Health Final Review
The ability to use your joints fully through a wide range of motion is?
flexibility
How many calories are in 1 pound of fat?
~3,500 calories
Diminishing Returns
Amount of improvement is less as you approach your genetic limits; fitter you are, the harder it is to improve
Exercise to build muscle strength that does not require the use of large amounts of oxygen is what type of exercise? Ex: Lifting weights
Anaerobic
Which emotion is a survival mechanism?
Anxiety, Survival-mode emotions
What is Static Stretching
Applies to force to a muscle for 10-20 seconds; best used at the end of workout
What is a neurotransmitter and what is its function?
Chemical messengers; Send messages from brain to neurons, muscles, or glands
What causes different drugs to have different effects?
Chemical structures
A fat-like substance in food and the bloodstream is?
Cholesterol (Bad: LDL/Good: HDL)
What is fiber and the importance of fiber?
Clears digestive tract/prevents diseases in digestive system (EX: Colon Cancer, Constipation, Heart Attack) and lowers cholesterol; Found in leafy green vegetables
What class of drug causes hallucinations and profound distortions in a person's perceptions of reality?
Hallucinogens
Why is it difficult to learn if a person is hungry?
Harder to focus
What are Axon Terminals
Junction to other cells
Mesomorph
Large bone structure, little body fat, muscular body, broad shoulders narrow hips, large head, strong forearms and thighs
meats with little to no fat are known as what?
Lean Meats
What are Cell Bodies?
Life support system for cell
What is an entertainment cue?
Light keeps the innate mechanism synchronized to the normal open in the day
What system is involved with the fight or flight respone?
Limbic System, Central Nervous System, Sympathetic Nervous System
Ectomorph
Long slender and thin, little muscle/body fat, narrow hips and shoulders, thin legs and arms, narrow chest and abdomen, thin face and forehead
What emotion or feeling is associated with Serotonin?
Mood, Happiness
What is a specific warm-up
Move specific muscles for training session/goal; Most effective due to increasing blood flow to specific muscles and acting as practice
Why does practice improve a person's performance of playing a musical instrument?
Muscle memory, Motor Pattern
This element of fitness is measured by the amount of force you can put out or the amount of weight you can lift (Ex: 1 Rep Max or Bench)
Muscular Strength
What is the insulation that develops around a maturing neuron?
Myelin Sheath (from Myelination)
What part of the brain receives memories of events of the day from the hippocampus?
Neocortex, Cortex
Where are neurotransmitters released from?
Nerve terminals
What are long neurons bunched together called?
Nerves
Loss of what can cause permanent damage that impairs memory and ability to concentrate?
Neurons
What is the basic working unit of the brain?
Neurons
Individuality
No two individuals will react the same to a similar dose of physical exercise
Are memories stored in just one part of the brain?
No, spread out; Different parts contain different parts of you memory
What stage of sleep is where dreams occur?
Rapid Eye Movement (REM)
What is memory?
Reactivation of specific neural connections
What part of the target cell (Ex: neuron, muscle cell, gland) do neurotransmitters attach to?
Receptor
Why is sleep so important?
Recharges the mind, Memory Consolidation, Repairs body, Immune function, Regulates metabolism, Learning, Cognitive Functions
What is the speed at which your heart rate returns to normal after exercise?
Recovery heart rate
What are the two responsibilities of the midbrain?
Relay Station (Vision and Hearing) , Motor Movements, Awareness
How does exercise affect the brain?
Relieves stress, Releases endorphins, Reduces depression, Increases ability to sleep
What is the number of times your heart beats per minute when you are not active?
Resting hear rate
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?
Saturated fat - Solid at room temperature/Unhealthy (Animal Products); Unsaturated fat- Liquid at room temperature/Healthy (Nuts, Oils)
What are Dendrites?
Send/receive messages from other cells
How are your memories and senses connected?
Senses help recall memory; Senses trigger certain memories
What organs send sensory information to the brain to help us understand our surroundings?
Sensory Organs
To perform a skill, what must numerous parts your brain work with to execute a coordinated movement?
Sensory organs, Coordination of the you entire body
What is the importance of carbohydrates to your body?
Short term energy (65% of energy comes from carbohydrates)
What is Dynamic Stretching
Slow controlled movements through a complete range of motion - specific to exercise; best used at the beginning of workout
What sense is associated with the Frontal Lobe?
Smell
Another name for body type is what?
