Health Chapter 13

Identify the changes that occurred in relation to opioid use after the passage of the 1914 Harrison Act.

- The Supreme Court decided that possession of smuggled opioids was a crime. - Clinics for the treatment of opioid addictions were closed.

Identify the attributes of heroin.

- The acetyl groups present in heroin increase the lipid solubility of heroin molecules. - Heroin molecules enter the brain more rapidly than morphine molecules do.

Raw opium contains about

10 percent morphine by weight and a smaller amount of codeine

Which of the following is a common misconception associated with opioid use?

Heroin users undergoing withdrawal without medication always experience excruciating pain.

Identify a true statement about opioid abuse in the United States during the 19th century.

Imported Chinese laborers introduced opium smoking to the United States.

Which of the following is a feature of heroin?

It is about three times as potent as morphine.

Identify a true statement about the opioid pain killer fentanyl.

It is used in conjunction with surgical anesthesia.

____ is a unique substance extracted from the juice of the plant Papaver somniferum.

Opium

Which of the following is true of the history of opium during the Dark Ages?

Opium became the primary social drug wherever the Islamic culture moved.

Identify a true statement about the extraction of opium from the unripe seedpods of the Papaver somniferum plant.

The substance from the unripe seedpods of the plant oxidizes to a red-brown color and becomes gummy.

Identify a feature of opioids in the context of their effect on the gastrointestinal system.

They often result in constipation in patients taking the drugs for pain relief.

In the context of physical dependence in opioid users, it has been observed that

a moderate case of withdrawal is rarely life-threatening but is most unpleasant

Since it was first purified from opium, codeine has been widely used for its Blank______ properties and is still available in a number of prescription cough remedies.

antitussive

A beneficial effect of opioid drugs is that they

decrease activity in the cough control center in the medulla

One specific effect of the opioid drugs is to

depress the respiratory centers in the brain

Opioids relieve pain in part by

diminishing the patient's awareness of and response to the aversive stimulus

Match the types of endogenous opioids with their descriptions.

enkephalins - morphine-like chemicals that occur naturally in the brain and adrenal glands endorphins - morphine-like chemicals that occur naturally in the brain and pituitary gland

True or false: Other than enkephalins and endorphins, no substance has actions similar to those of morphine.

false

A true statement about the extraction of opium from the Papaver somniferum plant is that ____

harvesters make shallow cuts into the unripe seedpods of the plant

One of the misconceptions associated with opioid use is that

injecting heroin or morphine induces in everyone an intense pleasure unequaled by any other experience

Withdrawal symptoms of heroin can be prevented for as much as a day by substituting legal ___

methadone

The primary active ingredient found in opium is

morphine

One of the beneficial uses of opioids is that they

quiet colic and save lives by counteracting diarrhea

A characteristic of opium is that it

relieves pain and suffering magnificently

An excessive dose of opioid drugs can result in death from

respiratory depression

An attribute of morphine is that it is

ten times as potent as opium

The first specific medical use of opium to prevent the excessive crying of children was reported in

the Ebers papyrus in Egypt

Which of the following forms of opioid addiction that developed in the United States in the second half of the 19th century is medically the most dangerous and ultimately the most disruptive socially?

the injection of morphine

In the aftermath of the passage of the Harrison Act in the United States in 1914, ____

the number of oral opioid users began to decline

The major therapeutic indication for morphine and the other opioids is

the reduction of pain