiac chambers and valves. This will direct you to the correct option. Level of Cognitive Ability: Applying Client Needs: Physiological Integrity Integrated Process: Communication and Documentation Content Area: Health Assessment/Physical Exam: Heart and Peripheral Vascular Health Problem: Adult Health: Cardiovascular: Inflammatory and Structural Heart Disorders Priority Concepts: Clinical Judgment; Perfusion

93. A client diagnosed with conductive hearing loss asks the nurse to explain the cause of the hearing problem. The nurse plans to explain to the client that this condition is caused by which problem? 1. A defect in the cochlea 2. A defect in cranial nerve VIII 3. A physical obstruction to the transmission of sound waves 4. A defect in the sensory fibers that lead to the cerebral cortex

3. A physical obstruction to the transmission of sound waves Rationale: A conductive hearing loss occurs as a result of a physical obstruction to the transmission of sound waves. A sensorineural hearing loss occurs as a result of a pathological process in the inner ear, a defect in cranial nerve VIII, or a defect of the sensory fibers that lead to the cerebral cortex. Test-Taking Strategy: Focus on the subject, a conductive hearing loss. Noting the relationship of the word conductive in the question and transmission in the correct option will direct you to this option. Level of Cognitive Ability: Applying Client Needs: Physiological Integrity Integrated Process: Teaching and Learning Content Area: Health Assessment/Physical Exam: Ear, Nose, and Throat Health Problem: Adult Health: Ear: Hearing Loss Priority Concepts: Client Education; Sensory Perception

91. The nurse is performing a neurological assessment on a client and notes a positive Romberg's test. The nurse makes this determination based on which observation? 1. An involuntary rhythmic, rapid, twitching of the eyeballs 2. A dorsiflexion of the great toe with fanning of the other toes 3. A significant sway when the client stands erect with feet together, arms at the side, and the eyes closed 4. A lack of normal sense of position when the client is unable to return extended fingers to a point of reference

3. A significant sway when the client stands erect with feet together, arms at the side, and the eyes closed Rationale: In Romberg's test, the client is asked to stand with the feet together and the arms at the sides, and to close the eyes and hold the position; normally the client can maintain posture and balance. A positive Romberg's sign is a vestibular 409 neurological sign that is found when a client exhibits a loss of balance when closing the eyes. This may occur with cerebellar ataxia, loss of proprioception, and loss of vestibular function. A lack of normal sense of position coupled with an inability to return extended fingers to a point of reference is a finding that indicates a problem with coordination. A positive gaze nystagmus evaluation results in an involuntary rhythmic, rapid twitching of the eyeballs. A positive Babinski's test results in dorsiflexion of the great toe with fanning of the other toes; if this occurs in anyone older than 2 years it indicates the presence of central nervous system disease. Test-Taking Strategy: Note the subject, Romberg's sign. You can easily answer this question if you can recall that the client's balance is tested in this test. Level of Cognitive Ability: Analyzing Client Needs: Physiological Integrity Integrated Process: Nursing Process—Assessment Content Area: Health Assessment/Physical Exam: Neurological Health Problem: N/A Priority Concepts: Clinical Judgment; Mobility

97. The nurse is assessing a client suspected of having meningitis for meningeal irritation and elicits a positive Brudzinski's sign. Which finding did the nurse observe? 1. The client rigidly extends the arms with pronated forearms and plantar flexion of the feet. 2. The client flexes a leg at the hip and knee and reports pain in the vertebral column when the leg is extended. 3. The client passively flexes the hip and knee in response to neck flexion and reports pain in the vertebral column. 4. The client's upper arms are flexed and held tightly to the sides of the body and the legs are extended and internally rotated.

3. The client passively flexes the hip and knee in response to neck flexion and reports pain in the vertebral column. Rationale: Brudzinski's sign is tested with the client in the supine position. The nurse flexes the client's head (gently moves the head to the chest), and there should be no reports of pain or resistance to the neck flexion. A positive Brudzinski's sign is observed if the client passively flexes the hip and knee in response to neck flexion and reports pain in the vertebral column. Kernig's sign also tests for meningeal irritation and is positive when the client flexes the legs at the hip and knee and complains of pain along the vertebral column when the leg is extended. Decorticate posturing is abnormal flexion and is noted when the client's upper arms are flexed and held tightly to the sides of the body and the legs are extended and internally rotated. Decerebrate posturing is abnormal extension and occurs when the arms are fully extended, forearms pronated, wrists and fingers flexed, jaws clenched, neck extended, and feet plantar-flexed. Test-Taking Strategy: Focus on the subject, a positive Brudzinski's sign. Recalling that a positive sign is elicited if the client reports pain will assist in eliminating options 1 and 4. Next it is necessary to know that a positive Brudzinski's sign is observed if the client passively flexes the hip and knee in response to neck flexion and reports pain in the vertebral column. Level of Cognitive Ability: Applying Client Needs: Physiological Integrity Integrated Process: Nursing Process—Assessment Content Area: Health Assessment/Physical Exam: Neurological Health Problem: Adult Health: Neurological: Inflammation/Infections Priority Concepts: Clinical Judgment; Intracranial Regulation