Somatotype
What are Nondeclarative (Implicit) memories?
Unconsciously, skills or habits
What state of the brain includes all mental processes that are inaccessible to the conscious mind?
Unconsciousness
Reversibility
Use or Lose; Muscles build strength with use (Muscle Hypertrophy) and lose strength with lack of use (Muscle Atrophy)
What is the responsibility of the Occipital Lobe?
Vision
What sense is associated with the Occipital Lobe?
Vision (Spatial Awareness)
What is a water-soluble vitamin?
Vitamins that need to be constantly replenished and cannot be stored in excess; Ex: B Vitamins (Folate, Thiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12), and Vitamin C
What is a fat-soluble vitamin?
Vitamins that stay in the body for longer periods of time and are absorbed into the body along with fats; Stored in fatty tissue and liver; Ex: Vitamins A, D, E, K
What does dehydration cause a reduction of in blood?
Volume, Flow
What is the legal limit for blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of an adult 21 years old or older driving a car?
0.08%
What can influence he intensity of the psychological effects of stimulants on the brain?
1. The method you take the drug (Smoked, Injection, Pill, Snorted) 2. The rate of entry
Anyone under what age is supposed to have 0% BAC by law?
21
What age do you have to be to purchase tobacco products?
21
How much does the human brain weigh?
3.3 pounds
How many calories are in a gram of carbohydrates?
4 grams
How many calories are in a gram of protein?
4 grams
What is the recommended number of hours a teenager needs to sleep each night?
8.5-10 hours
How many calories are in a gram of fat?
9 grams
What emotion or feeling is associated with Dopamine?
Addiction, Motivation, Pleasure
Non-stop, moderate to vigorous activity that strengthens the heart and lungs is what type of exercise?
Aerobic
What drug is extremely harmful for teens because it exposes alcohol to the brain during a critical period of brain development?
Alcohol
What are the responsibilities of the hindbrain?
Autonomic Functions, Vital functions (Sleep, Heartbeat, Breathing)
In which direction does the brain develop from?
Back to front
What is a general warm-up
Basic activities that move major muscle groups; Increases body temperature which increases flexibility
Nerves connect what to the rest of your body?
Brain
What is the center of the nervous system?
Brain
What are some body functions the brain controls without being aware of them?
Breathing, Digesting, Heart rate
Which mineral helps build strong healthy bones and teeth?
Calcium
A unit of heat that indicates the amount of energy in food is called what?
Calorie
What fruit is in comparable size to the brain?
Cantaloupe
What are the 6 food groups?
Carbohydrates, Protein, Fats/Oil, Vitamins, Minerals, Water
AED's can be used as part of what?
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
Running, swimming, aerobics would require a good amount of what kind of endurance?
Cardiovascular/Cardiorespiratory Endurance
What are Neurons?
Cell transmits information to nervous system
A protein that contains all 9 amino acids is called what?
Complete Protein (animal based foods)
What emotion or feeling is associated with Noradrenaline?
Concentration, Fear, Anger
What can help a person develop a healthy sleep pattern?
Consistency, Removal of electronics, Don't eat 2-3 hours before bed, Avoid stimulants (Caffeine)
What are Myelin Sheaths?
Covers axon (protein/fatty substance) and helps neural impulses travel faster and more efficiently
What are Declarative (Explicit) memories?
Declarative memories lets one consciously recollect facts
What is bad stress called?
Distress
What does the body's digestive system change carbohydrates into?
Glucose
Glucose is stored in the liver and muscles as what until it is needed for energy?
Glycogen (later stored as fat called triglycerides)
What do you call a psychological disorder characterized by serious disturbances of eating behaviors?
Eating disorders
What are Neural Impulses?
Electrical signal to other cells
What are foods with little nutrients called?
Empty Calories
What emotion or feeling is associated with Endorphins?
Euphoria, Happiness
What is good stress called?
Eustress
What emotion or feeling is associated with Adrenaline?
Excitement, Danger, Fear, Fight-or-Flight
What are the responsibilities of the forebrain?
Executive Functions (Planning, Memory, Decision making), Complex cognitive activities, Processing senses, Voluntary motor movements
What is the function of the Cortex?
Executive functions, consciousness, thought, emotion, reasoning, language, and memory
Specificity
Exercise should be specific to goal
The brain makes choices about food based on how each food nourishes our body and?
Experiences
What food group helps rebuild and repair muscles?
