Health Chapter 13
Identify the changes that occurred in relation to opioid use after the passage of the 1914 Harrison Act.
- The Supreme Court decided that possession of smuggled opioids was a crime. - Clinics for the treatment of opioid addictions were closed.
Identify the attributes of heroin.
- The acetyl groups present in heroin increase the lipid solubility of heroin molecules. - Heroin molecules enter the brain more rapidly than morphine molecules do.
Raw opium contains about
10 percent morphine by weight and a smaller amount of codeine
Which of the following is a common misconception associated with opioid use?
Heroin users undergoing withdrawal without medication always experience excruciating pain.
Identify a true statement about opioid abuse in the United States during the 19th century.
Imported Chinese laborers introduced opium smoking to the United States.
Which of the following is a feature of heroin?
It is about three times as potent as morphine.
Identify a true statement about the opioid pain killer fentanyl.
It is used in conjunction with surgical anesthesia.
____ is a unique substance extracted from the juice of the plant Papaver somniferum.
Opium
Which of the following is true of the history of opium during the Dark Ages?
Opium became the primary social drug wherever the Islamic culture moved.
Identify a true statement about the extraction of opium from the unripe seedpods of the Papaver somniferum plant.
The substance from the unripe seedpods of the plant oxidizes to a red-brown color and becomes gummy.
Identify a feature of opioids in the context of their effect on the gastrointestinal system.
They often result in constipation in patients taking the drugs for pain relief.
In the context of physical dependence in opioid users, it has been observed that
a moderate case of withdrawal is rarely life-threatening but is most unpleasant
Since it was first purified from opium, codeine has been widely used for its Blank______ properties and is still available in a number of prescription cough remedies.
antitussive
A beneficial effect of opioid drugs is that they
decrease activity in the cough control center in the medulla
One specific effect of the opioid drugs is to
depress the respiratory centers in the brain
Opioids relieve pain in part by
diminishing the patient's awareness of and response to the aversive stimulus
Match the types of endogenous opioids with their descriptions.
enkephalins - morphine-like chemicals that occur naturally in the brain and adrenal glands endorphins - morphine-like chemicals that occur naturally in the brain and pituitary gland
True or false: Other than enkephalins and endorphins, no substance has actions similar to those of morphine.
false
A true statement about the extraction of opium from the Papaver somniferum plant is that ____
harvesters make shallow cuts into the unripe seedpods of the plant
One of the misconceptions associated with opioid use is that
injecting heroin or morphine induces in everyone an intense pleasure unequaled by any other experience
Withdrawal symptoms of heroin can be prevented for as much as a day by substituting legal ___
methadone
The primary active ingredient found in opium is
morphine
One of the beneficial uses of opioids is that they
quiet colic and save lives by counteracting diarrhea
A characteristic of opium is that it
relieves pain and suffering magnificently
An excessive dose of opioid drugs can result in death from
respiratory depression
An attribute of morphine is that it is
ten times as potent as opium
The first specific medical use of opium to prevent the excessive crying of children was reported in
the Ebers papyrus in Egypt
Which of the following forms of opioid addiction that developed in the United States in the second half of the 19th century is medically the most dangerous and ultimately the most disruptive socially?
the injection of morphine
In the aftermath of the passage of the Harrison Act in the United States in 1914, ____
the number of oral opioid users began to decline
The major therapeutic indication for morphine and the other opioids is
the reduction of pain
