Health Psych Concept quiz 3

Identify the beneficial effects as a result of successful modification of health behavior. (Check all that apply.)

1. Decrease in annual costs on health and illness 2. Delay in death leading to increase in life expectancy

Why are health habits relatively independent of each other and unstable? (Check all that apply.)

1. Different factors may control the same health behavior for different people. 2. Different health habits are controlled by different factors.

Which of the following preventable disorders' development involve behavioral factors? (Check all that apply.)

1. Lung Cancer 2. Cardiovascular disease

What are the general strategies of primary prevention? (Check all that apply.)

1. To restrain people from developing poor health habits 2. To help people alter their problematic health behaviors through interventions

Identify the characteristic features of unhealthy behaviors that can be triggered by emotions. (Check all that apply.)

1. addictive 2. automatic

In the context of Ajzen's theory of planned behavior, identify the components of behavioral intentions. (Check all that apply.)

1. attitudes toward a specific action 2. subjective norms regarding an action 3. perceived behavioral control

How do people react when they test positive for a risk factor of a specific disease? (Check all that apply.)

1. become defensive 2. may not use appropriate services 3. may not monitor their condition

Identify the factors that influence health-related behavior in people. (Check all that apply.)

1. family 2. workplace companions

Identify the factors that promote better health habits. (Check all that apply.)

1. low stress levels 2. high social support

What is the focus of health promotion efforts among older adults? (Check all that apply.)

1. maintenance of a healthy, balanced diet 2. controlling alcohol consumption

Identify the characteristics that make educational appeals persuasive. (Check all that apply.)

1. messages should be short, clear, and direct 2. communications should be colorful and vivid

Identify the characteristic features that enable people to practice better health habits than others. (Check all that apply.)

1. more affluent 2. better education 3. younger age

What are the main causes for nearly half the deaths in the United States? (Check all that apply.)

1. smoking 2. problem drinking 3. obesity

Health habits in individuals stabilize around the age of _____.

11 or 12

True or false: Teachable moments are confined to childhood and adolescence.

FALSE

subjective norms regarding an action

It refers to normative beliefs and the motivation to comply with those normative beliefs.

perceived behavioral control

It refers to the belief that one can perform an action and that the action will have the intended effect.

attitudes toward a specific action

It refers to the likely outcomes of an action and evaluations of those outcomes.

Identify an example which indicates that factors controlling a health behavior may change over the history of the behavior.

Smoking that is initiated in adolescence due to social factors is maintained in adulthood to reduce stress

True or false: People who are identified as intelligent in childhood have better health-related biological profiles in adulthood, which may be explained by their practice of better health behaviors in early life.

TRUE

What is the general limitation of health behavior change models?

They only emphasize conscious deliberative processes for practicing health behaviors.

What is the aim of primary prevention?

To combat risk factors before an illness has a chance to develop

According to the theory of planned behavior, a health behavior is the direct result of a _____ intention.

behavioral

In childhood, regular exercise is practiced because it is built into the school curriculum. In adulthood, this behavior must be practiced intentionally. This is an example of a health behavior change caused by factors that _____.

change across a person's lifetime

During which stage of an individual's life do health habits develop?

childhood

Identify the stage in an individual's life when health habits are good.

childhood

Health habits practiced by a teenager or college student may determine the type of _____ disease he or she develops later in adulthood.

chronic

The practice of good health behaviors among people is associated with _____.

cognitive factors

Identify a problem that compromises health habits among older adults.

depression

Identify the stage during which teachable moments often arise in an individual's life.

early childhood

how does community and national policy makers promote health?

emphasize good health and provide information and resources to help change poor health habits

Persuasive messages that elicit too much _____ may actually undermine health behavior change.

fear

the __ ___ approach assumes that if people are afraid that a particular habit is hurting their health, they will change their behavior to reduce their fear.

fear appeals

In the context of framing health messages for changing health habits, messages that emphasize the benefits of good health practices are more persuasive for health behaviors that _____.

have certain outcomes

Educational appeals make the assumption that people will change their health habits if they _____.

have good info about their habits

In the context of framing health messages for changing health habits, messages that emphasize problems seem to work better for health behaviors that _____.

have uncertain outcomes

Behaviors undertaken by people to enhance or maintain their health are called ___ ___

health behaviors

An early influential attitude theory of why people practice health behaviors is the _____.

health belief model

according to the ___ ___ ___, a person practices a health behavior based on two factors: whether the person perceives a personal health threat, and whether the person believes that a particular health practice will be effective in reducing that threat.

health belief model

A health behavior that is firmly established and often performed automatically without awareness is called a ___ ____

health habit

the ___ ___ ___ ___ scale measures the degree to which people perceive their health to be under personal control, control by the health practitioner, or chance.

health locus of control

___ ___ is a philosophy that has at its core the idea that good health, or wellness, is a personal and collective achievement.

health promotion

Flu increases the risk of _____ among older adults.

heart disease

People who test positive for a risk factor of a disease show _____.

hypervigilant behavior

The most important benefit of successful modification of health behaviors is a(n) _____.

increase in the number of years that a person may enjoy life free from the complications of chronic disease

Vaccinations against _____ is particularly important among older adults.

influenza

What is the result of focusing on at-risk people?

it can help identify other factors that may increase risk of the disease

According to Cohen et al. _____ is an important stage during school education to learn several health-related habits.

middle school

Health habits are especially influenced by _____ as both teachers and role models.

parents

People who perceive their health to be _____ practice better health habits than others.

personal control

Depression among older adults can lead to an accelerated _____.

physical decline

_____ is a teachable moment for stopping smoking and improving diet.

pregnancy

The benefit of targeting at-risk people is that it can _____.

prevent occurrence of disease altogether

Research on _____ risk factors adopts the perspective of health promotion.

preventable

In the context of message framing to promote health behaviors, people who have a(n) _____ orientation that emphasizes maximizing opportunities are more influenced by messages phrased in terms of benefits.

promotion

Threatening messages that are designed to change health behavior can result in _____, leading people to respond defensively, distorting risks to their health.

psychological distress

According to Kahana et. al., which of the following health promotion methods has particularly strong health benefits among the very old?

regular exercise

The belief that one can control one's practice of a particular behavior is called ____ ____

self efficacy

A theory that guides health behavior modification and builds on the idea that people are actively motivated to pursue their goals is known as the ___ ___ ___

self-determination theory

Identify the factor that can have a beneficial as well as an adverse effect on people's health habits.

social influence

Health habits are strongly affected by early _____.

socialization

how do medical practitioners promote health?

teach people how to achieve a healthy lifestyle and help people at risk for particular health problems offset or monitor those risks

the times that are better than others for modifying health practices are called ___ ___

teachable moments

For a health psychologist, health promotion involves _____.

the development of interventions to help people practice healthy behaviors

Which of the following do not include the component of self-efficacy?

the health belief model

A theory that attempts to link health beliefs directly to behavior is called the

theory of planned behavior

Health habits are _____ over time.

unstable

In middle school, students are first exposed to habits like smoking and drug use among their peers during a period that is called a(n) __ __ __

window of vulnerability

Health behavior interventions during _____ are important because precautions taken during such a period can affect disease risk after the age of 45.

adolescence

Health habits typically deteriorate in _____ and improve again in _____.

adolescence; older people

In the context of message framing to promote health behaviors, people who have a(n) _____ orientation that emphasizes minimizing risks are more influenced by messages that stress the risks of not performing a health behavior.

avoidance