Protein
What is the function of the Amygdala
Fear/Stress response (Fight or Flight), Asses threats
What memories are formed after one incident or only a few repetitions.
Fearful memories, Episodic
What are nutrient-dense foods?
Foods with lots of nutrients
What is Lactic Acid
Forms in muscles/red blood cells during breaking down of carbohydrates when oxygen levels are low (anaerobic); Times when oxygen levels are low include intense exercise or infection/disease
What sense is associated with the Temporal Lobe?
Hearing
What is the responsibility of the Temporal Lobe?
Hearing, Language, Auditory Information
What are the effects of sleep deprivation?
High blood pressure, Diabetes, Heart attack, Anxiety, Depression, Heart disease/failure, Impairs memory, Increases risky behavior
What are some of the long-term health risks of alcohol use?
High blood pressure, heart disease, liver related diseases, cancer
What part of the brain reviews and processes memories?
Hippocampus
What may a vegetarian struggle to incorporate in their iet?
Protein
A protein lacking all 9 amino acids is called what?
Incomplete Protein (plant based foods)
Why is cramming for an exam an ineffective strategy?
Increases stress/panic/anxiety, memory overload
What are neurons designed to transmit?
Information (via electrical/chemical signals)
What is the responsibility of the Frontal Lobe?
Initiating/Coordinating motor movements, Executive functions, Smell
What is the function of the Nucleus Accumbens
Interface between motivation and action; releases dopamine (processes reward)
What mineral is essential for healthy red blood cells and a deficiency might cause anemia?
Iron; Anemia is an iron deficiency (more prominent in females)
What has increased in the US as a result of poor dietary practices and sedentary activity?
Obesity, Heart disease, Obesity related diseases
Progression and Overload
Overload is when the body must perform at a level beyond normal to improve, and progression means to increase the level of exercise by increasing the frequency, time, or intensity of the exercise.
What are Axons?
Passes messages away from cell body to neurons/muscles/glands
Endomorph
Pear shaped body, lot of body fat, lot of fat on upper arms and thighs, wide hips and narrow shoulders, fairly slim wrists and ankles, short legs in relation to their trunks
What is an Automatic External Defibrillator (AED)?
Portable device that sends an electrical signal to heart to stop an irregular heartbeat (used to fix possible cardiac arrest)
How does exercise affect existing neurons?
Positively
What part of the brain is still developing through the early 20s and is important for thinking ahead and sizing up risk and reward (the red light that tries to warn you when you are about to react inappropriately, etc. )
Prefrontal Cortex
Which part of the brain is the last to develop, around the age of 25 years old?
Prefrontal Cortex
What is the sensory homunculus
Proportions of sensations (Model), Sensory distribution of cerebral cortex
What is consciousness?
State of being awake/alert
What category of drug affects the cardiovascular system by increasing heart rate and blood pressure, reduces blood flow to the skin, and increases the risk of blood clotting?
Stimulant
What are the important functions of myelination?
Strengthens nerves, Makes nerves healthier, Strengthens nervous system, Enables complex brain functions
How is sleep relevant to learning and memory?
Strengthens neural connections, Memory consolidation, Helps focus, Braindumps
What is the number one killer of adults?
Stress/heart disease
In what kind of situation does a persons heart rate increase and blood flow shifts into their muscles?
Stressful/Fight-or-Flight
What is a nutrient?
Substances in food that your body needs to grow, have energy, and stay healthy
What is formed when terminals from one neuron connect to another neurons dendrite and is the location where signals are transmitted to other neurons?
Synapse
Where do neurotransmitters spread across?
Synapses
What is the ideal heart rate range during physical acticity?
Target heart rate
What sense is associated with the Parietal Lobe?
Taste, Touch
Why would working memory be referred to as the "brain's post-it notes?"
Temporary recall (which later may develop into long-term memory)
What is the Basal Metabolic rate?
The minimum amount of energy required to keep you alive at a resting/fasting state, such as just after waking up in the morning.
Why does the teen brain not value threat as accurately as the adult brain?
The prefrontal cortex has not fully developed yet
What does dehydration increase in the blood that makes the heart work harder?
Thickness/Viscosity
What occurs when it takes a higher does of the drug to achieve the same level of response achieved initially?
Tolerance
What is the responsibility of the Parietal Lobe?
Touch/Pain, Temperature, Senses, Taste
What is a circadian rhythm?
the biological clock mechanism; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle
