HEALTH chapter 3

treating depression

Medications, psychotherapy, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in severe or cases unresponsive to meds Artificial lighting for seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

schizophrenia

Not rare Uncertainty about causes - genetic/environmental? General characteristics Disorganized thoughts Inappropriate emotions Delusions Auditory hallucinations Deteriorating social and work functioning

signs and risk factors for suicide

-Comments about death and threats of suicide -Increasing social withdrawal and isolation -Intensified moodiness -Increase in risk-taking behaviors -Suicide by a family member or friend -History of substance abuse or eating disorders -Readily available means of committing suicide -Sudden improvement in mood, accompanied by certain behaviors, such as giving away possessions

ways to help a potential suicide

-Encourage person to talk -Encourage person to seek help -Contact parent / relatives / counselor / other professionals -Don't leave them alone! -Call for help; take to ER

bipolar disorder (mood disorder)

-Formerly known as "manic depression" -Episodes of mania typically alternating with depression -Average age of onset = 20's -Genetics a strong factor -Treated with tranquilizers, lithium, anticonvulsants

meet challenges to self-esteem

-Notice your patterns of thinking -Avoid focusing on the negative - cognitive distortion; "self-fulfilling prophecy" -Develop realistic self-talk

general anxiety disorder (GAD)

-Overwhelmed by worry about routine matters -Reaction to future threats is to worry

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

-Persistent, intrusive thoughts, impulses, or images that cause intense anxiety or distress. Repetitive behaviors reduce anxiety. -Obsessions - recurrent, unwanted thoughts -Compulsions - repetitive, difficult-to-resist actions

characteristics of mentally healthy people

-Possess high self-esteem -Accept imperfections in themselves and others -Altruistic -Have sense of control over their lives (internal LOC!) -Demonstrate social competence in relationships -Able to rely on others -Not overwhelmed by emotions -Try to maintain a positive outlook on life -Capable of intimacy; no fear of commitment -Show creativity -Take reasonable risks in order to grow -Can bounce back from adversity

defense mechanisms

-Projection -Repression -Denial -Displacement -Dissociation -Rationalization -Reaction formation -Substitution -Passive-aggressive behavior -Humor

people who are emotionally intelligent can

-Recognize, name, understand their emotions -Manage their emotions and control their moods -Motivate themselves toward personal goals -Recognize and respond to emotions in others -Be socially competent

causes of suicide

-Up to 90% of those who commit suicide suffer from a mental disorder usually depression -The symptom linking depression and suicide is a feeling of hopelessness -Depression and alcoholism may be involved in ⅔ of suicides -Substance abuse and depression can be lethal -Sometimes no apparent precipitating event or problem, OR there can be a single inciting event -Previous attempt is huge risk factor

developing a positive self-concept

-begins in childhood -integration -stability

achieving health self-esteem

-develop a positive self-concept -meet challenges to self-esteem -be less defensive (defense mechanisms) -be optimistic, not pessimistic

growing up psychologically

-developing an adult identity -developing intimacy -developing values and purpose in your life

anxiety disorders (psychological disorders)

-generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) -obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) -post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

maintaining healthy self-esteem

-maintain honest communication -deal with loneliness/be happy with yourself -deal with anger (manage your own anger, deal with anger in other people)

treating anxiety disorders

-medication -psychological interventions (cognitive-behavoiral therapy)

mental disorder

-pattern of behavior associated with distress or disability or with significantly increased risk of suffering, death, pain, disability, or loss of freedom -pattern of behavior that interferes with daily functioning

qualities of self-actualization

-realism -acceptance -autonomy -authenticity -capacity for intimacy -creativity

resulting social problems of depression

-resulting in social problems (medical costs, homelessness, employee work time) -stress is a common factor for both mental and physical illness

criteria for depression (major depressive disorder and depressive episodes)

1. Depressed mood or irritable most of the day, nearly every day, as indicated by either subjective report (e.g., feels sad or empty) or observation made by others (e.g., appears tearful). 2. Decreased interest or pleasure in most activities, most of each day 3. Significant weight change (5%) or change in appetite 4. Change in sleep: Insomnia or hypersomnia 5. Change in activity: Psychomotor agitation or retardation 6. Fatigue or loss of energy 7. Guilt/worthlessness: Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt 8. Concentration: diminished ability to think or concentrate, or more indecisiveness 9. Suicidality: Thoughts of death or suicide, or has suicide plan

prevalence of suicide

10 per 100,000 nationally per year

males (suicide)

10% have serious suicidal thoughts

high school students (suicide)

14.5% have considered suicide in the past year

females (suicide)