98. A client with a diagnosis of asthma is admitted to the hospital with respiratory distress. Which type of adventitious lung sounds should the nurse expect to hear when performing a respiratory assessment on this client? 1. Stridor 2. Crackles 3. Wheezes 4. Diminished

3. Wheezes Rationale: Asthma is a respiratory disorder characterized by recurring episodes of dyspnea, constriction of the bronchi, and wheezing. Wheezes are described as high- pitched musical sounds heard when air passes through an obstructed or narrowed lumen of a respiratory passageway. Stridor is a harsh sound noted with an upper airway obstruction and often signals a life-threatening emergency. Crackles are produced by air passing over retained airway secretions or fluid, or the sudden opening of collapsed airways. Diminished lung sounds are heard over lung tissue where poor oxygen exchange is occurring. Test-Taking Strategy: Note the subject, assessment of abnormal lung sounds. Note the client's diagnosis and think about the pathophysiology that occurs in this disorder. Recalling that bronchial constriction occurs will assist in directing you to the correct option. Also, thinking about the definition of each adventitious lung sound identified in the options will direct you to the correct option. Level of Cognitive Ability: Analyzing Client Needs: Physiological Integrity Integrated Process: Nursing Process—Assessment Content Area: Health Assessment/Physical Exam: Thorax and Lungs Health Problem: Adult Health: Respiratory: Asthma Priority Concepts: Clinical Judgment; Gas Exchange

90. A Spanish-speaking client arrives at the triage desk in the emergency department and states to the nurse that an interpreter is needed. Which is the best action for the nurse to take? 1. Have one of the client's family members interpret. 2. Have the Spanish-speaking triage receptionist interpret. 3. Page an interpreter from the hospital's interpreter services. 4. Obtain a Spanish-English dictionary and attempt to triage the client.

Page an interpreter from the hospital's interpreter services. Rationale: The best action is to have a professional hospital-based interpreter translate for the client. English-speaking family members may not appropriately understand what is asked of them and may paraphrase what the client is actually saying. Also, client confidentiality as well as accurate information may be compromised when a family member or a non-health care provider acts as interpreter. Test-Taking Strategy: Note the strategic word, best. Initially focus on what the client needs. In this case the client needs and asks for an interpreter. Next keep in mind the issue of confidentiality and making sure that information is obtained in the most efficient and accurate way. This will assist in eliminating options 1, 2, and 4. Level of Cognitive Ability: Applying Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity Integrated Process: Communication and Documentation Content Area: Foundations of Care: Communication Health Problem: N/A Priority Concepts: Communication; Culture

92. The nurse notes documentation that a client is exhibiting Cheyne-Stokes respirations. On assessment of the client, the nurse should expect to note which finding? 1. Rhythmic respirations with periods of apnea 2. Regular rapid and deep, sustained respirations 3. Totally irregular respiration in rhythm and depth 4. Irregular respirations with pauses at the end of inspiration and expiration

Rhythmic respirations with periods of apnea Rationale: Cheyne-Stokes respirations are rhythmic respirations with periods of apnea and can indicate a metabolic dysfunction in the cerebral hemisphere or basal ganglia. Neurogenic hyperventilation is a regular, rapid and deep, sustained respiration that can indicate a dysfunction in the low midbrain and middle pons. Ataxic respirations are totally irregular in rhythm and depth and indicate a dysfunction in the medulla. Apneustic respirations are irregular respirations with pauses at the end of inspiration and expiration and can indicate a dysfunction in the middle or caudal pons. Test-Taking Strategy: Focus on the subject, the characteristics of Cheyne-Stokes respirations. Recalling that periods of apnea occur with this type of respiration will help direct you to the correct answer. Level of Cognitive Ability: Applying Client Needs: Physiological Integrity Integrated Process: Nursing Process—Assessment Content Area: Health Assessment/Physical Exam: Thorax and Lungs Health Problem: N/A Priority Concepts: Clinical Judgment; Gas Exchange