18% have serious suicidal thoughts

psychotherapy

250+ different models of psychotherapy Based on the development of positive interpersonal relationship between a client and a therapist

percent of adults diagnosed with mental disorder

26% per year adults in the U.S. diagnosed with mental disorder (83 million)

percentage of adults that experience depression at some time

50% experience depression at some time

causes and diagnosis of mental disorders

Some disorders caused by brain pathology alone, but most are......multifactorial! Biological / social / cultural / genetic / environmental Mental disorder differs from "normal" psychological problem; can be diagnosed from a set of symptoms Diagnosing a mental disorder is complex process Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) of APA

suicide in college populations

About 6% of college-aged students seriously considered suicide; almost 1% attempted to kill themselves in the past year 30% college students report being too depressed to function

medications (>1950's)

Antipsychotics Antidepressants Anxiolytics (anti-anxiety) Use of medications has increased dramatically in recent years

mania (mood disorder)

Characterized by excessive elation, irritability, talkativeness, inflated self-esteem, and expansiveness

behaviors of self-injury

Cutting Burning Scratching Branding Picking Hair pulling Head banging

major depressive disorder

Demoralization -Feeling of sadness and hopelessness -Loss of pleasure in doing usual activities -Poor appetite and weight loss -Insomnia or disturbed sleep -Restlessness or, alternatively, fatigue -Thoughts of worthlessness and guilt -Trouble concentrating or making decisions -Thoughts of death or suicide

risk factors of self-injury

History of physical and/or sexual abuse plus coexisting problems such as substance abuse / eating disorder

the teenage brain

The brain is the most complex, least understood organ By the age of 6, 95% of the brain is formed, but.... Growth spurt in adolescence in frontal cortex - "executive functions" of planning, organization, rational thinking (or risk taking/impulsivity) By early to mid 20s, a more mature adult brain results

self-inflicted injury

Intentional injury to own body, AKA self-harm, self-mutilation, or self-injurious behavior - appears to be increasing in prevalence (DSM = "Non-suicidal self-injury") Maladaptive coping strategy?

mood disorders (psychological disorders)

Known as depressive or affective disorders - among most common mental disorders Emotional disturbance that is intense and persistent enough to affect normal function 20 million+ adults in the United States suffer from a depressive illness, affecting more women than men Examples include: Major depressive disorder (depression) Bipolar disorder (depression plus manic episodes)

psychiatrist

M.D. plus residency; can prescribe meds but has less training in psychotherapy

Psychoneuroimmunology

The study of the interaction of behavioral, neural, and endocrine factors and the functioning of the immune system

licensed psychologist (PhD or PsyD)

Trained in psychotherapy; cannot prescribe medication

CAT, PET, MRI's & fMRI's

allow for new discoveries in the areas of mental disorders and the physiology of the brain

brain

central control station for human intelligence, feeling and creativity

licensed clinical social worker (LCSW)

counselor; marriage or family therapist = Master's degree+ Provides psychotherapy but cannot prescribe meds

electroconvulsive therapy

electric shock therapy

the engaged life

engagement, absorption, immersion, "flow"

social phobia

fear of certain kinds of performance situations; of humiliation or embarrassment while being observed by others (15 million americans)

psychiatric nurse practitioner (PNP)

focuses on diagnosis and can prescribe meds under supervision of M.D.

6.9%

have attempted suicide

2%

have received treatment for related injuries after attempting suicide

gender and self-injury

higher in young females; rates chang in older ages

specific phobia

intense fear of a situation or object most common and understandable

controversial

lack of scientific research support; too simplistic; not applicable to all individuals

11%

made a plan for suicide

the pleasant life

maximizing pleasure

anxiety disorders

most common mental disorder along with depression (affects 40million americans 18 and older)

returning veterans

newest at risk population for suicide

the meaningful life

reaching beyond oneself in serving others

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

reaction to a severely traumatic event

panic disorders

sudden unexpected surges in anxiety (panic attach) rapid, strong heart beat; shortness of breath; loss of physical equilibrium; feeling of losing mental control may lead to agoraphobia

age of suicide

suicide is the 3rd leading cause of death for ages 15-24; 11th cause for all ages

prevalence of self-injury

teens to early 20's >20% of college students

three ways to achieve happiness

the pleasant life the engaged life the meaningful life

positive psychology

the scientific study of the conditions, strengths and virtues that enable individuals and commuities to thrive (APA)

positive psychology

the study of happiness

1980's

the year in which knowledge of the brain's function has increased dramatically

positive psychology

understanding the science and anatomy of happiness, positive experiences, hope, optimism and altruism, sharing, courage, etc.

ethnicity of suicide

whites, american indians highest but blacks rising

gender of suicide

women in the U.S. more likely to attempt suicide but men are four times more likely to succeed